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YeMhlaza yeMhlaza

Iqela leNkxaso leNkxaso yeKliniki yeMpilo yeChiropractic. Ukukhula okungaqhelekanga kweeseli kuthanda ukwanda ngokungalawulekiyo kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, i-metastasize okanye (isasazeka). Ngenxa yoko, umhlaza sisifo esinye kunye neqela lezifo ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezahlukeneyo. Umhlaza unokubandakanya nasiphi na isihlunu somzimba kwaye ube neendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kwindawo nganye. Uninzi lomhlaza luthiywe ngegama leseli okanye ilungu apho luqala khona. Ukuba umhlaza usasazeka (i-metastasizes), i-tumor entsha inegama elifanayo nelokuqala (i-primary) tumor.

Umhlaza ligama lesiLatini elithetha unonkala. Abantu bakudala babesebenzisa eli gama ukuze bathethe ububi, ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngenxa yokuqina okufana noononkala ithumba eliyingozi ngamanye amaxesha libonakala libonisa ukubamba izicubu ezihlaselayo. Umhlaza usenokubizwa ngokuba yingozi, ithumba eliyingozi, okanye i-neoplasm (ngokoqobo, ukukhula okutsha). Ukuphindaphindwa komhlaza othile kunokuxhomekeka kwisini.

Ngokomzekelo, umhlaza wolusu lolona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lwesifo esibulalayo kumadoda namabhinqa. Uhlobo lwesibini oluxhaphakileyo emadodeni ngumhlaza wedlala lobudoda, kwaye kwabasetyhini ngumhlaza wamabele. Ukuphindaphindwa komhlaza akulingani nokufa komhlaza. Umhlaza wolusu uyanyangeka. Ngokuthelekisa, umhlaza wemiphunga ngoyena nobangela wokufa kwamadoda nabasetyhini eUnited States namhlanje. I-Benign tumors ayingomhlaza, kwaye amathumba anobungozi ngumhlaza. Umhlaza awusuleli.

Impilo yoMhlaza, kwizigulana zifumana imingeni eguqukayo ngokwasemzimbeni, ngokwasengqondweni nangokwezemali. Ngokunyuka kwenani lezigulana ezinomhlaza wesigaba sokuqala esitshintshela ekusindeni, kukho imfuneko ebalulekileyo yokujongana nokukhuthazwa kwezempilo kunye nempilo jikelele.


I-Cancer Back Pain

I-Cancer Back Pain

Ubuhlungu obungasemva kunye neentlungu ziimeko ezixhaphakileyo ezichaphazela zonke izini, iintlanga, kunye nendlela yokuphila. Izizathu zentlungu yomqolo zihluke kukulimala, ukungahambi kakuhle, isifo samathambo, ubudala, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo, njl. Ukuba iintlungu zangasemva zihlala rhoqo, mhlawumbi ukucinga kokugqibela kukuba intlungu inokubangelwa ngumhlaza. Nangona ikude nezona zizathu zixhaphakileyo, iintlungu zomhlaza emva zinokwenzeka, nto leyo eyenza ukuba udibane nogqirha oza kufumana unobangela, ingakumbi ukuba kukho ezinye iimpawu ezingezizo ezinxulumeneyo, kwaye uphathe umqolo obuhlungu kakhulu.

I-Cancer Back Pain

I-Cancer Back Pain

Iintlungu zomqolo ezinokubangelwa ngumhlaza zidla ngokubakho nezinye iimpawu kwaye zibandakanya:

  • Intlungu yangasemva engahambelani nokunyakaza.
  • Iintlungu azibi ngakumbi ngomsebenzi.
  • Iintlungu ezibuhlungu zidla ngokubonakala ebusuku okanye kusasa kwaye ziphele okanye ziphucuke njengoko imini iqhubeka.
  • Iintlungu ezibuhlungu ziyaqhubeka nasemva konyango lomzimba okanye olunye unyango.
  • Ukutshintsha kokuhamba kwamathumbu okanye igazi kumchamo okanye ilindle.
  • Ukungachazwanga, ukuncipha ngokukhawuleza komzimba.
  • Ukudinwa/ukudinwa okungachazwanga.
  • Ubuthathaka, ukubetha, okanye ukuba ndindisholo ezingalweni okanye emilenzeni.
  • Iintlungu zangasemva akufuneki zibe zibi kakhulu ukuba zibe ngumhlaza, njengoko zinokuhamba ngobunzima.
  • Ukuba nembali yosapho yomhlaza kwaye ezi mpawu zinokunyusa umngcipheko.

Iintlobo zeCancer ezinokuthi zibe negalelo kwiintlungu ezingemuva

Iintlobo zomhlaza ezinokuthi zenzeke ngeenxa zonke, ngaphakathi, nakufuphi nomnqonqo zingabangela intlungu yomqolo. Ezi ziquka:

I-Spinal Tumor

  • Ithumba lomqolo lingakhula kwithambo lomqolo okanye kwinwebu ezijikeleze intambo yomqolo.
  • Umqolo ngumthombo oqhelekileyo we-bone metastasis, apho umhlaza uqala kwindawo enye kwaye usasazeka kwabanye.
  • Ama-30 ukuya kuma-70 ekhulwini abantu abanomhlaza basasazeka kumqolo, ngokutsho Umbutho waseMelika wooGqirha beNeurological - AANS.

Lung

  • Umhlaza wemiphunga ngowona mhlaza uxhaphakileyo onokunwenwela kumqolo.
  • Ithumba lemiphunga lingacinezela umqolo, lichaphazele ukuhanjiswa kwemithambo-luvo.
  • Umntu onomhlaza wemiphunga unokuqaphela ukuba uyadinwa/ukudinwa ngokulula, ukuphefumla nzima, ukukhohlela igazi, kunye neentlungu zomqolo.

Isisu

  • Inqabile kodwa inokwenzeka uphawu lomhlaza wamabele.
  • Umhlaza wamabele unokumetastasize ngasemva.
  • Njengomhlaza wemiphunga, amanye amathumba omhlaza wamabele angacinezela imithambo-luvo eqhagamshelwe kumqolo, ebangela ukungonwabi kunye neentlungu.

Amathumbu

  • Umhlaza wesisu, ikholoni, kunye ne-rectum unokubangela intlungu yomqolo.
  • Iintlungu ziphuma apho umhlaza ukhoyo ukuya ngasemva.

Izicubu kunye neeCancer zeGazi

Umhlaza wegazi kunye neethishu ezifana:

  • Myeloma ezininzi
  • Lymphoma
  • IMelanoma
  • Inokubangela intlungu yomqolo.

Ukuxilonga uMhlaza kunye neentlungu zomqolo

Unyango lwezonyango zomhlaza onxulumene neentlungu zangasemva zixhomekeke kuhlobo lwayo kunye nokuba luhamba phambili kangakanani. Ugqirha uya kuqwalasela iimpawu kunye nembali yonyango xa ufumanisa izizathu ezinokuthi zenzeke emva kweentlungu. Ngenxa yokuba umhlaza ungoyena nobangela unqabileyo weentlungu zangasemva, ugqirha unokucebisa unyango olwahlukeneyo ngaphambi kokuba umhlaza usebenze ngokupheleleyo. Ugqirha unokuyalela izifundo zokucinga kunye nokuhlolwa kwegazi ukuba intlungu iyaqhubeka emva kwe-chiropractic, unyango lomzimba, okanye amayeza achasayo. Olu vavanyo luya kunceda ukuchonga iimpawu zomhlaza ezinokuthi zibangele iintlungu zomqolo.

  • Unyango luhlala lubandakanya ichemotherapy kunye nemitha yokunciphisa ithumba.
  • Ugqirha uya kuncoma utyando ukususa ithumba.

Chiropractic

Izigulana zomhlaza zifumene unyango lwe-chiropractic ukuba lusebenze:

  • Ulawulo lweentlungu.
  • Ukuphucula ukuguquguquka.
  • Ukuphuculwa kokuhamba.
  • Ukomeleza imisipha.
  • Ukunceda ukunciphisa uxinzelelo.
  • Ukunceda umzimba usebenze ngokufanelekileyo.

I-Chiropractic physiotherapy inceda izigulane ezifumana i-chemotherapy, njengoko inceda umzimba ukuba umelane nemiphumo ephazamisayo yonyango olusekelwe kwindlela yomzimba wonke.


UkuBumbiswa kweBhunga


Musa ukubathiya ukutya

Abantu bayakuzonda ukutya, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuba bahamba ngayo ngendlela engafanelekanga. Akukho mfuneko yokuba umntu ngamnye azilambise aze ahlale kwindawo yokuzivocavoca. Ukufikelela kwiinjongo zokunciphisa umzimba ngokukhawuleza kunokuvakala kunomtsalane; nangona kunjalo, ukuhamba kuyo ixesha elide kunokwenza abantu bazive:

  • Ukukhathala
  • Uxinzelelo
  • Ukungakhutshwa

Abantu ngabanye banokufumana isicwangciso sesondlo / ukuzilolonga okusebenzayo kubo kunye nendlela yabo yokuphila. Kwabanye abantu, ukutya kuphela kuyasebenza, kodwa ngaphezu koko, baye banyusa imetabolism. Ukuzama ukulahlekelwa ngamafutha ngokusika kuphela iikhalori kunokuba nzima kubantu abanemetabolism encinci. Injongo kukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kokutya kunye nokuzilolonga. Oku akuthethi ukuba kufuneka uye kukutya okugqithisileyo, ukutsiba izidlo, okanye unqumle amaqela e-macronutrient onke afana namafutha okanye i-carbs, njengoko umzimba ufuna zombini ezi zondlo. Ukufumana isicwangciso sesondlo esizinzileyo sexesha elide kufuna isicwangciso nenkxaso. Ingcali yokutya, ingcali yezondlo, okanye umqeqeshi wezempilo unokubonelela ngeentlobo ngeentlobo zezondlo kunye nezicwangciso zokuzilolonga ezilungiselelwe umntu ngamnye.

Ucaphulo

Downie, Aron et al. "Iiflegi ezibomvu zokukhusela ububi kunye nokwaphuka kwizigulane ezineentlungu ezisezantsi: uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo." BMJ (uphando lwezonyango) vol. 347 f7095. 11 Dec. 2013, doi:10.1136/bmj.f7095

UMabry, uLance M et al. "Umhlaza we-Metastatic ulinganisa iintlungu ezisezantsi ngasemva: ingxelo yetyala." Ijenali ye-manual & manipulative therapy vol. 22,3 (2014): 162-9. doi:10.1179/2042618613Y.0000000056

UVasser, uMelinda, noMatthew Koroscil. "Xa iintlungu zangasemva zijika zibulale: ukubonakaliswa okungaqhelekanga komhlaza wemiphunga." Iingxelo zetyala leyeza lokuphefumla vol. 29 101009. 28 Jan. 2020, doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101009

Verhagen, uArianne P et al. "Iiflegi ezibomvu ezinikezelwe kwizikhokelo zangoku eziphantsi kweentlungu: ukuphononongwa." Ijenali yaseYurophu yomgogodla: ukupapashwa ngokusemthethweni kwe-European Spine Society, i-European Spinal Deformity Society, kunye neCandelo laseYurophu leCervical Spine Research Society vol. 25,9 (2016): 2788-802. doi:10.1007/s00586-016-4684-0

Ngaba ulwakhiwo luphosakele ngempilo yakho?

Ngaba ulwakhiwo luphosakele ngempilo yakho?

I-Fructose yenye yezinto eziphambili zeshukela elongeziweyo. Luhlobo lweswekile elula eyenza malunga neepesenti ezingama-50 zeswekile yetafile okanye i-sucrose. Iswekile yetafile nayo yenziwa ngeglucose okanye ngowona mthombo wamandla emzimbeni womntu. Nangona kunjalo, i-fructose kufuneka iguqulwe ibe sishukela kwisibindi ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziswe njengombane wamandla ziiseli zethu. I-Fructose, i-sucrose, kunye neglucose zonke zifumaneka ngokwemvelo kwiziqhamo, kwimifuno, kwimveliso yobisi, nakwizityalo eziziinkozo nakwizinto ezininzi ezenziweyo ekutyeni. Iziphumo zeswekile elula kwimpilo yethu ziye zaba sisihloko esiphikisayo iminyaka emininzi. Izifundo zophando ziqala ukubonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-fructose kunye nokukhuluphala, isifo seswekile kunye nomhlaza.

 

Yintoni I-Fructose?

 

I-Fructose, ekwabizwa ngokuba sishukela yeziqhamo, yi-monosaccharide okanye iswekile elula njengeglucose. Ifumaneka ngokwemvelo yeziqhamo, uninzi lweengcambu zemifuno, i-agave kunye nobusi. Ngapha koko, zihlala zongezwa kukutya okusetyenzwa njengokudityaniswa kwengqolowa ephezulu. I-fructose esetyenziselwa isiraphu yomgubo wefreyiti ephezulu iphuma kummbila, isweets, kunye nomoba. Isiraphu yengqolowa ekumgangatho ophezulu yenziwa kwi-cornstarch kwaye ineswekile eninzi kuneswekile, xa kuthelekiswa nesirayisi yommbila eqhelekileyo. I-Fructose ineyona nto incasa incasa yeeshukela ezintathu. Ukugaywa kwaye kufakwe ngendlela eyahlukileyo ngumzimba womntu. Ngenxa yokuba i-monosaccharides iswekile elula, akufuneki ukuba zonqunyulwe zisetyenziselwe ipetroli njengeeseli zethu.

 

Ukutya kwendalo okuphezulu kwifrosesa kungaquka:

 

  • apples
  • ijusi ye-apile
  • peyari
  • iprunes
  • amakhiwane owomileyo
  • isisu
  • i-asparagus
  • IYerusalem i-artichokes
  • Iingcambu ze-chicory
  • iileki
  • anyanisi
  • caramel
  • ilayisensi
  • molasses
  • isiraphu yeagave
  • uju

 

Ngokufana neglucose, ifructose ifakwe ngqo kwigazi ukuya kwisisu esincinci. Iingcali zononophelo lwempilo zifumanise ukuba i-fructose inefuthe elincinci kumanqanaba eswekile yegazi. Iyonyusa amanqanaba eswekile yegazi ngokuthe ngcembe kuneglucose kwaye ayibonakali ngathi ichaphazela amanqanaba e-insulin ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, nangona le iswekile ilula inefuthe elincinci kumanqanaba eswekile yegazi kunazo naziphi na ezinye iintlobo zeswekile, inokubangela iziphumo ezibi kakhulu emzimbeni wexesha elide. I-Fructose kufuneka iguqulwe ibe sishukela kwisibindi ngaphambi kokuba isetyenziswe njengombane wamandla ziiseli zethu. Ukutya i-fructose engaphezulu kunokunyusa i-triglycerides kwaye kukhokelela kwisifo se-metabolic.

 

Kutheni ulwakhiwo olubi kuwe?

 

Xa abantu besitya ukutya okuphezulu kwiikhalori kwaye kugqitywe ukutya okunezinto ezininzi zesiraphu yefreyimu ephezulu, isibindi singakhathazeka kwaye siqale ukuguqula i-fructose ibe ngamafutha. Izifundo zophando ziqala ukubonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwesi sishukela silula kunye nomngcipheko owandayo wokuphucula imiba eyahlukeneyo yezempilo, kubandakanya ukukhuluphala, uhlobo lweswekile 2, kunye nomhlaza. Uninzi lweengcali zononophelo lwezempilo kwakhona zikholelwa ukuba ukutya i-fructose engaphezulu kwesona sizathu siphambili sokuphazamiseka kwemetabolism. Nangona kunjalo, okwangoku akukho bungqina baneleyo ukubonisa ubungakanani obugcweleyo apho i-fructose inokufaka isandla kule micimbi yezempilo. Nangona kunjalo, izifundo ezininzi zophando zizithethelele ezi zinto ziphikisayo.

 

Izifundo zophando zibonakalise ukuba ukutya i-fructose engaphezulu kunokunyusa i-LDL okanye i-cholesterol embi enokukhokelela ekuqokeleleni kwamafutha ejikeleze amalungu kunye nesifo sentliziyo. Ngenxa yoko, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ukubekwa kwamafutha esibindini ngenxa yeziphumo ezigwenxa zala maswekile alula nako kunokubangela isifo sesibindi esingesiso esinxilisayo. Ukutya i-fructose engaphezulu kunokuchaphazela nemigaqo yamafutha omzimba. Olunye uphononongo lophando lubonakalisile ukuba ngenxa yokuba i-fructose ingathinteli inkanuko njengazo zonke iintlobo zeswekile, zinokukhuthaza ukutya kakhulu okukhokelela ekutyebeni kakhulu, kuxhathise i-insulin, kunye nohlobo lwesifo seswekile. Ngaphezu koko, ubungqina bubonakalisile ukuba i-fructose inokunyusa amanqanaba e-uric acid kwaye ibangele ukuphuma kwesisu.

 

Ngolwazi malunga nokuba i-fructose ayilunganga kwimpilo yakho, nceda ubuyekeze eli nqaku lilandelayo:

Impembelelo yezempilo yokusetyenziswa kwe-fructose: Uhlalutyo lwedatha yakutshanje

 


 

NJENGOKO KUCHAZWE NGAPHAMBILI KWINQAKU ELILANDELAYO, I-FRUCTOSE YENYE YAMACANDELO AYINGUNDOQO YESUKUKA EYONGEZIWEYO. YISWEKUKA ELULULE EYENZA MALUNGA NE-50 PERCENTI YETHEBILE YESUKAR OKANYE SUCROSE. IESWEKILE YASETHEBILENI IKWANE-GLUKOSI OKANYE UMTHOMBO WAMANDLA OWUNDOQO KUMZIMBA WAMNTU. NANGONA KUNJALO, I-FRUCTOSE KUFUNEKA IJIKELELE KWI-GLUCOSE NGESIBINDI PHAMBI KOKUBA SISETYENZISELWE NJENGEZIFUTHO ZAMA-ENEJI NGEZISELI ZETHU. IFRUCTOSE, SUCROSE, NEGLUCOSE ZONKE ZIFUMANEKA NGEMVELO KWIZIQHAMO EZININZI, IMIFUNO, IIMVELISO ZOBUDINI, KUNYE NEENKOZO EZIPHELELEYO KWAKUNYE KOKUTYA OKUNINGI OKUSETSHINWEYO. IMIPHUMELA YOLU SWEKUKA LULULE KWIMPILO YETHU YINGUMXHOLO EMININGI EMININGI. UPHANDO LUYAQALA UKUBONISA UQHAGAMSHELO PHAKATHI KWEFRUCTOSE NOKUBHEPHA, ISIFO SESEKE, KUNYE NOMHLAZA. KWINQAKU ELILANDELAYO, SIXOXA UKUBA I-FRUCTOSE AYIBI NGEMPILO YAKHO. UKUSELA I-SMOOTHIES YONGEZA I-SONDLO ESEMPILO.� -�BH. I-ALEX JIMENEZ DC, I-CCST INSIGHTS

 


 

Imifanekiso yeresiphi enencasa kunye nejusi.

 

 

Ijusi emnandi kunye neziqholo

IiNkonzo: 1
Ixesha lokupheka: I-5-10 imizuzu

1 indebe yehoneydew melon
Cups Iikomityi ezi-3 zesipinatshi, ezihlanjwe
Cups Iikomityi ezi-3 zaseSwitzerland, zihlanjwe
1 bunch cilantro (amagqabi kunye neziqu), zihlanjwe
� I-intshi ye-1-intshi yeqhosha lejinja, ihlanjululwe, ixotyulwe kwaye inqunyulwe
� 2-3 amaqhina apheleleyo engcambu yeturmeric (ukhetho), ihlanjululwe, ixotyulwe kwaye inqunyulwe

Ijusi zonke izithako kwijusi ephezulu. Kugqitywe kwangoko.

 


 

Umfanekiso wepelepele ebomvu.

 

 

Iipelepele ezibomvu zinamavithamini C aphantse abe ngama-2.5 ngaphezulu kweeorenji

 

Iziqhamo zeCitrus ezifana neeorenji ngumthombo omkhulu wevithamin C, nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iziqhamo kunye nemifuno enika ukomelela okungcono kwesi sondlo. Isiqingatha nje sepepile ebomvu, etyiwa ikrwada, inika ngaphezulu kwemfuno yakho yevithamin C yosuku, ngokutsho kweengcali zezempilo. Yinqumle ibe yi-crudit ukuze ufumane ishwamshwam elisempilweni kusasa okanye emva kwemini. Iipepile ezibomvu nazo zizityebi kwiindidi zezinye izondlo ezibalulekileyo, kuquka ivithamin A, B6, folate, kunye ne-antioxidants!

 


 

Ubungakanani bolwazi lwethu lukhawulelwe kwi-chiropractic, musculoskeletal, amayeza omzimba, impilo, kunye nemicimbi yezempilo ebuthathaka kunye / okanye amanqaku amayeza asebenzayo, izihloko kunye neengxoxo. Sisebenzisa iinkqubo zempilo kunye nezempilo ukunyanga kunye nenkxaso yokhathalelo lokonzakala okanye ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo yemisipha. Izithuba zethu, izihloko, izifundo, kunye nokuqonda kugubungela imicimbi yeklinikhi, imiba, kunye nezihloko ezinxulumene kwaye zixhasa ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo indawo yethu yeklinikhi yokusebenza. Izifundo ezixhasa iiposti zethu. Senza ikopi yezifundo zophando ezixhasayo ukuba zifumaneke ebhodini nakuluntu xa kuceliwe. Siyaqonda ukuba sigubungela imicimbi efuna inkcazo eyongezelelweyo malunga nendlela enokunceda ngayo kwisicwangciso esithile sokhathalelo okanye kwinkqubo yonyango; Ke, ukuqhubeka nokuxoxa ngalo mbandela ungentla, nceda ukhululeke ukubuza uGqirha Alex Jimenez okanye unxibelelane nathi kwa 915-850-0900. Umboneleli (s) unelayisensi eTexas * naseNew Mexico *

 

Ikhutshwe nguGqr Alex Jimenez DC, CCST

 

Iingxelo:

 

  • Gunnars, Kris. Ngaba iFructose ayilunganga kuwe? INyaniso eMangalisayo.� LwezeMpilo, Healthline Media, 23 Apr. 2018, www.healthline.com/nutrition/why-is-fructose-bad-for-you#section1.
  • Hayi, uRakeli. Ngaba iFructose ayilunganga kuwe? Izibonelelo, imingcipheko, kunye nezinye iiSwekile.� News Today, MediLexicon International, 28 Nov. 2018, www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323818.
  • Groves, uMelissa. �I-Sucrose vs iGlucose vs iFructose: Nguwuphi umahluko? LwezeMpilo, Healthline Media, 8 Juni 2018, www.healthline.com/nutrition/sucrose-glucose-fructose.
  • Rizkalla, Salwa W. �Iimpembelelo zeMpilo zokuSetyenziswa kweFructose: Uphononongo lweDatha yakutsha nje.� IZiko leLizwe leNkcazelo yeBiotechnology, BioMed Central, 4 Nov. 2010, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2991323/.
  • Daniluk, Julie. �5 okuNzuzwayo kwiMpilo yeePepile eziBomvu. Ukongeza, eyona Resiphi yePizza eMpilo kwiHlabathi liphela.� Châtelaine, 26 Feb. 2016, www.chatelaine.com/health/healthy-recipes-health/five-health-benefits-of-red-peppers/.

 

Izindlela Ezintathu Imifuno Ekhulayo Ikhusela I-Cancer El Paso, TX.

Izindlela Ezintathu Imifuno Ekhulayo Ikhusela I-Cancer El Paso, TX.

Uphando lusinike izizathu ezingakumbi zokutya zethu. Iziphumo eziliqela ziye zabonisa ukuba iintlobo ezithile zemifuno, ngokukodwa ezo ziwayo imifuno eluhlaza, unempahla ebenokuyenza ibe luncedo kuwo thintela umhlaza.

Ziziphi iifuno zeCruciferous?

Ezinye zeentsholongwane ezincinci kakhulu, zincinci kakhulu zingezantsi Usapho lweCruciferae. Imifuno yemozulu epholileyo, ngokugqithiseleyo ibonakaliswe ngeentyantyambo zeepalal ezine zifana nomnqamlezo.

Ezi ntyatyambo zeentyatyambo okanye amaqabunga ziyizona ndawo zityalo ezidla kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, imbewu okanye iingcambu zezinye imifuno nazo zidliwayo. Ukubandakanya ezinye zeemifuno ezithintekayo ekudleni kwakho kunokuncedisa umngcipheko wakho kumhlaza:

  • Ibrokholi
  • Ikhaphetshu
  • Wasabi
  • Imifuno yeClarlard
  • Bok choi
  • Iqhuma laseBrussels
  • Arugula
  • Icauliflower
  • I-Mustard (amaqabunga nembewu)
  • Turnips
  • Horseradish
  • Rutabaga
  • Kale
  • isithombo
  • Watercress

Yiyiphi ikhonkco phakathi kweMifuno neCrothers?

Imifuno yeCruciferous zigcwele izondlo ekukholelwa ukuba zehlisa umngcipheko womntu kwiintlobo ezininzi zomhlaza, kubandakanya umhlaza wedlala lesinyi, umhlaza wesikhumba, umhlaza wemiphunga, kunye nomhlaza wamabele. Oku kubandakanya i-carotenoids zeaxanthin, i-lutein, kunye ne-beta-carotene kunye ne-folate kunye neevithamini C, E, kunye no-K. Zikwatyebile kwiiminerali kunye nomthombo obalaseleyo wefayibha eyaziwayo ngokuthintela umhlaza we-colorectal.

Eli qela leentsholongwane liyimithombo efanelekileyo yokutya iglucosinolates neendawo zokulwa nomhlaza. Xa ihambile, i-glucosinolate ayisebenzisekanga, kodwa xa idilizwe ngokutshiza, ukucubungula, kunye neentlanzi, zidibanisa ne-enzyme ye-myrosinase kwaye iqalise inkqubo ekhupha iikhemikhali ezithile ezinokuthintela umdlavuza.

Imifuno ye-crucifer ikhusela umdlali el paso tx.

Indlela iCruciferous Vegetables ikhusela ngayo umdlavuza

Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili zokuba imifuno ye-cruciferous inokuthintela umhlaza. Abaphandi bafumene ubungqina obuninzi obubonisa ukuba xa beyinxalenye yokutya okunempilo, okucocekileyo, okunamafutha aphantsi, umngcipheko womntu wokuba nomhlaza unokwehla.

  • Iiglucosinolates � Le yimichiza equlethe isalfure kwaye ikhona kuyo yonke imifuno yecruciferous, enika uphawu lwentengiso incasa ekrakrayo kunye nevumba elimnandi. Xa le nto yaphulwa ngokuhlafunwa, ukulungiswa, okanye ukwetyisa, yenza imixube ethile (indole-3-carbinol kunye nesulforaphane) eziye zachongwa zizazinzulu njengezineempawu �zokuphelisa umhlaza. Oku zikwenza ngokuthintela ukukhula okanye ukukhula komhlaza. Uphononongo lujonge le mpembelelo kwiimpuku kunye neempuku kwaye yafumanisa ukuba iluncedo kakhulu kwizitho ezithile. Abaphandi bajonga ezinye iindlela ezinokuthi zithintele umhlaza. Xa besebenza emzimbeni, ba:
    • Iipropati zokuchasa
    • Uncedo ekukhuseleni umonakalo we-DNA kwiiseli
    • Ukuvimbela ukubunjwa kwemithambo yegazi kwiimathumba
    • I-antibacterial and anti-virus
    • Ukuvimbela ukufuduka kweeseli ze-tumor, ngaloo ndlela umisa i-metastasis
    • Yenza iiseli zomhlaza zife
    • Uncedo ekwenzeni i-carcinogens ibe yinto engasebenziyo � Olunye uphononongo lubonise ukuba amalungu e-bioactive kwezi mifuno zinokuchaphazela iimpawu zebhayoloji zeenkqubo ezinxulumene nomhlaza emzimbeni womntu ezinjengokuncipha kokukhula kweeseli okungaqhelekanga. Ukufakela nge-genetic ye-glutathione S-transferase I-Glutathione S-transferase yi-enzyme enceda umzimba ukuba udibanise kwaye uphelise isothiocyanates. Oku kubalulekile kuba i-isothiocyanate inqanda ukusetyenziswa kwee-carcinogens, ukwandisa isantya apho i-carcinogens isuswe emzimbeni, kwaye ilwa nemiphumo eyingozi ye-carcinogens esebenzayo.

Iindlela ezona zigqibeleleyo zokutya iMifuno

Imifuno e-Cruciferous yilezona zondlo kunye neyona ndawo inkulu kakhulu yokulwa nomhlaza xa ikhuni. Xa iifuno zihlanjwe kwaye zifunwa zikhulula kakhulu iikhemikhali zokulwa nomhlaza. Ngokufanayo, xa ziphekwe, zilahlekelwa zikhulu zezo ndawo. Ukucima okanye ukupheka imifuno elula kakhulu kweminye imizuzu ye-5 iya kubavumela ukuba bagcine ezinye zeempawu zokulwa nomhlaza.

Ngoko, qiniseka ukuba wena ndakanya imifuno e-cruciferous ekudleni kwakho ubuncinane kathathu ngeveki. Ukuba ufuna udweliso olungaphezulu, cela udokotela wethu we-chiropractic uDkt. Jimenez. Silapha ukunceda!

Usuku lwe-6 * I-DETOX DIET * unyango | El Paso, TX (2019)

I-Nrf2 icacisiwe: I-Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway

I-Nrf2 icacisiwe: I-Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway

Uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative luboniswa njengomonakalo weseli obangelwa ngama-radical ezamahala, okanye ama-molecule engaqinisekiyo, anokugqithisa ukusebenza ngokusemgangathweni. Umzimba womntu wenza i-radicals yamahhala ukuze i-bacterium kunye ne-virus zithintele, nangona kunjalo, izinto zangaphandle, ezifana ne-oksijini, ukungcoliseka komzimba kunye ne-radiation, kaninzi kunokuvelisa i-radicals yamahhala. Uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative ludibene nemicimbi emininzi yempilo.

 

Uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kunye nezinye izixinzelelo zivula iindlela zokukhusela zangaphakathi ezinokukunceda ukulawula ukuphendula komzimba womntu. I-Nrf2 yiprotheyini eqonda amanqanaba okuxinwa kwe-oxidative kwaye yenza ukuba iiseli zikhusele kwizinto zangaphakathi nangaphandle. I-Nrf2 nayo yaboniswa ukunceda ukulawula iizakhi ezibandakanyekayo ekuveliseni i-enzymes e-antioxidant kunye neengxaki zokuphendula ngengcinezelo. Injongo yecandelo elingezantsi kukuchaza iziphumo zeNrf2 nomhlaza.

 

Abstract

 

Umzila weKeap1-Nrf2 ngumlawuli omkhulu weempendulo ze-cytoprotective kwi-oxidative kunye ne-electrophilic stress. Nangona isalathisi sokuhamba kweseli ebangelwa yi-transcription factor Nrf2 inqanda ukuqaliswa komhlaza kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwimizimba eqhelekileyo kunye neyokuqala, kumsebenzi we-Nrf2 uhlinzeka ngamathuba okukhula ngokunyusa ukunyanzeliswa kwe-chemoresistance kunye nokwandisa ukukhula kwesantya. Kule ngxelo yokuhlaziya imifanekiso, sinikeza umboniso weKeap1-Nrf2 endleleni kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwayo kumaseli omhlaza. Sifutshane ngokufutshane ngempembelelo ye-Nrf2 esebenzayo ekusebenziseni amangqamuzana omhlaza kunye nendlela oku kuqhutyelwa ngayo kwindlela yokwelapha isifo somhlaza.

 

Internet: I-Nrf2, i-Keap1, iCarcer, i-Antioxidant element element, i-Gene

 

intshayelelo

 

Indlela ye-Keap1-Nrf2 ngumlawuli omkhulu weempendulo ze-cytoprotective kwiingcinezelo ezingapheliyo kunye nezingaphandle ezibangelwa yi-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS) kunye ne-electrophiles [1]. Iiprotheyini eziphambili zokubonisa ngaphakathi kwendlela yi-transcription factor Nrf2 (i-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) edibanisa kunye neeprotheyini ezincinci ze-Maf kwi-antioxidant response element (ARE) kwimimandla yolawulo lwejene ekujoliswe kuyo, kunye ne-Keap1 (Kelch ECH ukudibanisa iprotheyini ye-1), iprotheni ye-repressor ebophelela kwi-Nrf2 kwaye ikhuthaza ukuthotywa kwayo nge-ubiquitin proteasome pathway (Fig. 1). I-Keap1 yiprotheni ene-cysteine-rich kakhulu, i-mouse Keap1 ine-25 iyonke kunye neentsalela ze-cysteine ​​yabantu ezingama-27, uninzi lwayo lunokuguqulwa kwi-vitro ngee-oxidants ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-electrophiles [2]. Ezintathu kwezi ntsalela, i-C151, i-C273 kunye ne-C288, zibonakaliswe ukuba zidlala indima esebenzayo ngokuguqula ukuhambelana kwe-Keap1 ekhokelela ekutshintsheni i-Nrf2 kunye ne-target target gene expression [3] (Fig. 1). Indlela echanekileyo apho ulungiso lwe-cysteine ​​kwi-Keap1 lukhokelela ekusebenzeni kwe-Nrf2 akwaziwa, kodwa imifuziselo emibini ekhoyo kodwa engakhethi cala (1) imodeli �ihinge kunye ne-latch, apho ulungiso lwe-Keap1 kwiintsalela ze-thiol ezihlala kwi-IVR ye-Keap1. ukuphazamisa ukusebenzisana kunye ne-Nrf2 ebangela ukungahambi kakuhle kweentsalela ze-lysine ngaphakathi kwe-Nrf2 engasakwazi ukuba yi-polyubiquitinylated kunye (2) imodeli apho ukuguqulwa kwe-thiol kubangela ukuhlukana kweCul3 kwi-Keap1 [3]. Kuzo zombini iimodeli, i-inducer-modified kunye ne-Nrf2-bound Keap1 ayisebenzi kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iiprotheyini ze-Nrf2 ezisandul 'ukwenziwa zidlula i-Keap1 kwaye zitshintshele kwi-nucleus, zibophe kwi-ARE kwaye ziqhube ukubonakaliswa kwe-Nrf2 yejene ekujoliswe kuyo njenge-NAD (P) H. i-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), i-heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), i-glutamate-cysteine ​​ligase (GCL) kunye ne-glutathione S transferases (GSTs) (Umfanekiso 2). Ukongeza kwiinguqu ze-Keap1 thiols ezibangelwa i-Nrf2 ekujoliswe kuyo kwi-gene induction, iiprotheyini ezifana ne-p21 kunye ne-p62 zinokubopha kwi-Nrf2 okanye i-Keap1 ngaloo ndlela iphazamise ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-Nrf2 kunye ne-Keap1 [1], [3] (Umfanekiso 3).

 

Umzobo 1. Izakhiwo ze-Nrf2 kunye ne-Keap1 kunye nekhowudi ye-cysteine. (A) I-Nrf2 ine-589 amino acids kwaye inemimandla emithandathu egcinwe ngokuguquguqukayo kakhulu, i-Neh1-6. I-Neh1 iqulethe i-bZip motif, ummandla osisiseko � i-leucine zipper (L-Zip) isakhiwo, apho ummandla osisiseko unoxanduva lokuqatshelwa kwe-DNA kunye ne-L-Zip idibanisa i-dimerization kunye neeprotheni ezincinci ze-Maf. I-Neh6 isebenza njenge-degron ukulamla ukuthotywa kwe-Nrf2 kwi-nucleus. I-Neh4 kunye ne-5 ziindawo zentengiselwano. I-Neh2 iqulethe i-ETGE kunye ne-DLG motifs, efunekayo kwintsebenziswano ne-Keap1, kunye nommandla we-hydrophilic weentsalela ze-lysine (7 K), eziyimfuneko kwi-Keap1-exhomekeke kwi-polyubiquitination kunye nokuthotywa kwe-Nrf2. (B) I-Keap1 ineentsalela ze-amino acid ezingama-624 kwaye inemimandla emihlanu. Iiprotheyini ezimbini zeprotheyini zokusebenzisana, i-BTB domain kunye ne-Kelch domain, zohlulwe ngummandla ongenelelayo (IVR). I-domain ye-BTB kunye nenxalenye ye-N-terminal ye-IVR idibanisa i-homodimerization ye-Keap1 kwaye idibanisa ne-Cullin3 (Cul3). Ummandla we-Kelch kunye nommandla we-C-terminal ulamla unxibelelwano kunye ne-Neh2. (C) I-Nrf2 isebenzisana neemolekyuli ezimbini ze-Keap1 nge-Neh2 ETGE yayo kunye ne-DLG motifs. Zombini i-ETGE kunye ne-DLG zibophelela kwiindawo ezifanayo kumphezulu ongezantsi we-Keap1 Kelch motif. (D) I-Keap1 isityebi kwiintsalela ze-cysteine, kunye ne-27 cysteines kwiprotheni yomntu. Ezinye zezi cysteine ​​​​zibekwe kufutshane neentsalela ezisisiseko kwaye ke ngoko zijolise kakhulu kwii-electrophiles kunye ne-oxidants. Ipateni yokuguqulwa kweentsalela ze-cysteine ​​​​nge-electrophiles yaziwa ngokuba yikhowudi ye-cysteine. Ikhowudi ye-cysteine ​​​​hypothesis iphakamisa ukuba i-Nrf2 i-activating agents ezahlukeneyo zichaphazela i-Keap1 cysteines. Ukuguqulwa kwe-cysteine ​​​​kukhokelela kwiinguqu ezihambelanayo kwi-Keap1 ephazamisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-Nrf2 DLG kunye ne-Keap1 Kelch domains, ngaloo ndlela inqanda i-polyubiquitination ye-Nrf2. Ukubaluleka kokusebenza kwe-Cys151, i-Cys273 kunye ne-Cys288 ibonisiwe, njengoko i-Cys273 kunye ne-Cys288 zifunekayo ukunyanzeliswa kwe-Nrf2 kunye ne-Cys151 ukuze kusebenze i-Nrf2 ngama-inducers [1], [3].

 

Umzobo 2. Indlela yokubonakalisa iNrf2-Keap1. (A no-B) kwiimeko eziphantsi, iinqununu ezimbini ze-Keap1 zibophelela kwi-Nrf2 kunye ne-Nrf2 i-polyubiquitylwe yi-Cul3-based E3 ligase complex. Le polyubiquitilation iphumela ekuphuculweni kwe-Nrf2 ngokukhawuleza ngeproteasome. Inxalenye encinane ye-Nrf2 iphunyulela ubunzima obunzima kwaye iqokelela kwi-nucleus ukuze idibanise i-SUB-dependence gene gene expression, ngaloo ndlela igcina i-homeostasis yamaselula. (C) Ngaphandle kweemeko zokuxinwa, ama-inducers aguqula i-Keap1 cysteines ekhokelela ekunqandeni i-Nrf2 ubuncwane ngokubambisana kwezinto ezinqabileyo. (D) Ngokwe-hiring kunye ne-latch model, ukuguqulwa kwee-Keap1 ze-cysteine ​​ezihlalayo zikhokelela ekutshintsheni okuguquguqukayo kwi-Keap1 obangela ukuxhamla kwe-Nrf2 DLG motif esuka kuKeep1. Ukungabikho kobulungisa kwe-Nrf2 kuphazamiseka kodwa ukubophelela kwi-ETGE motif remains. (E) Kwi-Keap1-Cul3 yokuhlukanisa imodeli, ukubopha iKeap1 kunye neCul3 kuphazamiseka ngokuphendula kwi-electrophiles, ekhokelela ekuphunyukeni kwe-Nrf2 kwinkqubo yo-ubiquitination. Kuzo zombini ezi imifuziselo ezicetyiswayo, lo inducer-modified kunye Nrf2-wambopha Keap1 na inactivated kwaye, ngenxa yoko, iiprotheni Nrf2 abasandula kuhlanganiswa uzakufun aukugqithisa Keap1 kwaye uwase kungena ngumongo, bakubophe ukuya Antioxidant Response Element (zi) zinokuqhuba amazwi Nrf2 ekujoliswe izakhi ezifana ne-NQO1, i-HMOX1, i-GCL kunye ne-GSTs [1], [3].

 

Umzobo 3. Iinkqubo zokuqokelela iikryukliya ezakhiweyo ze-Nrf2 kumhlaza. (A) Uguquko lwamaSomatic ku-Nrf2 okanye i-Keap1 luphazamisa ukusebenzisana kwezi ziprotini ezimbini. Kwi-Nrf2, utshintsho luchaphazela i-ETGE ne-DLG motifs, kodwa kwiinguqu ze-Keap1 zihanjiswa ngokufanayo. Ukongezelela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-oncogene, njengeKrasG12D [5], okanye ukuphazanyiswa kwabaxhasi bamathumba, njenge-PTEN [11] kunokukhokelela ekufakweni kwe-Nrf2 kunye nonyuka kwi-Nrf2 yenyukliya. (B) I-Hypermethylation ye-Keap1 umgqugquzeli kwimiphunga kunye nomhlaza wesifo seprotate ukhokelela ekunciphiseni i-Keap1 mRNA ibonakaliso, eyandisa ukuqokelela kwe-nyukliya yeNrf2 [6], [7]. (C) Kwi-papalryal renal renal carcinoma, ukulahlekelwa kwe-fumarate hydratase umsebenzi we-enzyme kubangela ukuqokelela i-fumarate kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwi-Keap1 cysteine ​​residues (2SC). Ukuguqulwa kwesithuba emva kokuguqulela kukhokelela ekuphazamiseni ukusebenzisana kweKeep1-Nrf2 kunye nokuqokelela kweenyukliya ze-Nrf2 [8], [9]. (D) Ukuhlanganiswa kweeprotheni eziphazamisayo ezifana ne-p62 kunye ne-p21 inokuphazamisa iNrf2-Keap1 yokubopha kwaye ibangele ukwandisa kwi-Nrf2 yenyukliya. i-p62 ibophezela kuKeap1 ehamba ngephepha elibophayo le-Nrf2 kwaye i-p21 idibanisa ngqo ne-DLG kunye ne-ETGE motifs ye-Nrf2, ngaloo ndlela ikhuphisana ne Keap1 [10].

 

Iinkqubo zoQuquzelelo kunye nokuDysregulation kwe-Nrf2 kwiCarcer

 

Nangona i-cytoprotection ehlinzekwa ngu-Nrf2 kusebenze kubalulekile ukuba i-chemoprevention yomhlaza kwimizimba eqhelekileyo kunye neyoqobo, kwiiselingi ezibi kakhulu I-Nrf2 umsebenzi unikeza inzuzo yokukhula ngokunyusa ukunyamekela kwe-chemoresist kunye nokuphucula ukukhula kwe-cell tumor [4]. Iinkqubo eziliqela apho i-Nrf2 yokubonisa indlela iqhutywe ngayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomsholongwane zichazwe: (1) utshintsho oluthile lwe-Keap1 okanye i-Keap1 kwisizinda sokubopha iNrf2 ukuphazamisa ukusebenzisana kwabo; (2) i-epigenetic silence ye-Keap1 ibinzana ekhokelela ekunciphiseni okungafanelekanga kwe-Nrf2; (3) ukuqokelela kweeprotheni eziphazamisayo ezifana ne-p62 ekhokelela ekukhutsheni i-Keap1-Nrf2 ubunzima; (4) ukufakelwa kwe-Nrf2 nge-oncogenic K-Ras, B-Raf kunye ne-Myc; kwaye (5) ukuguqulwa post-translational of Keap1 cysteines yi succinylation okwenzeka kwiintsapho carcinoma papillary sezintso ngenxa yokulahlekelwa fumarate umsebenzi transcriptase hydratase [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [ 8], [9], [10] (umzobo 3). Ininzi iprotheni ye-Nrf2 ibangela ukunyuka kwezityalo ezibandakanyekayo kwi-metabolism yezidakamizwa okwandisa ukuchasana neziyobisi ze-chemotherapeutic kunye ne-radiotherapy. Ukongezelela, izinga eliphezulu leprotheni le-Nrf2 lidibaniswa nokuhlaselwa kakubi kumhlaza [4]. I-Nrf2 engathintekiyo inokuchaphazela ukwanda kweseli ngokuqondisa i-glucose kunye ne-glutamine kwiindlela ze-anabolic ezithintela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-purine kunye nefuthe le-pentose phosphate indlela yokukhuthaza ukwanda kweseli [11] (umzobo 4).

 

Umzobo 4. Inxalenye ebini ye-Nrf2 kwi-tumorigenesis. Ngaphansi kweemeko zomzimba, amanqanaba aphantsi e-Nrf2 akwanele ukugcinwa kwe-homeostasis yamaselula. I-Nrf2 inqanda ukuqaliswa kwesisu kunye nomhlaza we-metastasis ngokuphelisa i-carcinogens, i-ROS kunye nezinye i-DNA ezilimazayo. Ngexesha le-tumorigenesis, ukuxakeka kwe-DNA umonakalo kubangela ukuxhatshazwa kwe-Nrf2 eyenza iiseli ezinobungozi ezizimeleyo ukunyamezela amanqanaba aphezulu e-ROS kwaye iphephe i-apoptosis. Amanqanaba e-Nrf2 enyukliya aphakanyisiweyo asebenzayo asebenze izakhi zofuzo zetekisi ngokubhekisele kwiijethi ze-cytoprotective ezinegalelo kwi-reprogramme reprogramming kunye nokwandiswa kweseli. Amanqanaba aphezulu anamazinga aphezulu eNrf2 adibene ne-prognosis ephosakeleyo ngenxa yomsakazo kunye noxando lwe-chemores kunye nomdlavuza wesifo esichukumisayo. Ngaloo ndlela, umsebenzi we-Nrf2 umkhuseli kumanyathelo okuqala we-tumorigenesis, kodwa inobungozi kwizigaba ezilandelayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukukhusela umhlaza, ukuphucula umsebenzi we-Nrf2 usoloko kuyindlela ebalulekileyo xa unyango lomhlaza, i-Nrf2 inhibition ifaneleka [4], [11].

 

Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi ophezulu we-Nrf2 udlalwa kumaseli omhlaza aneziphumo ezimbi, kukho isidingo sokuthintela i-Nrf2. Ngelishwa, ngenxa yokufaniswa kwesakhiwo kunye namanye amalungu omndeni we-BZip, ukuphuhliswa kwe-Nrf2 inhibitors yinto enzima kwaye izifundo ezimbalwa kuphela ze-Nrf2 inhibition zipapashwe kuze kube yimhla. Ngokuphonononga iimveliso zendalo, uRen et al. [12] ichonge i-brusatol ye-antineoplastic njenge-Nrf2 inhibitor eyenza i-cisplatin isebenzise i-chemotherapeutic. Ukongeza, i-PI3K inhibitors [11], [13] ne-Nrf2 siRNA [14] isetyenzisiwe ukuvimbela iNrf2 kumaseli omhlaza. Kungekudala, sisebenzise enye indlela, eyaziwa ngokuba ngumhlaza wegazi wokuzibulala, ukujolisa kwiiseli zomhlaza ezinezinga eliphezulu ze-Nrf2. I-NRF2 eqhutywe nge-lentiviral vectors [15] equkethe i-thymidine kinase (TK) idluliselwa kumaseli omhlaza kunye nomsebenzi ophezulu kunye neeseli zinyangwa nge-pro-drug, ganciclovir (GCV). I-GCV isetyenziselwa i-GCV-monophosphate, eyongezelela i-phosphorylated nge-cellase kinases kwisimo esiyingozi sohlobo lwe-triphosphate [16] (umzobo 5). Oku kuholele ekubulaweni ngokufanelekileyo kweTK engekho kuphela i-TK equkethe iiseli ze-tumor, kodwa kunye neeseli ezingummelwane ngenxa yesiphumo sokumamela [17]. I-TK / GCV yohlobo lwe-gene ephuculweyo ingaphakanyiswa ngakumbi ngokudibanisa i-egyptipeutic agent e-doxorubicin kwonyango [16], exhasa ingcamango yokuba le ndlela ingaba luncedo ekudibaniseni nemithi yendalo.

 

Umzobo 5. Iyeza lokuzibulala. I-Constrative Nrf2 ukuqokelela kwenyukliya kumaseli omhlaza kunokuxhatshazwa ngokusebenzisa i-Nrf2 ene-viral vector yonyango lokuzibulala lomzimba [16]. Kulo ndlela, i-lentiviral vector (LV) ebonisa i-thymidine kinase (TK) phantsi komncinci we-SV40 kunye nee-ARE zihanjiswa kumaseli e-lung adenocarcinoma. Amanqanaba e-Nrf2 enyukliya aphezulu akhokelela ekubonakaliseni okubonakalayo kweTK ngokusebenzisa iNrf2 ebophayo. Amaseli athatyathwa nge-pro-drug, ganciclovir (GCV), e-phosphorylated yi-TK. I-GCV ye-Triphosphorylated iyaphazamisa ukuveliswa kwe-DNA kwaye ikhokelela ekubulaweni okuthethileyo kungekhona kuphela iTK equkethe iiseli zesisu, kodwa kunye neeseli eziseduze ngenxa yempembelelo yokumelana.

 

UDkt Jimenez White Coat

I-Nrf2 ngumlawuli olawulayo obangela ukuveliswa kwama-antioxidants anamandla emzimbeni womntu onceda ukuphelisa uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. Ama-enzyme ahlukahlukeneyo anokuxhatshazwayo, njenge-superoxide dismutase, okanye i-SOD, glutathione, kunye ne-catalase, nayo isebenza ngeNrf2. Ngaphezulu, ezinye iiprottokicals ezithile ezifana ne-turmeric, ashwagandha, i-bacopa, itiye eluhlaza, kunye ne-milk thistle, sebenzisa iNrf2. Iziphumo zophando zifumene ukuba Nrf2 kusebenze ngokuqhelekileyo unokunyusa ukukhuselwa kwamaselula kunye nokubuyisela umlinganiselo kumzimba womntu.

UDkt Alex Jimenez DC, i-CCST Insight

 

I-Sulforaphane kunye neZiphumo zayo kuMhlaza, ukusweleka, ukuGuga, uBongo kunye nokuziphatha, isifo sentliziyo kunye nokunye

 

I-Isothiocyanates zizinye zezona zibalulekileyo zityalo zezityalo onokuzifumana kwisondlo sakho. Kule vidiyo ndiyenzela iimeko ezinzulu kunazo zonke eziye zenziwa. Ukufutshane okufutshane? Dlulela kwisihloko ozithandayo ngokuchofoza enye yeengongoma zangezantsi. Umgca wexesha eliphantsi.

 

Amacandelo aphambili:

 

  • 00: 01: 14 - I-cancer kunye nokufa
  • 00: 19: 04 - Ukuguga
  • 00: 26: 30 - Ubunono nokuziphatha
  • I-00: I-38: 06 - I-recap yokugqibela
  • 00: 40: 27 - Dose

 

Umgca wexesha elipheleleyo

 

  • 00: 00: 34 - Ukuqaliswa kwe-sulforaphane, ingqwalasela ephambili yevidiyo.
  • I-00: I-01: 14 - Ukusetyenziswa kwemifuno yeCruciferous kunye nokunciphisa kuzo zonke izizathu zokufa.
  • I-00: 02: 12 - Umngcipheko womhlaza we-prostate.
  • I-00: 02: 23 - Ingozi yomhlaza wesibeletho.
  • I-00: 02: 34 - Umdlavuza womlenze kwingozi yokubhema.
  • 00: 02: 48 - Ingozi yomhlaza wesifuba.
  • I-00: 03: 13 - I-Hypothetical: kuthekani ukuba unomdlavuza? (ukungenelela)
  • I-00: I-03: 35 - Indlela engabonakaliyo yokuqhuba umhlaza kunye nokufa kwedatha yokudibanisa.
  • 00: 04: 38 - Sulforfane nomhlaza.
  • I-00: 05: 32 - Ubungqina benkomo obonakalisa impembelelo enamandla ye-broccoli inhluma ehluthwayo ekuphuculweni kwe-tumor kwi-rats.
  • I-00: I-06: 06 - Impembelelo yokuxhaswa ngokuthe ngqo kwe-sulforaphane kwizigulane zomhlaza wesibeletho.
  • I-00: I-07: 09 - Ukuqokelela i-isothiocyanate i-metabolites kwimizimba yesisu.
  • I-00: 08: 32 - Ukuvinjelwa kweeseli zomhlaza zesisu.
  • 00: 08: 53 - Isifundo somlando: i-brassicas yasungulwa njengezakhiwo zezempilo nakwiRoma lasendulo.
  • I-00: 09: 16 - I-Sulforfane ikhono lokuphucula ukwanda kwe-carcinogen (benzene, acrolein).
  • I-00: 09: 51 - NRF2 njengenguqu yokuguqula izakhi nge-antioxidant response elements.
  • I-00: 10: 10 - Indlela eyenziwa ngayo i-NRF2 isebenzise ukwanda kwe-carcinogen nge-glutathione-S-conjugates.
  • I-00: I-10: I-34 - i-Brussels ihluma iyakhuphula i-glutathione-S-transferase kwaye iyanciphisa umonakalo we-DNA.
  • I-00: 11: I-20 - i-Broccoli ihluma isiselo iphakamisa ibhenene ngaphandle kwe-61%.
  • I-00: I-13: I-31 - I-Broccoli ihluma i-homogenate ikwandisa i-enzymes e-antioxidant ephezulu.
  • I-00: I-15: 45 - Ukusetyenziswa kwemifuno yeCruciferous kunye nokufa kwesifo senhliziyo.
  • I-00: I-16: I-55 - i-Broccoli ihluma i-powder iphucula i-lipids yegazi kunye nesifo sengqondo senhliziyo yesifo se-2.
  • 00: 19: 04 - Ukuqala kwecandelo lokuguga.
  • I-00: I-19: I-21 - I-Sulforaphane-ukutya okunomsoco kwandisa ubomi be-beetles ukusuka kwi-15 ukuya ku-30% (kwiimeko ezithile).
  • I-00: 20: 34 - Ukubaluleka kokuvuvuka okuphantsi kwexesha elide.
  • I-00: I-22: I-05 - Imifuno e-Cruciferous kunye ne-broccoli ihlumela i-powder ibonakala iyanciphisa iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zokumangalisa abantu.
  • I-00: 23: 40 - Ukuhlaziywa kwe-mid-video: umdlavuza, izigulane eziguga
  • I-00: I-24: I-14 - Iziphumo zemouse zibonisa ukuba i-sulfurephane inokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-immune ngexesha lokuguga.
  • I-00: I-25: I-18 -Sulforaphane ithuthukise ukunyuka kweenwele kwimodeli ye-mouse yokukhangela. Umfanekiso kwi-00: 26: 10.
  • 00: 26: 30 - Ukuqala kwecandelo lobuchopho kunye nokuziphatha.
  • I-00: 27: 18 - Impembelelo ye-broccoli ihluma i-autism.
  • 00: 27: 48 - Umphumo we-glucoraphanin kwi-schizophrenia.
  • I-00: I-28: 17 - Ukuqala kwengxoxo yokudandatheka (iindlela kunye nezifundo).
  • I-00: 31: 21 - Uvavanyo lweMouse usebenzisa i-10 imizekelo eyahlukeneyo yokuxinezeleka okubangelwa uxinzelelo kubonisa ukuba i-sulforaphane efana neyofana ne-fluoxetine (prozac).
  • I-00: I-32: I-00 - Ukufundiswa kubonisa ukungena ngokuthe ngqo kwe-glucoraphanin kwiimicebe kusebenza ngokufanayo ekukhuseleni ukudandatheka kwindlela yokuxhatshazwa kwentlalo.
  • I-00: I-33: 01 - Ukuqala kwecandelo lokuvelisa i-neurodegeneneration.
  • 00: 33: 30 - Sulforaphane kunye nesifo se-Alzheimer.
  • 00: 33: 44 - Sulforaphane kunye nesifo sikaParkinson.
  • 00: 33: 51 - iSulforaphane nesifo sikaHongtington.
  • I-00: 34: I-13 - I-Sulforfane iphakamisa ama-proteins.
  • 00: 34: 43 - Ukuqala kwecandelo lokulimala kwengqondo elibuhlungu.
  • I-00: I-35: I-01 - I-Sulforaphane injected ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-TBI iphucula imemori (isifundo se mouse).
  • I-00: 35: 55 - iSulforaphane kunye ne-plastic neuronal.
  • I-00: I-36: I-32 - I-Sulforfane iphucula ukufunda kwi-type II yesifo sikashukela kwiimiceba.
  • I-00: 37: 19 - iSulforaphane kunye ne-duchenne i-dystrophy muscular.
  • I-00: 37: 44 - I-Myostatin inhibition kwiiseli ze-satellite ze-muscle (in vitro).
  • I-00: 38: 06 - Ukuhlaziywa kwexesha elide: i-mortality kunye nomhlaza, umonakalo we-DNA, uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kunye nokuvuvukala, i-benzene excretion, isifo se-cardiovascular, uhlobo lwesi-2 seswekile, iimpembelelo kwingqondo (ukudandatheka, autism, schizophrenia, neurodegeneration), indlela ye-NRF2.
  • I-00: I-40: 27 - Iingcamango zokuqikelela umthamo wamahlumela e-broccoli okanye i-sulforfane.
  • I-00: I-41: I-01 - i-Anecdotes xa ihluma ekhaya.
  • I-00: 43: 14 - Ekuphekeni kwamaqondo okushisa kunye nomsebenzi we-sulforaphane.
  • I-00: 43: 45 - Gut bacteria ukuguqulwa kwe-sulforaphane kwi-glucoraphanin.
  • I-00: I-44: I-24 - I-Supplements isebenza ngcono xa idibene ne-myrosinase esebenzayo kwimifuno.
  • I-00: I-44: I-56 - Amasu okupheka kunye nemifuno e-cruciferous.
  • 00: 46: 06 - Isothiocyanates njenge-goitrogens.

 

Imibulelo

 

Lo msebenzi wawuxhaswa yi-Academy yaseFinland, iSigrid Juselius Foundation kunye ne-Finnish Cancer Imibutho.

 

Ukuqukumbela, i-nuclear factor (i-erythroid-derived 2) -efana ne-2, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-NFE2L2 okanye i-Nrf2, iprotheni eyandisa ukuveliswa kwe-antioxidants ekhusela umzimba womntu ngokuchasene noxinzelelo lwe-oxidative. Njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla, ukukhuthazwa kwendlela ye-Nrf2 kukufunda ukunyangwa kwezifo ezibangelwa uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative, kuquka nomhlaza. Ubungakanani bolwazi lwethu lukhawulelwe kwi-chiropractic kunye nemiba yempilo yomgogodla. Ukuxoxa ngalo mbandela, nceda uzive ukhululekile ukubuza uGqr. Jimenez okanye uqhagamshelane nathi apha915-850-0900 .

 

Ikhutshwe nguDkt. Alex Jimenez

 

Isingqinisiso sivela kwi: Sciencedirect.com

 

Ikholi ye-Green Call Now Button H .png

 

Ingongoma eyongezelelweyo Ingxoxo: Ukuxoxisa ubuhlungu be-Knee Pain ngaphandle kokuPhenywa

 

Intlungu yedolo luphawu olwaziwayo olunokuthi lwenzeke ngenxa yeengozi zamadolo kunye / okanye iimeko, kubandakanya ukulimala kwezemidlalo. Amadolo ngenye yezona zinto ezinzima kakhulu emzimbeni womntu njengoko zenziwe yintlupheko yamathambo amane, iigamente ezine, iintlobo ezihlukahlukeneyo, i-menisci emibini, kunye ne-cartilage. Ngokwe-American Academy ye-Family Physicians, izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokubandezeleka kwamadolo zibandakanya i-patellar subluxation, i-patellar tendinitis okanye i-jumper, kunye ne-Osgood-Schlatter. Nangona ubuhlungu beentolo buya kwenzeka kubantu abantu abangaphezu kwe-60 ubudala, ubuhlungu beendolo buya kwenzeka kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo. Iintlungu zesisu zingaphathwa ekhaya emva kweendlela ze-RICE, nangona kunjalo, ukulimala kwamadolo amakhulu kunokufuna ukunyangwa kwangoko kunyango, kubandakanya ukunakekelwa kwe-chiropractic.

 

 

umfanekiso weblogi wekratshi yephepha

 

I-EXTRA EXTRA | ISIHLOKO ESIBALULEKILEYO: Kunconywe i-El Paso, TX I-Chiropractor

 

***

Indlela I-Chiropractic Ingasetyenziselwa NjengeNkxaso Yenkxaso Yomdlavuza

Indlela I-Chiropractic Ingasetyenziselwa NjengeNkxaso Yenkxaso Yomdlavuza

I-Cancer ibeka ubuninzi bexinzelelo emzimbeni. Unyango lweCarcer kongeza kuloo nto uxinzelelo, ezichaphazela iziko kunye nesistim ye-musculoskeletal. Ubunzima bukhalazo phakathi kwezigulane zomhlaza. Bafumana iintlobo neentlungu ezahlukahlukeneyo kuquka iintloko, intlungu yentamo, ukuxhatshazwa kwemisipha, kunye nentlungu emva kunye ne-paripheral neuropathy. Basenokuba neengxaki zokuhamba kunye nobunzima bokuhamba.

Uninzi lwezigulane zomhlaza zifumene ukunakekelwa kwe-chiropractic ukuba yinkqubo enempumelelo yokhathazwa kweentlungu kunye nokuphucula ukuguquguquka, ukuhamba, kunye namandla omzimba. Bakufumana kukunceda ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kwaye kunceda umzimba usebenze ngokufanelekileyo.

Inika ezi zibonelelo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amayeza okanye unyango olungenelelayo. Kwizigulana ezenza unyango lwe-chemotherapy, kuluncedo kakhulu kuba umzimba wonke we-chiropractic uyanceda ekulweni iimpembelelo zonyango ezenzakalisayo.

Iinzuzo zeChropractic Care for Patients of Cancer

Kukho izizathu ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuba izigulane zomhlaza zifuna unyango lwe-chiropractic. I-Cancer, ngokwayo, inzima kakhulu emzimbeni. Esi sifo singabangela intloko, ukuqina komfutho, intlungu yentamo, kunye nentlungu emva. Nangona kunjalo, unyango lunokubangela iingxaki.

Izigulane ezithatha unyango lwe-radiation mazibekwe etafileni ixesha elide elingenakukhathazeka. Utyando lunokubangela ubuhlungu kwiintlobo kunye nezicubu ezixhumeneyo. Iziyobisi ze-Chemotherapy zingabangela imiphumo engathandekiyo echaphazelekayo kuquka ne-nasusea, neuropathy, kunye neentloko.

Ezinye zeendlela ukunakekelwa kwe-chiropractic kunokunceda izigulane zomhlaza ziquka:

  • Ukuxhaswa kwesiphithiphithi, intloko, kunye nokukhathala
  • Ukulungiswa kwemali
  • Ukunciphisa intamo kunye nentlungu yangemva kunye nokuqina
  • Ukunciphisa ukuvutha okuhlangeneyo
  • Ukuhamba kakuhle
  • Ukubuyiselwa komsebenzi wesifo
  • Ukunciphisa umxube we-muscle

Izigulane zomdlavuza kaninzi ziye zachaza nokuphucula ngaphaya kwezikhalazo ezixubileyo ezixutywa ngamathambo. Imiphumo yokunciphisa i-neuropathy, i-digestion, kunye nokwenza umsebenzi wokuphefumula kulula nje ezinye zezibonelelo ezongezelelweyo.

unomdlavuza we-chiropractic inkxaso el paso tx.

Iiprojekti zonyango lweChiropractic

Oogqirha bezonyango basebenzise indlela engenachiza, yezandla-nonyango kunyango olubanzi lwemiba. Ibuyisela umsebenzi we-nerve, ulungelelanise iingxaki zemisipha, kwaye unceda ukubuyisela umzimba ekulungelelweni olufanelekileyo. Akusiyo ingenelo kwaye unikezela izigulane indawo ephephile, enye yemvelo ukuya kumachiza kunye nezinye unyango ezingenayo imiphumo engafunekiyo.

Omnye umqobo onokuthintela isigulane ekufuneni ukunakekelwa kwe-chiropractic yinto ephilileyo yokuqonda ukuba ibudlova kwaye inamandla, nokuba yintlungu. Inyaniso kukuba, ubuninzi bezobuchwephesha basetyenziswa kakhulu, basebenzise amandla aphantsi kakhulu kwaye akukho nto inamandla kuwo onke.

Uninzi alukho buhlungu kuzo zonke kwaye lusebenze ngokukhawuleza ukunyusa uluhlu lokunyakaza kunye nokwandisa amandla kunye nokunciphisa intlungu. Inokunceda ukuthomalalisa iimpawu zesigulana ngelixa ibanceda bahlale bomelele ngelixa befumana unyango.

Ezinye zezikhetho zonyango zonyango ezisetyenziselwa izigulane zomhlaza ziquka:

  • Ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi
  • umkhenkce
  • ubushushu
  • Izandla-ngokulungiswa
  • Amandla angasebenziyo
  • Ukuvuselela imisipha yombane
  • ukuphulula umzimba womntu ngobunono
  • Izixhobo zokusebenza ezikhethekileyo
  • Utyando

I-Body Body Benefits

Ubuncwane bomzimba wonke luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokunyamekela kwe-chiropractic. Inokubandakanya ukuguqulwa kokutya, ukuguqulwa kwendlela yokuphila, ukuzivocavoca, kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo.

Xa i-chiropractor ithatha isigulane somhlaza okanye nasiphi na isigulana will uya kujonga ngaphaya kwemiba ebonakalayo okanye iimpawu zokufumana ingcambu yengxaki kunye neendlela zokunceda umzimba ukuba uziphilise. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kunokubandakanya izongezo, iivithamini, okanye iiminerali eziza kunceda ukulungisa imeko. Ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba yinto nje yokufumana umzimba kwimeko esempilweni apho womelele ngokwaneleyo ukulwa imeko okanye ukuphilisa ekonzakaleni.

Unyango lolodwa kwaye lulungiselelwe ngokukodwa iimfuno zesigulana kunye nendlela yokuphila. Ngokomzekelo, iimeko ezininzi zizuza ekulahlekeni kwesisindo okanye ukuzivocavoca, kwaye imiba emininzi yeentlungu iphendula kakuhle ukulungiswa kokutya kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo. I-Chiropractic ibheka umzimba wonke kwaye isebenza ukubonelela ngezinto ezifunekayo ukuze zomelele kwaye zibe nempilo.

I-Chiropractor ikhuthazwe

I-prostate Cancer, Isondlo kunye noNcedo lokutya

I-prostate Cancer, Isondlo kunye noNcedo lokutya

I-prostate Cancer: Abstract

Umhlaza weProstate (PCa) uhlala ungoyena nobangela uphambili wokusweleka kwamadoda ase-US kwaye ukuxhaphaka kuyaqhubeka nokunyuka kwihlabathi liphela ngakumbi kumazwe apho amadoda atya "indlela yaseNtshona" yokutya. Izifundo ze-Epidemiologic, i-preclinical kunye neklinikhi zibonisa indima enokuthi ithathelwe ukutya kwiziganeko kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwe-PCa. 'Lo mboniso omncinci unikezela umboniso weencwadi ezipapashwe kutshanje malunga nezondlo, izinto zokutya, iipatheni zokutya kunye neziganeko ze-PCa kunye nokuqhubela phambili. I-carbohydrates ephantsi, iprotheni ye-soy, i-omega-3 (w-3) i-fat, i-teas eluhlaza, utamatisi kunye nemveliso ye-tomato kunye ne-zyflamend ibonise isithembiso ekunciphiseni umngcipheko we-PCa okanye ukuqhubela phambili. Ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu kunye nesimo esiphezulu se-?-carotene kunokunyusa umngcipheko. Ubudlelwane bobume bunokuba khona phakathi kwe-folate, i-vitamin C, i-vitamin D kunye ne-calcium enengozi ye-PCa. Nangona ukufunyaniswa okungahambelaniyo kunye nokungagqibekanga, amandla okuba nendima yokutya ekuthinteleni kunye nokunyangwa kwe-PCa kuyathembisa. Ukudibaniswa kwazo zonke izinto ezinenzuzo yokunciphisa ingozi ye-PCa kwindlela yokutya enempilo ingaba yingcebiso engcono yokutya. Lo mzekelo uquka iziqhamo ezityebileyo kunye nemifuno, ukunciphisa i-carbohydrates ecocekileyo, i-fat and saturated fats, kunye nokunciphisa inyama ephekiweyo. Ulingo olongezelelweyo oluyilwe ngononophelo olulindelekileyo lufanelekile.

Amagama abalulekileyo: Ukutya, umdlavuza weprostate, i-nutrients, iphethini yesondlo, Indlela yokuphila, Ukukhusela, unyango, Isondlo, ukungenelela kokutya, Ukuphonononga

Intshayelelo: I-Cancer Cancer

Umhlaza wesifo seprotate (PCa) ngumdla wesibini oqhelekileyo emadodeni, kunye neepesenti ezimalunga nezigidi ezithe zafunyanwa emhlabeni jikelele ngonyaka [1], malunga neemeko eziphakamileyo ezintandathu eziseNtshona kunamazwe angewona aseNtshona. Ukutya, indlela yokuphila, indawo yokusingqongileyo kunye nemfuza yezinto ezifuywayo ixhaswa ukuba ithathe indima kule ngxabano. Olu hlalutyo lubhekisela kubungqina bwakutshanje benxaxheba ebalulekileyo yezinto zokutya kwi-PCa kwaye iquka uvavanyo lwe-epidemiologic kunye novavanyo lwekliniki ubungqina befuthe leprotheni, i-fat, i-carbohydrate, i-fibre, ii-phytochemicals, ezinye izinto zokutya, ukutya okupheleleyo kunye neendlela zokutya kwi-PCa iziganeko, uphuhliso kunye / okanye ukuqhubela phambili. Iingxelo ezivela kwiimeta-uhlalutyo okanye izilingo ezenzelwe i-randomized trials kunye nezifundo ezizayo zigxininiswe kulo mbononongo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uphando lwezidlo zokutya okanye ukutya okunomsoco kunye nomhlaza kaninzi luphantsi kwemiqathango eyahlukeneyo kwaye ngoko ke kunzima ukuchazwa kweziphumo. Ngokomzekelo, xa isifundo senzelwe ukuhlolisisa umphumo wenani lokudla, ukuguqulwa kwamanqatha okungenakwenzeka kuya kutshintshela i-protein kunye / okanye i-carbohydrate, kwaye ingatshintsha ukutyiwa kwezinye izondlo. Ngenxa yoko, kunzima ukuchaza ukuba isiphumo sokutshintsha kwiinqwelo zizodwa. Ukongezelela, impembelelo yamacronutrients inokubandakanya iinkalo zobini obuninzi kunye nohlobo lwe-macronutrients ezidliwe. Zomibini iinkalo zinokuchaphazela ukuqaliswa komhlaza kunye / okanye uphuhliso ngokuzimeleyo, kodwa abahlala behlukana kwiinkalo zophando. Nangona esi sihloko sisandul 'ukuhlaziywa [2], sinikezelwe ngokubanzi uncwadi olutsha ngesihloko, ukuhlaziywa okuhlaziyiweyo kunikwe apha kunye netafile yesishwankathelo kunikezelwa ngokukhawuleza (Itafile 1).

Izondlo zeCarbohydrates Ngenxa ye-hypothesis yokuba i-insulin yinto yokukhula kwe-PCa, kuye kwacatshangelwa ukuba ukunciphisa i-carbohydrates kwaye ngoko ukunciphisa i-serum insulin kunokunciphisa ukukhula kwe-PCa [3]. Enyanisweni, kwiimodeli zezilwanyana, mhlawumbi i-no-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (NCKD) [4,5] okanye i-low-carbohydrate diet (20% kcal njenge-carbohydrate) inemiphumo emihle ekunciphiseni ukukhula kwe-prostate tumor [6,7]. Kwizifundo zabantu, uphononongo olunye lufumene ukuba ukuthathwa okuphezulu kwe-carbohydrates esulungekileyo kuhambelana nomngcipheko owongeziweyo we-PCa [7]. Ukongeza kwisixa se-carbohydrates, uhlobo lwe-carbohydrates lunokuthi lube nefuthe kwi-PCa kodwa uphando aluzange lugqibe. Amandla okunciphisa umngcipheko we-PCa kunye nokuqhubela phambili ngokuchaphazela i-carbohydrate metabolism iphandwa nge-Metformin. I-Metformin yanciphisa ukwanda kweeseli ze-PCa kunye nokulibaziseka kokuqhubela phambili kwi-vitro kunye ne-vivo, ngokulandelanayo [8-10] kunye nokunciphisa ingozi yesiganeko kunye nokufa kwabantu [11-13]. Izilingo ezimbini zeklinikhi zengalo enye nazo zibonise umphumo omuhle we-metformin ekuchaphazela iimpawu ze-PCa yokwanda kunye nokuqhubela phambili [14,15]. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izifundo ze-retrospective cohort azizange zixhase umphumo we-metformin ngokuphindaphindiweyo okanye ingozi yesiganeko se-PCa [16-22]. Nangona kunokwenzeka ukunciphisa i-carbohydrates epheleleyo okanye elula ekuzuzeni ulawulo lwe-PCa, ubungqina buyanqongophala kwizilingo ezilawulwa ngokungahleliwe (RCT). Izilingo ezimbini ezingabonakaliyo ziqhubeka nokuvavanya impembelelo yokutya okuphantsi kwe-carbohydrate (malunga ne-5% kcal) kwixesha eliphindwe kabini le-PSA phakathi kwezigulane ze-PCa emva kwe-radical prostatectomy (NCT01763944) kunye nempendulo ye-glycemic phakathi kwezigulane eziqala unyango lwe-androgen deprivation (ADT). NCT00932672 ). Iziphumo ezivela kwezi zilingo ziya kukhanyisa umphumo we-carbohydrate intake kumanqaku okuqhubela phambili kwe-PCa kunye nendima yokunciphisa i-carbohydrate yokunciphisa imiphumo emibi ye-ADT.

protein

Inqanaba elifanelekileyo leprotein ekudleni impilo epheleleyo okanye iprotrate impilo ayicacanga. Nangona udumo lwezidlo ezincinane ze-carbohydrates eziphezulu kwiiprotheyini, uphando lwabantu lwakutshanje luchaza ukuba ukunyuka kweprotheni ephantsi kwahlanganiswa nomngcipheko omncinci womhlaza kunye nokufa kwabantu bonke phakathi kwe-65 nabancinci. Phakathi kwamadoda amakhulu kunama-65, i-protein ye-protein ephantsi yayinomngcipheko ophezulu womhlaza kunye nokufa kwabantu bonke [23]. Kwiimodeli zezilwanyana umlinganiselo phakathi kweprotheni kunye ne-carbohydrate ifuthe kwimpilo ye-cardiometabolic, ukuguga nokuphila ixesha elide [24]. Inendima yeprotheni yokutya kunye neprotheni kumlinganiselo we-carbohydrate kwiPCa yophuhliso kunye nokuqhubela phambili kudinga ukufundisisa.

Iiprotheni ezisezilwanyana

Ukufunda i-protein intake, njengazo zonke iinkalo zesayensi yesondlo, zinokuba nzima. Ngokomzekelo, inyama yezilwanyana, eyimithombo yeeprotheyini kwizidlo zaseNtshona, ayilwanga nje kuphela ngeeprotheyini, kodwa kunye neoli, i-cholesterol, izityela kunye nezinye izondlo. Isixa salezi zondlo kubandakanya i-fatty acids iyakwazi ukuhluka kwenye inyama yezilwanyana ukuya kwelinye. Uphando olwangaphambili lwabantu lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweenkukhu ezingenakunqanda, ezincinci kwi-cholesterol kunye namafutha amaninzi kunamafutha amaninzi obomvu, ayengahambelani nokuphindaphinda okanye ukuqhubela phambili kwe-PCa [25]. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kweenkukhu ezibhakabhile kwakunxulumene nePCa ephakamileyo [26,27], ngelixa inyama ebomvu ephekwe yayixhomekeke kwiingozi eziphezulu ze-PCa [26,27]. Ngaloo ndlela, indlela ukutya okulungiselelwe ngayo kunokuguqula impembelelo yayo kwi-PCa mngcipheko kunye nenkqubela phambili. Ngokubanzi, ukusetyenziswa kweentlanzi kungabandakanywa nokufa kwe-PCa, kodwa intlanzi ephezulu ephekweyo inokubangela i-PCa carcinogenesis [28]. Ngaloo ndlela, kunokucetyiswa ukuba udle intlanzi rhoqo kodwa ukushisa okufunekayo kufuneka kugcinwe ngokulinganayo.

Iproteinyini esekelwe ngobisi

Omnye umthombo weprotheni oqhelekileyo yimveliso yobisi, njengobisi, ushizi kunye ne-yogurt. Iziphumo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba ubisi bunyuke ingozi enkulu ye-PCa kodwa kungekhona ngeCafa enobudlova okanye ebulalayo [29,30]. Ukongezelela, ubisi obupheleleyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kobisi oluphantsi kokunxiliswa kwamabhanki kuye kwaxelwa ukuba kukhuthazwe okanye kulibazise ukuqhubela phambili kwe-PCa [29,31]. KwiiNgcali zezeMpilo zilandelelana iqela kunye namadoda akwa-21,660, ukufunyanwa kokusetyenziswa kweebisi kufumaneke ukudibaniswa ne-PCa incidence [32]. Ngokukodwa, ubisi obuphantsi okanye ubisi oluphantsi luye lwaba yi-PCa ephantsi, kodwa ubisi obuninzi bwandisa ingozi ye-PCa engozi. Nangona iinqununu (imveliso) zeemveliso zobisi eziqhuba le mibutho aziwa, iindawo eziphakamileyo zeoli kunye ne-calcium ezinokuthi zibandakanyeke. Uphando lwesigxina samadoda akwa-1798 lubonise ukuba iprotheni yobisi ihlanganiswe ngokufanelekileyo kunye ne-serum IGF-1 [33] amanqanaba angakhuthaza ukuqaliswa okanye ukuqhubela phambili kwe-PCa. Ngaloo ndlela, uphando olongezelelweyo lufunekayo ukucacisa ubudlelwane phakathi kokudla kweebisi kunye ne-PCa. Kukho idatha enganeleyo ukubonelela ngeengcebiso ezinxulumene ngqo neprojekthi yobisi okanye yobisi kunye ne-PCa mngcipheko okanye ukuqhubela phambili.

Iiprotheni ezisisityalo

I-Soy kunye neemveliso ezisekelwe kwi-soy zizityebi kwiprotheni kunye ne-phytoestrogens enokuthi iququzelele ukuthintela i-PCa, kodwa indima yayo kwi-PCa ayicacanga. Kuphononongo kwiigundane, ukuthathwa kweemveliso zesoya kudibene nokuncipha kwe-hepatic aromatase, i-5? Ulingo olutshanje lwamadoda angama-1 anesifo esinobungozi obuphezulu emva kokuba i-prostatectomy enkulu ifumene ukuba i-soy protein supplementation iminyaka emibini ayinayo impembelelo kumngcipheko wokuphindaphinda kwe-PCa [34]. Nangona izifundo ze-epidemiological and pre-clinical studies [177] zixhasa indima enokubakho ye-soy / isoflavones ye-soy kwi-PCa yokunciphisa umngcipheko okanye ukuqhubela phambili, uhlalutyo lwe-meta aluzange lufumane impembelelo ebalulekileyo ye-soy intake kumanqanaba e-PSA, i-globulin ye-hormone-binding, i-hormone yesondo, testosterone, i-testosterone yamahhala, i-estradiol okanye i-dihydrotestosterone [35]. Enye i-RCT kwizigulane ngaphambi kwe-prostatectomy nayo ayizange ifumane nayiphi na impembelelo ye-soy isoflavone yongezelela ukuya kwiiveki ezintandathu kwi-PSA, i-serum iyonke ye-testosterone, i-testosterone yamahhala, i-estrogen iyonke, i-estradiol okanye i-cholesterol epheleleyo [36,37]. Kuba uninzi lwee-RCTs ezenziweyo bezincinci kwaye zinexesha elifutshane, uviwo olongezelelweyo luyafuneka.

Izifundo ezininzi ziye zaqhubeka zihlola i-isoflavone ephambili kwi-soy, i-genistein, kunye nefuthe layo kwi-PCa. I-potentialiste ye-genistein ukuvimbela i-PCa cell detachment, ukuhlasela kunye ne-metastasis ibikwa [40]. I-Genistein inokuguqula ukuhlaziywa kweglucose kunye ne-glucose transporter (GLUT) ibinzana kwi-PCa cells [41], okanye usebenzise umphumo wayo wokulwa nesifo se-tumor ngokulawulwa kwe-microRNAs [42]. Izifundo usebenzisa iisilini zeesisu kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana zibonisa ukuba i-genistein iyakwazi ukukhuphisana kunye nokuvimbela i-estrogens engapheliyo ekumkhonkeleni kwi-estrogen receptor, oko kukuvimbela ukwanda kwamaseli, ukukhula kunye nokunciphisa ukwahlukana kwaye, ngokukodwa, i-genistein inokuvimbela isithinteli se-cell, ukuveliswa kweprotease, ukuhlasela kweeseli kwaye thintela i-metastasis [36,40,43]. Nangona kunjalo, akukho plasma okanye amanqanaba okugaya ama-urine ahlanganiswe nomngcipheko we-PCa xa uphando lwezolawulo (44,45]. Kwisigaba se-2-RCT elawulwa yi-placebo kunye namadoda e-47, ukuxhaswa kwe-30 mg genistein kwiiveki ezintathu ukuya kweyesithandathu kunciphise kakhulu amanqaku anxulumene ne-androgen ye-PCa progression [46]. Ukongeza, i-genistein inokuba luncedo ekuphuculeni i-cabazitaxel chemotherapy kwi-PCa ye-metastatic castration-resistant [37]. Ucwaningo lwezonyango lufanelekile ukuba luhlolisise indima ye-soy kunye ne-soy isoflavones ye-PCa yokuthintela okanye unyango. Isiphakamiso esicacileyo malunga nokufunyanwa kweprotein kwi-PCa yokuthintela okanye unyango alufumanekanga okwamanje.

amafutha

Iziphumo zophando zokuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwamafutha kunye nomngcipheko we-PCa okanye ukuqhubela phambili kuyaphikisana. Bobabini ukuthathwa okupheleleyo okupheleleyo [47] kwamafutha okutya kunye ne-fatty fatty acid composition inokuzimela ngokuzimeleyo kwi-PCa ukuqaliswa kunye / okanye ukuqhubela phambili. Nangona uphando lwezilwanyana lubonisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ukunciphisa ukutya okutyayo kunciphisa ukukhula kwe-tumor [48-50] kunye nokutya okunamafutha aphezulu, ngakumbi i-fat fat and corn oil yandisa i-PCa progression [51], idatha yomntu ayihambelani kangako. Izifundo zokulawula iimeko kunye nezifundo zeqela ziye zabonisa ukuba akukho nxulumano phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwamafutha apheleleyo kunye nomngcipheko we-PCa [52-55] okanye umbutho ochaseneyo phakathi kokutya kwamafutha kunye nokusinda kwe-PCa, ngakumbi phakathi kwamadoda ane-PCa yendawo [47]. Ukongezelela, uphando olunqamlekileyo lubonise ukuba i-fat intake echazwe njengepesenti ye-calorie eyonke ithathwa ngokufanelekileyo idibene namanqanaba e-PSA kumadoda e-13,594 ngaphandle kwe-PCa [56]. Ukunikezelwa kwezi datha eziphikisanayo, kunokwenzeka ukuba uhlobo lwe-fatty acid [56] kunokuba inani elipheleleyo lingadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwe-PCa kunye nokuqhubela phambili. Uphononongo lufumene i-plasma egcwele i-fatty acids ukuba idibaniswe ngokuqinisekileyo ne-PCa ingozi kwiqela elilindelekileyo le-14,514 yamadoda e-Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study [57]. Ukongezelela, olunye uphando lufumene ukuba ukutya okunamafutha amaninzi asekelwe kwizityalo kwakudibene nokunciphisa ingozi ye-PCa [58]. Ezi zifundo zixhasa isikhokelo sangoku sokutya sokutya amanqatha amancinci asekelwe kwizilwanyana kunye namafutha amaninzi asekwe kwisityalo.

Idatha emalunga ne-omega-6 (w-6) kunye ne-omega-3 (w-3) i-polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) yokusetyenziswa kunye nomngcipheko we-PCa nayo iyaphikisana. Ngelixa kukho idatha yokuxhasa ikhonkco phakathi kokunyuka kwe-w-6 PUFA yokungenisa (ikakhulu ithathwe kwioyile yombona) kunye nomngcipheko wePCA ngokubanzi [57,59], ayisiyiyo yonke idatha exhasa unxibelelwano olunjalo [60]. Ngapha koko, ukutyeba okuninzi okunamafutha kwe-polyunsaturated kwakudityaniswa nesezantsi konke ukubangela ukusweleka phakathi kwamadoda ane-PCa engeyiyo eyomeleleyo kwizifundo zokulandelela iingcali kwezempilo [58]. Inkqubo ebekiweyo edibanisa i-w-6 PUFAs kunye ne-PCa umngcipheko kukuguqulwa kwe-arachidonic acid (w-6 PUFA) kwii-eicosanoids (prostaglandin E-2, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid kunye ne-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid) ekhokelela kukudumba kunye nokukhula kweselula [61]. Kwelinye icala, i-w-3 PUFAs, ezifumaneka ikakhulu emanzini abandayo anentlanzi enamafutha, zinokucothisa ukukhula kwe-PCa ngeendlela ezininzi [61-63]. Kuhlolisiso lwamadoda angama-48 anomngcipheko ophantsi we-PCa phantsi koqwalaselo olusebenzayo, ukuphinda i-biopsy kwiinyanga ezintandathu kubonise ukuba izicubu zeprostate w-3 fatty acids, ngakumbi i-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), inokukhusela ekuqhubekeni kwe-PCa [64]. Izifundo ze-in vitro kunye nezilwanyana zibonisa ukuba i-w-3 PUFAs yenza i-anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, antiproliferative kunye ne-anti-angiogenic pathways [65,66]. Ngapha koko, isifundo sempuku ngokuthelekisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamafutha kufumanise ukuba kuphela kukutya kweoyile yeentlanzi (oko kukuthi, ukutya okusekwe kwi-omega-3) kunciphise ukukhula kwe-PCa xa kuthelekiswa namanye amafutha okutya [67]. Ngokubhekisele kwidatha yabantu, inqanaba lesibini lokwenza uvavanyo olungenamkhethe lubonisa ukuba ukutya okunamafutha asezantsi kunye no-w-3 ukongezwa kweeveki ezine ukuya kwezintandathu ngaphambi kwe-radical prostatectomy kunciphise ukwanda kwe-PCa kunye nokuqhubela phambili komjikelo weseli (CCP) [62,68]. Ukutya okunamafutha asezantsi okutya okuneentlanzi kukhokelele ekunciphiseni i-15 (S) - i-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid level kunye nokwehlisa amanqaku e-CCP malunga nokutya kwaseNtshona [69]. Izibonelelo ezinokubakho ze-omega-3 fatty acids kwiintlanzi zixhaswe loncwadi lwezifo olubonisa ukuba i-w-3 fatty acid intake yayihambelana nomngcipheko we-PCa umngcipheko [70,71]. Ngaphandle kwesithembiso se-omega-3 fatty acids, ayizizo zonke izifundo ezivumayo. Ukuxhasa i-2 g ye-alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) ngosuku ngeenyanga ezingama-40 kumadoda angama-1,622 ane-PSA <4 ng / ml ayitshintshanga i-PSA [72]. Nangona kunjalo, olunye uphononongo lufumanise ukuba i-serum ephezulu yegazi n-3 PUFA kunye ne-docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) yayihambelana nomngcipheko opheleleyo we-PCa ngelixa i-serum ephezulu ye-EPA kunye ne-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inokuthi inxulunyaniswe nomngcipheko we-PCa ophezulu [73] . Uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukuqonda ngcono indima ye-omega-3 PUFAs kukhuseleko lwe-PCa okanye unyango.

Cholesterol

Uninzi lwezifundo zangaphambi klinikhi lubonise ukuba ukuqoqwa kwe-cholesterol kunceda ekuqhubekeni kwe-PCa [74-76]. Kwacetyiswa ukuba i-cholesterol ephezulu e-Lin et al. I-BMC Medicine (2015) I-13: I-3 Page 5 ye-15 ukusasazeka ingaba ngumngcipheko wezondo eziqinileyo, ngokukodwa ngokugqitywa kwe-cholesterol synthesis, indlela yokuvusela [77] kunye ne-intratumoral steroidogenesis [78]. Ngokutsho kwiphando lwakutshanje kunye namadoda e-2,408 ahlelwe ukuba yi-biopsy, i-cholesterol ye-serum yayixhomekeke ngokuzimeleyo ngokuchazwa kweengozi ye-PCa [79]. Ukuhambelana neziphumo ze-cholesterol, ukusetyenziswa kwe-cholesterol ye-drug-statical prostatectomy (RP) ye-cholesterol esezantsi ixhomekeke kakhulu kunomngcipheko we-biochemical repurrence kwizigulane ze-1,146 ezinkulu ze-prostatectomy [80]. Olunye uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba i-statins inganciphisa ingozi ye-PCa ngokunciphisa ukuqhubela phambili [81]. Nangona i-mechanism ayinakusungulwa, uphando olutshanje luye lwabonisa ukuba i-cholesterol ye-high-density level (i-HDL) ye-cholesterol inxulumene nomngcipheko ophezulu we-PCa kwaye, ngoko ke, i-HDL ephezulu yayikhusela [81-84]. Ezi ziphumo zixhasa inkcazo yokuba ukungenelela kwintliziyo-enempilo eyenza ukunciphisa i-cholesterol inokufumana inzuzo yempilo ye-prostate nayo.

Iivithamini kunye neMinerali

Apha siza kuphonononga idatha yamva nje kwiivithamini A, B complex, C, D, E, kunye ne-K kunye ne-selenium. Kwizilingo ezimbini ezinkulu zeklinikhi: i-Carotene kunye ne-Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET; i-PCa yayiyisiphumo sesibini) kunye ne-National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Ukutya kunye neMpilo ekulindeleke ukuba ifundwe, i-multivitamin supplementation yayiyiyo. ezinxulumene nomngcipheko ophezulu wokuphuhlisa i-PCa enobudlova, ngokukodwa phakathi kwabo bathatha i-supplement ye-carotene yomntu ngamnye [85,86]. Ngokufanayo, amanqanaba aphezulu e-serum ?-carotene adibene nomngcipheko ophezulu we-PCa phakathi kwe-997 amadoda aseFinland kwi-Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor cohort [87]. Nangona kunjalo, i-?-carotene isongezelelo asifumanekanga ukuba sichaphazele umngcipheko we-PCa ebulalayo ngexesha lonyango [88], okanye kwi-Danish yabafundi abalindelekileyo be-26,856 [89]. I-retinol ejikelezayo nayo ayizange idibaniswe nomngcipheko we-PCa kwimeko enkulu yokufunda yokulawula [90]. Ngaloo ndlela, umbutho phakathi kwe-vitamin A kunye ne-PCa awukacaci.

Ubungqina be-preclinical bubonisa ukuba ukuchithwa kwe-folate kunokucothisa ukukhula kwe-tumor, ngelixa ukuxhaswa akunampembelelo ekukhuleni okanye ekuqhubeni phambili, kodwa kunokukhokelela ngokuthe ngqo kwiinguqu ze-epigenetic ngokunyuka kwe-DNA methylation [91]. Uhlalutyo lwe-meta ezimbini lubonise ukuba amanqanaba e-folate ajikelezayo ahambelana ngokufanelekileyo nomngcipheko okhulayo we-PCa [92,93], ngelixa i-folate yokutya okanye i-supplementary folate ayinayo impembelelo kwi-PCa ingozi [94] kwisifundo sokubambisana kunye namadoda e-58,279 eNetherlands [ 95] kunye nesifundo solawulo lwetyala e-Itali naseSwitzerland [96]. Ngapha koko, olunye uphononongo lweqela lamadoda atyhubela i-radical prostatectomy kwiindawo ezininzi zoLawulo lwama-Veterans kulo lonke elase-US libonise ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu e-serum folate anxulunyaniswa ne-PSA ephantsi kwaye, ke ngoko, umngcipheko ophantsi wokungaphumeleli kwe-biochemical [97]. Olunye uphando olusebenzisa idatha esuka kwi-2007 ukuya kwi-2010 yezeMpilo yeSizwe kunye isondlo Uphando lweMviwo lubonise ukuba imeko ephezulu ingakhusela amanqanaba ePSA aphezulu phakathi kwamadoda akwa-3,293, iminyaka eyi-40 ubudala nangaphezulu, ngaphandle kwe-PCa [98] efunyanisiweyo. Kwacetyiswa ukuba i-folate ingadlala indima ebini kwi-prostate carcinogenesis kwaye, ngoko ke, ubudlelwane obunzima phakathi kwe-folate ne-PCa kulindeleke uphando olongezelelweyo [99].

Nangona inendima ye-vitamin C (i-ascorbic acid) inokuthi i-antioxidant kwi-antiticancer therapy, izilingo zokuvavanya ukutya okanye ukuxhaswa kwe-vitamin C zimbalwa. I-RCT ayibonakali niphumo ye-vitamin C kwi-PCa mngcipheko [89]. Ukongezelela koko, i-vitamin C kwizikolo eziphezulu ziyakwenza okungakumbi njenge-pro oxidant kune-antioxidant, inzima ukuyila nophando.

Uhlobo oluphambili olusebenzayo lwe-vitamin D, i-1,25 i-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (i-calcitriol) inceda ekubunjweni kwamathambo afanelekileyo, ibangela ukuhlukana kwamanye amaseli omzimba, kwaye inqanda iindlela ze-pro-tumor, ezifana nokunyuka kunye ne-angiogenesis, kwaye kucetyiswa ukuba kuzuze ingozi ye-PCa. [100]; nangona kunjalo, izinto ezifunyanisiweyo ziyaqhubeka zingagqibeki. Uphononongo olutshanje lufumene ukuba ukwanda kwe-serum i-vitamin D amanqanaba adibene nokunciphisa ingozi ye-PCa [101,102]. Ukongezelela, ukongeza i-vitamin D kunokunciphisa ukuqhubela phambili kwe-PCa okanye kubangele i-apoptosis kwiiseli ze-PCa [103-105]. Ezinye izifundo, nangona kunjalo, zichaze ukuba akukho mpembelelo ye-vitamin D eyongezelelweyo kwi-PSA [106] okanye akukho mpembelelo yesimo se-vitamin D kwi-PCa ingozi [107,108]. Olunye uphando luchaze ngokuchasanayo ukuba imeko ephantsi ye-vitamin D idibaniswe nengozi ephantsi ye-PCa kumadoda amadala [109], okanye i-serum ephezulu ye-vitamin D idibaniswe nomngcipheko we-PCa ophezulu [110,111]. Uphononongo luze lucebise ukuba ubudlelwane obubunjiweyo bunokuba khona phakathi kwesimo se-vitamin D kunye ne-PCa kunye noluhlu olufanelekileyo lokujikeleza i-vitamin D yokukhusela i-PCa lunokuba luncinci [112]. Oku kuhambelana neziphumo zezinye izondlo ezinokuthi ukuthathwa okukhulu kweso sondlo esilungileyo kusenokungasoloko kubhetele.

Uphononongo olutshanje lubonise ukuba umbutho phakathi kwe-vitamin D ne-PCa yahlanjululwa yiproteinyini ebopha i-vitamin D [113] enokuthi ichaze okokufunyaniswa kwangaphambili. Ukuqhubela phambili, uhlalutyo lweemeta oluphenya umbutho phakathi kweVitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms (BsmI neFokI) kunye ne-PCa mngcipheko wachaza akukho buhlobo kunye ne-PCa mngcipheko [114]. Ngaloo ndlela, indima ye vithamini D e-PCa ihlala ingacacile.

Kulingo olukhulu lwe-randomized kunye ne-14,641 yamagqirha angamadoda ase-US ?iminyaka eyi-50 ubudala, abathathi-nxaxheba bafumana i-400 IU ye-vitamin E yonke imihla malunga ne-10.3 (13.8) iminyaka. I-Vitamin E yokuncedisa yayingenayo imiphumo esheshayo okanye yexesha elide kumngcipheko wee-cancer ezipheleleyo okanye i-PCa [115]. Nangona kunjalo, i-dose ephakathi ye-vitamin E yongezelela (i-50 mg okanye malunga ne-75 IU) ibangele umngcipheko we-PCa ophantsi phakathi kwe-29,133 yaseFinnish ababhemayo [116]. Izifundo ezininzi zangaphambi kweklinikhi zibonisa ukuba ivithamin E iyacotha ukukhula kwethumba, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokuthintela ukuhlanganiswa kweDNA kunye nokunyanzelwa kwendlela yeapoptotic [117]. Ngelishwa, izifundo zabantu ziye zaba ngaphantsi kwenkxaso. Izifundo ezimbini zokujonga (i-Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort kunye ne-NIH-AARP Diet kunye neSifundo sezeMpilo) zombini zibonise ukuba akukho nxulumano phakathi kwe-vitamin E yokuncedisa kunye ne-PCa ingozi [118,119]. Nangona kunjalo, i-serum ephezulu?-tocopherol kodwa kungekhona i-?-tocopherol inqanaba lidibene nomngcipheko we-PCa [120,121] kwaye umbutho unokuguqulwa ngokuhlukahluka kofuzo kwi-vitamin E ehlobene ne-122]. Ngokuphambene noko, uvavanyo olulindelekileyo, i-Selenium kunye ne-Vitamin E ye-Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), ibonise ukuxhaswa kwe-vitamin E yandisa kakhulu ingozi ye-PCa [123] kunye nokuba i-plasma ephezulu? PCa ingozi [124]. Oku kufunyaniswayo kuhambelana nesifundo se-case-cohort samatyala e-1,739 kunye nolawulo lwe-3,117 olubonisa i-vitamin E yandisa ingozi ye-PCa phakathi kwabo banesimo esiphantsi se-selenium kodwa kungekhona abo banesimo esiphezulu se-selenium [125]. Ngaloo ndlela, uphando olongezelelweyo lufunekayo ukuhlola umbutho phakathi kwe-vitamin E kunye ne-PCa kunye nomphumo wedosi kunye nokusebenzisana nezinye izondlo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe.

I-Vitamin K iye yacatshangelwa ukuba incede ukukhusela i-PCa ngokunciphisa i-calcium ye-bioavailable. Uphononongo lwangaphambili lubonisa indibaniselwano yevithamini C kunye ne-K inomsebenzi onamandla we-antitumor kwi-vitro kwaye isebenze njenge-chemo- kunye ne-radiosensitizers kwi-vivo [126]. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izifundo ezimbalwa ziye zaphanda oku, nangona uphando oluthile lusebenzisa i-European Prospective Investigation kwiCancer kunye neZondlo (EPIC) -i-Heidelberg cohort ifumene ubudlelwane obuphambeneyo phakathi kwe-vitamin K (njenge-menaquinones) kunye ne-PCa iziganeko [127]. Kuncinci ukuya kwizifundo zangaphambi kweklinikhi eziye zenziwa ukuvavanya indima ye-calcium kunye ne-PCa. I-Retrospective and meta-analyses iphakamisa ukunyuka okanye ukunciphisa ingozi ye-PCa kunye nokunyuka kwe-calcium, ngelixa abanye bacebisa ukuba akukho mbutho [128,129]. Olunye uphando lubonisa umbutho owenziwe ngu-U, apho amanqanaba e-calcium aphantsi kakhulu okanye ukuxhaswa kokubili kuhambelana ne-PCa [130].

I-Selenium, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iye yacatshangelwa ukukhusela i-PCa. Nangona izifundo ze-in vitro zicebise ukuba i-selenium inhibited angiogenesis kunye nokusabalalisa ngelixa ibangela i-apoptosis [131], iziphumo ezivela kwi-SELECT zibonise ukuba akukho nzuzo ye-selenium yodwa okanye idibene ne-vitamin E ye-PCa chemoprevention [123]. Ukuqhubela phambili, ukuxhaswa kwe-selenium akuzange kuzuze amadoda anesimo esiphantsi se-selenium kodwa kwandisa umngcipheko we-PCa ephezulu phakathi kwamadoda anesimo esiphezulu se-selenium kwiqela elikhethiweyo elikhethiweyo lamatyala e-1,739 kunye ne-high-grade (Gleason 7�10) PCa kunye nolawulo lwe-3,117 [ 125]. Uphononongo oluza kubakho kwi-Netherlands Cohort Study, olubandakanya amadoda e-58,279, i-55- ukuya kwi-69-iminyaka ubudala, nayo yabonisa ukuba i-toenail selenium yayinxulumene nomngcipheko oncitshisiweyo we-PCa ephezulu [132]. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukucacisa indima ye-selenium kunye ne-PCa.

Iiphytochemicals

Kanye kunye namavithamini kunye namaminerali [2], izityalo ziqulethe iiprotochemicals ezineempembelelo ezichasene nomhlaza. Ngokuqhelekanga ingabonwa njengeemfuno eziyimfuneko, iiprotochemicals zinezixhobo zokulwa ne-antioxidant kunye ne-anti-inflammatory properties.

I-Silibinin yi-polyphenolic flavonoid efumaneka kwimbewu ye-milk thistle. Kuye kwaboniswa kwi-vitro kunye ne-vivo ukuvimbela ukukhula kwe-PCa ngokujolisa i-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), i-IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), kunye neendlela ze-nuclear-kappa B (NF-kB) [133,134]. Uphononongo olutshanje lubonise ukuba i-silibinin ingaba luncedo kwi-PCa yokukhusela ngokuvimbela i-TGF? Inkcazo ye-2 kunye ne-cancerassociated fibroblast (CAF)-efana ne-biomarkers kwiiseli ze-prostate stromal [135]. Ke, i-silibinin ngumgqatswa othembisayo njenge-agent ye-PCa chemopreventive elindele uphando olongezelelweyo.

I-Curcumin isetyenziselwa ukongezwa kokutya e-Asia kwaye njengeyeza lezityalo zokuvuvukala [136]. I-in vitro, i-curcumin inqanda iprotheni ye-pro-inflammatory NF-?B ngelixa ibangela i-apoptosis ngokunyuka kwentetho ye-proapoptotic genes [137]. Kwi-vivo, i-curcumin inciphisa ukukhula kwe-PCa kwiigundane ngelixa ivuselela izicubu kwi-chemo- kunye ne-radiotherapies [136]; nangona kunjalo, akukho lulingo lomntu luye lwahlola impembelelo yalo kwi-PCa.

lwerharnate

I-peel neziqhamo zeerharnate kunye nama-walnuts zizityebi kwi-ellagitannins (i-punicalagins). Ezi zixhobo zeprotokemia zenziwe ngokukhawuleza kwi-form esebenzayo i-ellagic acid nge-gutter flora [138]. Uvavanyo olusenyakathole lubonisa ukuba i-ellagitannins inqanda ukukhula kwe-PCa kunye ne-angiogenesis phantsi kweemeko zenzululwazi kwaye zenze i-apoptosis [137,138]. Kwimvavanyo ekulindelekileyo kumadoda anePSA ekhulayo emva kokunyanga okuphambili, ijusi yamarharnate okanye i-POMx, ukukhishwa kweromegranate ekhoyo yentengiso, kwandise ixesha le-PSA eliphindwe kabini malunga nesiseko [139,140], nangona kungekho zilingo zibandakanya iqela le-placebo. Iziphumo zilindeleke kwi-RCT ye-placebo yengingqi usebenzisa i-pomegranate i-extract in amadoda enePSA ekhulayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwisilingo esilawulwa yi-placebo, iipilisi ezimbini ze-POMx imihla ngemihla kwiiveki ezine ngaphambi kokuba i-prostatectomy enamandla ayinayo impembelelo kwi-pathology pathology okanye ingcinezelo yenkomo okanye nayiphina imilinganiselo ye-tumor [141].

Iti eluhlaza

I-tea eluhlaza iqulethe inani le-polyphenols ye-antioxidant kuquka i-catechin, njenge-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), i-epigallocatechin (EGC), (?) -epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG) kunye (?) -epicatechin. Izifundo zangaphambili zibonisa ukuba i-EGCG inqanda ukukhula kwe-PCa, ibangela iindlela zangaphakathi kunye ne-extrinsic apoptotic kunye nokunciphisa ukuvuvukala ngokuvimbela i-NFkB [137]. Ngaphezu koko, iipropathi ze-antioxidant ze-EGCG ziyi-25 kumaxesha e-100 anamandla ngaphezu kwevithamini C kunye ne-E [131]. Kulingo olulindelekileyo lwe-preprostatectomy olulindelekileyo, amadoda asebenzisa iti eluhlaza eyenziwe nguLin et al. I-BMC Medicine (2015) 13: 3 Iphepha le-7 le-15 ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa liye landa amanqanaba e-polyphenols yeti eluhlaza kwi-prostate tissue [142]. Kwilingo elincinci lobungqina bomgaqo kunye namadoda angama-60, ukuxhaswa kwansuku zonke kwe-600 mg ye-catechin ye-tea eluhlaza kuncitshiswe iziganeko ze-PCa nge-90% (3% ngokubhekiselele kwi-30% kwiqela le-placebo) [143]. Olunye ulingo oluncinci lubonise ukuba isongezelelo se-EGCG sibangele ukunciphisa okukhulu kwe-PSA, i-hepatocyte factor factor and vascular growth factor in men with PCa [144]. Ezi zifundo zibonisa ukuba i-polyphenols ye-green tea inokunciphisa iziganeko ze-PCa kunye nokunciphisa ukuqhubela phambili kwe-PCa kodwa uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe kwaye kucaciswe indlela yayo [137,143,145].

Resveratrol

Nangona uphando oluninzi lwe-in vitro lubonisa ukuba i-resveratrol inqanda ukukhula kwe-PCa [146-148], i-resveratrol igxininisa ukukhula kwe-tumor kwezinye [137] kodwa kungekhona yonke imodeli yezilwanyana [149], mhlawumbi ngenxa yokufumaneka koxilongo [150,151]. Kuza kubekho, akukho zilingo zonyango eziphanda iziphumo zokuthintela okanye zonyango ze-resveratrol kwi-PCa.

Zyflamend

I-Zyflamend ngumxube ochasayo wokutshabalala weengcambu eziye zaboniswa ukunciphisa intuthuko ye-PCa ngokunciphisa imbonakalo yabamakishi kuquka i-PAKT, i-PSA, i-histone deacetylases kunye ne-receptor ye-androgen kwiimpawu zezilwanyana kunye ne-PCa cell line [152-154]. Nangona i-155] inamandla okulwa nomhlaza [i-156,157], zifundo ezimbalwa kakhulu ezenziwa ngabantu [23]. Kwileta evulekileyo Isigaba sovavanyo lwezilwanyana ze-18 ezine-high-grade prostraepithelial neoplasia, i-Zyflamend yedwa okanye ngokubambisana nezinye izongezo zokutya zenyanga ze-156 zanciphisa ingozi yokuphuhlisa i-PCa [XNUMX]. Kufuneka ii-RCT ezingaphezulu kubantu ukuba ziqinisekise ukusebenza kunye nesicelo sekliniki yolu longezelelo lwezityalo.

Ezinye iziqhamo zokutya kunye nemifuno

Iintyatyambo kunye nemifuno zinemithombo ecebileyo yamavithamini, amaminerali kunye neeprotochemicals. Ucwaningo oluninzi lweengxaki ze-epidemiologic lufumene ubudlelwane obuphambeneyo phakathi kwezityalo ezipheleleyo kunye nemifuno yokudla imifuno [158], kunye ne-cruciferous yokudla imifuno kunye ne-PCa mngcipheko [159,160]. Imifuno ye-Allium, efana negallic, i-leeks, i-chives, kunye ne-shallots, iqulethe iiprotochemicals ezininzi ezicetyiswayo ezicetyiswayo zokuphucula umzimba wokuzivikela, ukuvimbela ukukhula kweeseli, ukulandelelanisa ukubonakaliswa kwezakhi ze-androgen eziphendulayo kunye nokwenza i-apoptosis [161]. Nangona inani leepapasho ezipapashiweyo lilinganiselwe, idatha ye-preclinical and epidemiologic ibonisa ukuba i-allium ingeniso yemifuno ingakhusela i-PCa, ngokukhethekileyo isifo [162]. Umlingo ongenamagama kunye namadoda akwa-199 wafumanisa ukuba umxube wokuxuba wegrarati, itiye eluhlaza, i-broccoli kunye ne-turmeric yanciphisa kakhulu izinga lokunyuka kwe-PSA kumadoda ane-PCa [163].

Iimveliso zeTumato kunye neTumato

Izifundo ezininzi ziye zahlolisisa ubudlelwane phakathi kweetamatati kunye neemveliso zetamatato kunye ne-PCa kodwa iziphumo azihambelani. I-antioxidant lycopene, enezityebi kwiitamatati, iphinde ifundwe ngokukodwa kwiimpembelelo zayo kwi-PCa. I-in vitro, i-lycopene imisa umjikelezo weseli kwiintlobo eziliqela ze-PCa kunye nokunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-IGF-1 ngokunciphisa i-IGF-1 iiprotheni ezibophayo [131]. Nangona ezinye izilwanyana zezilwanyana zithole i-lycopene ngokukhawuleza zinciphisa ukukhula kwe-PCa [164] okanye zinciphisa i-PCa epithelial cells kwisigaba sokuqalisa, ukuphakanyiswa nokuqhubela phambili [165], izifundo ezimbini zifumene iziphumo eziphikisanayo phakathi kokunqongophala kwetamatyi kunye ne-lycopene [166,167]. Ucwaningo lwabantu olufunyenweyo olufumene ukusetyenziswa kwe-lycopene ephakamileyo [i-168,169] okanye ama-serum aphezulu ahlanganiswe nomngcipheko we-PCa ophantsi [170], kodwa abanye abazange [171,172]. Ingxube yeprosystylene yecycopene ngaphantsi kwe-1 ng / mg umyinge wawuhlanganiswe ne-PCa kwi-biopsy yenyanga-ezintandathu (P = 0.003) [173]. Izilingo ezimbini zexesha elifutshane leproprostatectomy ngokusebenzisa i-tomato sauce okanye ukuxhaswa kwe-lycopene kubonisa ukunyuka kwe-lycopene kwi-prostate tissue kunye ne-antioxidant kunye nefuthe le-antiticancer effect [174,175]. Nangona izilingo ezininzi zeklinikhi zanconywa ukuba ubudlelwane obuphambeneyo phakathi kwe-lycopene supplementation, amazinga e-PSA kunye nokunciphisa impawu ezixhatshazwayo [171,176], akukho mvavanyo ephakamileyo elandeleleneyo eye yavavanya indima yemveliso ye-lycopene okanye i-tomato kwi-PCa yokuthintela okanye unyango.

Kofu

Ikhofi iqukethe i-caffeine kunye neendlela ezininzi ezingaziwayo ze-phenolic ezingaba yi-antioxidants. Ucwaningo lwe-epidemiological lubonisa ukuba ulwalamano oluphambeneyo phakathi kwekhofi kunye ne-PCa mngcipheko, ikakhulukazi kwizifo eziphambili okanye ezibulalayo, kwaye iziphumo zizimeleyo kwi-caffeine content [177,178]. Nangona izifundo ezininzi ze-epidemiological [179-182] azifumani nhlobo ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwekhofi kunye ne-PCa mngcipheko, ukuhlalutya kwe-meta-uphando olutshanje lwabafundi abaye bafikelela ekugqibeleni ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwekhofi kunokunciphisa ingozi ye-PCa [183]. Izindlela ezingenakwenzekayo kunye neendlela (ezibandakanyekayo) azibandakanyi kodwa zingabandakanya i-antioxidant, i-anti-inflammatory effects, i-glucose kunye ne-insulin metabolism, kunye nefuthe kwi-IGF-I kunye ne-hormone yesondo.

Iipatheni zeZidlo

Nangona zininzi izondlo okanye izinto zokutya ziye zahlolwa ngenxa yefuthe okanye ukuhlanganisana neengozi zePC okanye ukuqhubela phambili, iziphumo ziye zazingagqibekanga. Isizathu esingaba singavumelaniyo kukuba igalelo lesondlo esisodwa okanye into yokutya ingaba yincinci kakhulu ukuba ingafunyanwa. Ukongezelela, izondlo ezisekho ngokwezinto eziqhelekileyo ekudleni zihlala zidibene kunye kwaye zinokusebenzisana kunye kwaye, ngoko, zichaphazela impembelelo kwi-PCa. Ngaloo ndlela, uhlalutyo lwendlela yokutya oluthile lufumene i Lin et al. I-BMC Medicine (2015) 13: 3 Page 8 yenzuzo ye-15 kodwa uphando luye lwacutha kwaye iziphumo ezikhoyo azizange zihambelane. Kwinqanaba lamadoda e-293,464, umgangatho ophezulu wokutya, njengoko uboniswe nguManqaku we-Healthy Eating Index (HEI), wahlanganiswa nomngcipheko ophantsi weengozi ye-PCa engozini [70]. Ukutya kweMedithera, ephakamileyo kwimifuno, ioli yeoli, ii-carbohydrates eziyinkimbinkimbi, inyama ezinomzimba kunye nama-antioxidants, ihlala ikhuthazwa kwizigulane zokukhusela Isifo senhliziyo kunye nokukhuluphala [184], kwaye ingabonisa isithembiso kwi-PCa thintelo [185]. Intlanzi kunye ne-omega-3 e-fatty usetyenziso lwe-acid kwiMeditera yayiphathelene kakhulu ne-PCa engozi. Ukongezelela, ukunyamekela kokutya kweMedithera emva kokuxilongwa kwe-PCa engekho-metastatic kwakuxhomekeke ekufeni kwabantu abaphantsi [186]. Nangona, i-Western pattern kunye nokutya okuphakamileyo kwezilwanyana ezibomvu, iindiza ezicwangcisiweyo, iintlanzi ezibikiweyo, iifips, ubisi obuninzi beoli kunye nesonka esimhlophe, zidibene nomngcipheko ophezulu we-PCa [187].

Ngapha koko, amazwe aseAsia asebenzisa kakhulu i-omega-3 PUFAs, i-soy kunye ne-phytochemicals esekwe kwiti eluhlaza, aneziganeko eziphantsi ze-PCa ngokuchasene namazwe atya "indlela yaseNtshona" yokutya [188]. Nangona kunjalo, akuzona zonke izifundo [189-191] ezixhasa umbutho phakathi kwendlela ethile yokutya kunye nomngcipheko we-PCa. Kungenzeka ukuba indlela esetyenzisiweyo ekuchongeni iipatheni zokutya ayinakuthatha zonke izinto zokutya ezinxulumene ne-PCa ingozi. Kungenjalo, ipateni nganye yokutya inokuqulatha zombini izinto eziluncedo neziyingozi ezikhokelela kumanyano olungelulo. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukuqhubeka nokukhangela iipatheni zokutya ezidibanisa uninzi lwezondlo ezinoncedo / izinto zokutya ze-PCa kunye nokunciphisa uninzi lwezondlo ezingalunganga / izinto zokutya.

Isikhokelo Esizayo Kwiimvavanyo Zoklinikhi

Ngokusekelwe kwisihlwele se-epidemiologic, izilingo zengqungquthela kunye neekliniki ezichazwe kule ngongoma, ukungenelela kokutya ukukhusela kunye nokunyangwa kwe-PCa kubambe isithembiso esikhulu. Ukongezelela, izinto ezininzi zokutya kunye namavithamini / izongezelo zingabandakanywa ne-PCa mngcipheko kunye / okanye ukuqhubeka kwezifo. Izilingo ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokungafaniyo ziboniswa ngokucacileyo ukuba zichonge izondlo ezithile okanye iindlela zokudibanisa zokukhusela kunye nokonyango kwe-PCa.

Kungekudala, ukukhangela okusebenzayo (AS) kuye kwavela njengendlela efanelekileyo kumadoda ane-PCa ephantsi yomngcipheko. Amadoda akwi-AS akhuthazwa ukuba abambelele kwisondlo kunye nokuguqulwa kwendlela yokuphila [192], okwenza le nxalenye ibe yinto ekujoliswe kuyo kungenelelo lokutya kunye nomgangatho wezilingo zobomi [193]. Abasindileyo be-PCa abasebenza ngakumbi kwaye baxela "indlela enempilo" yokutya (oko kukuthi, ukutya okunamafutha aphantsi, okucokisekileyo okuncinci kwe-carbohydrates okutyebileyo kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno) banomgangatho ongcono wobomi ngokuchasene nabalingane babo abangasebenziyo, abangenampilo [194]. Ngaloo ndlela, iimvavanyo ezingaphezulu kwe-random zigunyazisiweyo ukugqiba imiphumo yexesha elide lokungenelela kokutya kulo luntu. Ngokukodwa, imibuzo ephambili yokujongana nezilingo ezizayo zezi: 1) Ngaba ungenelelo lokutya lulibazisa imfuno yonyango kumadoda kwi-AS; I-2) Ngaba ukungenelela kokutya kukuthintela ukuphindaphinda kwamadoda emva kokunyanga; 3) Ngaba ukungenelela kokutya kunokulibazisa ukuqhubela phambili phakathi kwamadoda anesifo esiphindaphindiweyo kwaye, ngoko, ukulibazisa imfuno yonyango lwe-hormonal; I-4) Ngaba ukungenelela kokutya kunganciphisa imiphumo yecala ye-PCa zonyango kubandakanywa unyango lwe-hormonal kunye nonyango olutsha olujoliswe kuyo; kunye ne-5) Ngaba kukho nayiphi na indima yokungenelela kokutya yedwa okanye kudibaniswa nonyango olujoliswe kumadoda kunyango lwe-hormonal ukukhusela ukuxhatshazwa kwe-castrate okanye emva kokuvela kwesifo sokumelana ne-castrate? Ngenxa yokuba ubungqina obuninzi bubonisa ukuba ukungahambi kakuhle kwe-metabolic kwandisa umngcipheko we-PCa, ukungenelela kwindlela yokuphila ephucula iphrofayili ye-metabolic yindlela yokuwina yokukhusela i-PCa kunye nonyango [195,196].

Izigqibo: I-Cancer Cancer

Uphando lwexesha elizayo luyafuneka ukugqiba ukutya okufanelekileyo kwi-PCa yokuthintela okanye unyango. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezininzi zokutya kunye nezinye iipatheni zokutya zibambe isithembiso ekunciphiseni ingozi ye-PCa okanye ukuqhubela phambili kwaye iyahambelana nezikhokelo zokutya zaseMelika [197]. Ukucebisa izigulane malunga nokutya kwiprayimari kunye nesekondari ye-PCa yokuthintela, abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba "intliziyo ephilileyo ilingana ne-prostate enempilo." Ngaloo ndlela, ukunikezelwa kweziphumo ezingabonakaliyo zangoku, isiluleko esilungileyo sokutya kwi-PCa yokuthintela okanye ukulawula kubonakala kubandakanya: ukwandisa iziqhamo kunye nemifuno, ithathe indawo ecocekileyo. I-carbohydrates eneenkozo ezipheleleyo, ukunciphisa amanqatha apheleleyo kunye ahluthayo, ukunciphisa inyama ephekwe kakhulu kunye nokutya umlinganiselo ophakathi weekhalori okanye ukunciphisa i-carbohydrates ngenjongo ephambili yokufumana kunye nokugcina ubunzima bomzimba obunempilo.

Ukunyanzela umdla Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba abanalo inxaxheba.

Igalelo lababhali i-P-HL kunye ne-SF yenze uphononongo, i-P-HL yabhala umbhalo-ngqangi kunye ne-SF kunye ne-WA ehleliweyo kwaye yanika igalelo elibalulekileyo. Bonke ababhali bafunde kwaye bavuma umbhalo-ngqangi wokugqibela.

Ukubonga Iinkxaso zanikezelwa ngamagranti 1K24CA160653 (Freedland), NIH P50CA92131 (W. Aronson). Le ngqangi isiphumo somsebenzi oxhaswe nezixhobo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kwiziko loLawulo lwezonyango lwe-Veterans, eNtshona Los Angeles (W. Aronson).

Inkcazelo yoMbhali iSebe lezeMpilo le-1, iCandelo leNefrology, i-Duke University Centre Centre, iBhokisi 3487, iDurham, NC NC27710, eU.SA. ICandelo le-2 ye-Urology, iSebe lezoPhepha, iiMantshi e-Greater Los Angeles, inkqubo yezempilo, eLos Angeles, CA, eU.SA. I-3 Isebe le-Urology, i-UCLA School of Medicine, eLos Angeles, CA, eU.SA. Icandelo le-4 ye-Urology, iSebe leZonyango, i-Durham yezilwanyana zezoLimo, iCandelo le-Urology, iDurham, NC, eU.SA. I-5 Duke Prostate Centre, Amasebe Ophulo-mthetho kunye nePathology, i-Duke University Medical Centre, i-Durham, NC, eU.SA.

 

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Vala i-Accordion

I-Cancer: Izifo ezikhuselweyo

I-Cancer: Izifo ezikhuselweyo

Umhlaza: �Abstract

Kulo nyaka, ngaphezu kwe-1 yezigidi zabantu baseMelika kunye nabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-10 kwihlabathi jikelele kulindeleke ukuba bafunyanwe nomhlaza, isifo esikholelwa ukuba sinokuthintelwa. Kuphela yi-5% ye-10% yazo zonke iimeko zomhlaza ezinokuthi zibalelwa kwiziphene zemfuza, ngelixa i-90-95% eseleyo ineengcambu zayo kwindawo kunye nendlela yokuphila. Imiba yendlela yokuphila ibandakanya ukutshaya icuba, ukutya (ukutya okuqhotsiweyo, inyama ebomvu), utywala, ukuba sesichengeni selanga, ungcoliso lwemekobume, usulelo, uxinzelelo, ukutyeba, kunye nokungasebenzi komzimba. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba kubo bonke abantu ababhubhayo ngenxa yomhlaza, phantse i-25% 30% ibangelwa licuba, njengoko uninzi lwama-30' 35% lunxulunyaniswa nokutya, malunga ne-15'20% lubangelwa zizifo, kwaye ipesenti eseleyo ibangelwa ezinye izinto ezifana nemitha, uxinzelelo, umsebenzi womzimba, ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo njl. Ngoko ke, ukuthintela umhlaza kufuna ukuyeka ukutshaya, ukwanda kokutya kweziqhamo kunye nemifuno, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala, ukunqandwa kwe-caloric, ukuzivocavoca, ukuphepha ukuchaswa ngokuthe ngqo kwelanga, ukusetyenziswa kwenyama encinci, ukusetyenziswa kweenkozo, ukusetyenziswa kogonyo, nokuhlolwa rhoqo. Kolu hlaziyo, sibonisa ubungqina bokuba ukuvuvukala kukunxibelelanisa phakathi kweearhente / izinto ezibangela umhlaza kunye neearhente ezikhuselayo. Ukongeza, sinika ubungqina bokuba umhlaza sisifo esithintelwayo esifuna utshintsho olukhulu lwendlela yokuphila.

AMAZWI OKUQALA: umhlaza; izinto zobungozi bemvelo; izinto zobungozi; thintelo.

INTSHAYELELO

Emva kokulandelelanisa eyakhe igenome, umphandi wegenomic onguvulindlela uCraig Venter uthe kwinkokeli yenkomfa yenkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, �Ibhayoloji yomntu eneneni intsonkothe ​​kakhulu kunokuba sicinga. Wonke umntu uthetha ngemfuza abayifumana kunina noyise, ngenxa yolu phawu okanye olunye. Kodwa eneneni, ezo mfuza zinempembelelo encinci kwiziphumo zobomi. Ibhayoloji yethu intsonkothe ​​kakhulu kuloo nto kwaye ijongana namakhulu amawaka ezinto ezizimeleyo. Imfuza ayililo ikamva lethu ngokupheleleyo. Banokusinika ulwazi oluluncedo malunga nomngcipheko owonyukayo wesifo, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi abasayi kumisela owona nobangela wesifo, okanye isehlo sokwenene sokuba umntu usifumane. Uninzi lwebhayoloji luya kuvela kwintsebenziswano entsonkothileyo yazo zonke iiprotheyini kunye neeseli ezisebenza nezinto ezisingqongileyo, ezingaqhutywa ngokuthe ngqo yikhowudi yemfuza� (indiatoday.digitalto day.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&isseid= 48&id=6022§ionid=30&Itemid=1).

Le ngxelo ibaluleke kakhulu kuba ukujonga kwigenome yomntu ukufumana izisombululo kwezona zigulo zingapheliyo, kubandakanywa ukuxilonga, uthintelo, kunye nokunyangwa komhlaza, kugxininiswa kakhulu kwihlabathi lanamhlanje. Izifundo zoqwalaselo, nangona kunjalo, zibonise ukuba njengoko sifuduka sisuka kwelinye ilizwe sisiya kwelinye, amathuba ethu okufunyaniswa ukuba sinezigulo ezinganyangekiyo amiselwa hayi ilizwe esisuka kulo kodwa lilizwe esifudukela kulo (1�4). Ukongeza, uphononongo olunamawele afanayo lucebise ukuba imizila yemfuza ayingomthombo wezifo ezinganyangekiyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-concordance phakathi kwamawele afanayo omhlaza webele yafunyanwa kuphela i-20% (5). Endaweni yemfuza yethu, indlela yethu yokuphila kunye nokusingqongileyo ibalelwa kwi-90-95% yezona zigulo zethu zingapheliyo.

I-Cancer iyaqhubeka ibe ngumbulali wehlabathi lonke, nangona uphando oluninzi kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo luboniswe kule minyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Ngokwezibalo zamvanje, umhlaza wesibeleko u-23% wabantu abafa ngokupheleleyo e-USA kwaye ngowona wesibini kubangela ukufa emva kwesifo senhliziyo (6). Ukufa kweentsholongwane zesifo senhliziyo, nangona kunjalo, kuye kwancipha ngokukhawuleza kubantu abakudala nabancinci eMelika ukusuka kwi-1975 nge-2002. Ngokwahlukileyo, akukho ntlukwano ehloniphekileyo kwimilinganiselo yokufa yomhlaza iye yabonwa eUnited States (6).

Ngo-2020, abemi behlabathi kulindeleke ukuba banyuke baye kutsho kwiibhiliyoni ezisisi-7.5; kweli nani, malunga ne-15 yezigidi zeemeko ezintsha zomhlaza ziya kufunyaniswa, kwaye i-12 yezigidi zezigulane zomhlaza ziya kufa (7). Le mikhwa yezehlo zomhlaza kunye namazinga okufa kwakhona isikhumbuza ngoGqr. John Bailer's ngoMeyi 1985 isigwebo senkqubo yomhlaza yesizwe yase-US njengokusilela okufanelekileyo, isigwebo esenziwa kwiminyaka eli-14 emva kwesibhengezo esisemthethweni sikaMongameli uNixon 'yeMfazwe. NgoMhlaza.� Nasemva kwekota yenkulungwane eyongezelelweyo yophando olubanzi, abaphandi basazama ukufumanisa ukuba ingaba umhlaza unokuthintelwa kwaye bayabuza �Ukuba unokuthintelwa, kutheni siphulukana nemfazwe yomhlaza?� Kolu phononongo, sizama uku phendula lo mbuzo ngokuhlalutya izinto ezinokubakho zomngcipheko womhlaza kwaye uphonononge ukhetho lwethu lokulungelelanisa ezi zinto zisemngciphekweni.

I-Cancer ibangelwa yizinto ezimbini zangaphakathi (ezifana nokuguquka kwefa, ama-hormone, kunye neemeko zokuzivikela) kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo zendalo (ezifana nocuba, ukutya, ukukhanya kwemitha, kunye nezifo ezithintekayo; Ikhonkco phakathi ukutya kunye nomhlaza kutyhilwa yiyantlukwano enkulu kumazinga omhlaza othile kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye notshintsho oluphawulweyo kwizehlo zomhlaza ekufudukeni. Ngokomzekelo, abantu base-Asiya baye baboniswa ukuba baneziganeko ezingaphantsi kwama-25 zomhlaza wesifo se-prostate kunye neziganeko ezingaphantsi kweshumi zomhlaza webele kunabemi bamazwe aseNtshona, kwaye amazinga omhlaza akhula kakhulu emva kokuba ama-Asiya afudukela eNtshona.www.dietandcancerreportorg/?p=ER).

Ukubaluleka kwezinto zokuphila ekuphuhliseni umhlaza kwaboniswa kwizifundo zamawele e-monozygotic (8). Kuphela sisi-5�10% sayo yonke imihlaza ebangelwa sisiphene sofuzo. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza eziye zadibaniswa neziphene zofuzo ziboniswa kwi-Fig 2. Nangona zonke ii-cancer zibangelwa ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezininzi (9, 10), ezi zinguqu zibangelwa ukusebenzisana nokusingqongileyo (11, 12).

Ezi mbonakalo zibonisa ukuba amaninzi emdlavuza awaveli kwimvelaphi kunye neendlela zokuphila, ezifana nezindlela zokutya, ukutshaya, ukusetyenziswa kotywala kunye nokusuleleka, zinefuthe elikhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwazo (13). Nangona iindalo ezingenakukwazi ukuguqulwa, indlela yokuphila kunye nemeko yendalo yinto inokuguqulwa. Impembelelo encinane yomzuzwana womhlaza kunye nohlobo oluguquguqukayo lwezinto ezisingqongileyo ezibhekiselele ekukhuselweni komhlaza. Izinto ezibalulekileyo zokuphila ezichaphazela iziganeko nokufa komdlavuza ziquka ucuba, utswala, utywala, ukukhuluphala, ii-agent ezithathelwanayo, ukungcola kwendalo kunye nemitha.

IINKCUKACHA ZENKQUBO YENKCAZO: Ugwayi

Ukutshaya kwachongwa ngo-1964 njengoyena nobangela uphambili womhlaza wemiphunga kwiNgxelo yeKhomishini yeeNgcebiso ngoGqirha Jikelele wase-US (profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/Views/Alpha Chron/date/10006/05/01/2008), kwaye ukusukela ngoko, iinzame bezisaqhubeka zokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwecuba. Ukusetyenziswa kwecuba kwandisa umngcipheko wokuphuhlisa ubuncinane iintlobo ze-14 zomhlaza (umzobo 3). Ukongeza, ibalelwa malunga ne-25�30% yabo bonke ababulawa ngumhlaza kunye ne-87% yokusweleka ngumhlaza wemiphunga. Xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abangatshayiyo, iintshayi zamadoda zinamathuba angama-23 yaye iintshayi ezingamabhinqa zinamathuba ali-17 ngakumbi okuba nomhlaza wemiphunga. (www. cancer.org/docroot/STT/content/STT_1x_Cancer_Facts_and_ Figures_2008.asp ifunyenwe nge-05/01/2008)

Imiphumo ye-carcinogenic yokutshaya okusebenzayo ibhalwe kakuhle; Ngokomzekelo, iArhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yaseU.S., ngowe-1993 yachaza umsi wecuba okwimekobume (ukusuka ekutshayeleni nje) njengokwaziwa (iQela A) umhlaza wemiphunga womntu (iQela A)cfpub2.epa.gov/ncea/cfm/recordisplay.cfm?deid=2835 ifunyenwe nge-05/01/2008). Icuba liqulethe ubuncinane i-50 carcinogens. Ngokomzekelo, i-metabolite yecuba enye, i-benzopyrenediol epoxide, inobudlelwane obuthe ngqo be-etiologic kunye nomhlaza wemiphunga (14). Kuwo onke amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoqoqosho ajongwa ewonke, ukuxhaphaka kokutshaya kuye kwancipha ngokuthe ngcembe; nangona kunjalo, kumazwe asakhasayo apho ama-85% abantu behlabathi ahlala khona, ukuxhaphaka kokutshaya kuyanda. Ngokophononongo lweendlela zakutsha nje zokusetyenziswa kwecuba, amazwe asakhasayo aza kusebenzisa i-71% yecuba lehlabathi ngo-2010, kunye ne-80% eyongeziweyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-East Asia.www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/Y4956E/Y4956E00. I-HTM ifikeleleke nge-01/11/08). Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezikhawulezileyo zolawulo lwecuba, kugxininiswa kwiindawo apho kusanda ukusetyenziswa kwecuba, iya kuba kuphela kwendlela yokunciphisa izinga lokufa komhlaza onxulumene necuba.

Indlela icuba elinegalelo ngayo kumhlaza ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Siyazi ukuba ukutshaya kunokuguqula inani elikhulu leendlela zokubonisa iiseli. Iziphumo ezivela kwizifundo kwiqela lethu ziye zaseka ikhonkco phakathi komsi wecuba kunye nokudumba. Ngokukodwa, sibonise ukuba umsi wecuba unokubangela ukuba kusebenze i-NF-?B, uphawu oluvuthayo (15,16). Ngaloo ndlela, ii-anti-inflammatory agents ezinokucinezela ukusebenza kwe-NF-?B zinokuba nezicelo ezichasene nomsi wecuba.

Siphinde sabonisa ukuba i-curcumin, ephuma kwi-spice spice turmeric, inokuvimba i-NF-?B ebangelwa ngumsi wecuba (15). Ukongeza kwi-curcumin, sifumene ukuba i-phytochemicals yendalo emininzi iphinda inqanda i-NF-?B eyenziwa yi-carcinogens eyahlukeneyo (17). Ngaloo ndlela, iziphumo ze-carcinogenic zecuba zibonakala zincitshiswa ngala mayeza okutya. Ingxoxo ethe kratya yee-agent zokutya ezinokuthi zithintele ukuvuvukala kwaye ngaloo ndlela zinikeze iziphumo ze-chemopreventive zichazwe kwicandelo elilandelayo.

Utywala

Ingxelo yokuqala yobudlelwane phakathi kotywala kunye nomngcipheko okhulayo womhlaza we-esophageal yapapashwa kwi-1910 (18). Ukusukela ngoko, uninzi lwezifundo ziye zabonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kotywala okungapheliyo kungumngcipheko womhlaza ongasentla wokugaya ukutya, kubandakanya nomhlaza womlomo, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, and esophagus (18�21), kunye umhlaza wesibindi, i-pancreas, umlomo, kunye nebele (umzobo 3). UWilliams noHorn (22), umzekelo, babike ingozi yokwanda komhlaza webele ngenxa yotywala. Ukongeza, iqela elihlangeneyo elifunde izinto zehomoni kumhlaza wamabele lipapashe iziphumo zalo kuhlaziyo kwakhona olungaphezulu kwe-80% yezifundo zobhubhane eziye zaqhutywa kwihlabathi liphela ngonxulumano phakathi kotywala kunye nomngcipheko womhlaza wamabele kwabasetyhini. Uhlalutyo lwabo lubonise ukunyuka kwe-7.1% kumngcipheko ohambelana nomhlaza webele kwi-10 g / ngosuku lokuthatha utywala (23). Kwesinye isifundo, i-Longnecker et al., (24) ibonise ukuba i-4% yazo zonke iimeko ezisandul 'ukuxilongwa zomhlaza webele e-USA zibangelwa ukusetyenziswa kotywala. Ukongeza ekubeni ngumngcipheko womhlaza webele, ukusela kakhulu utywala (ngaphezulu kwe-50�70 g / ngosuku) ngumngcipheko osekwe kakuhle wesibindi (25) kunye ne-colorectal (26,27) yomhlaza.

Kukho ubungqina bentsebenziswano phakathi kokunxiliswa kotywala kunye ne-virus ye-hepatitis B (HCV) okanye i-hepatitis B (HBV), okuyiyo inokwandisa umngcipheko we-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ngokukhuthaza ngokunyanisekileyo i-cirrhosis. Umzekelo, uDonato et al. (I-28) yabika ukuba phakathi kwabaphuza utywala, iingozi zeHCC zinyuka ngokufanayo kunye nokudla kwansuku zonke ngaphezu kwe-60 g. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nokutheleleka kokutheleleka kwe-HCV, umngcipheko we-HCC wawuphindwe kabini kunokuba uboniswe ngotywala kuphela (oko kukuthi, isiphumo esihle se-synergistic effect). Ubudlelwane phakathi kokusetyenziswa kotywala nokuqhaqhawulwa kwamanzi buye kwasungulwa ngokukodwa, ngokubhekiselele ekuvukisweni kotywala kotywala.

Indlela utywala obunegalelo ngayo kwi-carcinogenesis ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo kodwa i-ethanol inokudlala indima. Iziphumo zophando zibonisa ukuba i-ethanol ayikho i-carcinogen kodwa i-cocarcinogen (29). Ngokukodwa, xa i-ethanol i-metabolized, i-acetaldehyde kunye ne-radicals yamahhala yenziwa; I-radicals yamahhala ikholelwa ukuba yiyona nto ijongene ne-alcohol-associated carcinogenesis ngokuzibophelela kwi-DNA kunye neeprotheni, ezitshabalalisa i-folate kunye neziphumo kwi-hyperproliferation yesibini. Ezinye iindlela apho utywala buvuselela i-carcinogenesis ziquka ukufakwa kwe-cytochrome P-4502E1, ehambelana nokuveliswa okuphuculweyo kwee-radicals zamahhala kunye nokusebenza okuphuculweyo kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-procarcinogens ezikhoyo kwiziselo ezinxilisayo; utshintsho kwimetabolism kunye nokusabalalisa i-carcinogens, ngokubambisana nomsi wecuba kunye nokutya; utshintsho kwindlela yokuziphatha ye-cell-cycle efana nobude be-cell-cycle ekhokelela kwi-hyperproliferation; ukusilela kwezondlo, umzekelo, i-methyl, i-vitamin E, i-folate, i-pyridoxal phosphate, i-zinc, kunye ne-selenium; kunye nokuguqulwa kwamajoni omzimba. Ukwenzakala kwezicubu, okufana noko kwenzeka nge-cirrhosis yesibindi, yeyona nto ifunekayo kwi-HCC. Ukongezelela, utywala bunokwenza i-NF-?B i-proinflammatory pathway (30), enokuthi ibe negalelo kwi-tumorigenesis (31). Ngaphezu koko, kubonisiwe ukuba i-benzopyrene, i-carcinogen yomsi wecuba, inokungena kwi-esophagus xa idibene ne-ethanol (32). Ngaloo ndlela i-anti-inflammatory agents zinokuthi zisebenze kunyango lwe-alcohol-induced toxicity.

Kumgangatho ophezulu we-aerodigestive tract, i-25�68% yomhlaza ibangelwa butywala, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% yezi thumba zinokuthintelwa ngokuyeka utywala kunye nokutshaya (33). Kwihlabathi jikelele, icandelo lokufa komhlaza ngenxa yokusela utywala kuxelwe ukuba yi-3.5% (34). Inani lokufa kwe-cancer eyaziwayo enxulumene nokusela utywala e-USA ingaba ngaphantsi kwe-6% (njengase-Utah) okanye iphakamileyo njenge-28% (njengasePuerto Rico). La manani ahluka kumazwe ngamazwe, kwaye eFransi baye basondela kwi-20% kumadoda (18).

idayethi

Ngo-1981, uDoll noPeto (21) baqikelele ukuba malunga ne-30�35% yokufa komhlaza e-USA badityaniswa nokutya (umzobo 4). Ubungakanani bokutya okuba negalelo ekufeni komhlaza buyohluka kakhulu, ngokohlobo lomhlaza (35). Umzekelo, ukutya kunxulunyaniswa nokufa komhlaza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-70% yeemeko zomhlaza we-colorectal. Indlela ukutya okunegalelo ngayo kumhlaza ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Uninzi lwee-carcinogens ezityiwayo, ezifana ne-nitrate, i-nitrosamines, i-pesticides, kunye ne-dioxins, zivela ekutyeni okanye kwizongezo zokutya okanye ekuphekeni.

Ukusetyenziswa kakhulu kwenyama ebomvu ngumngcipheko womhlaza oliqela, ngakumbi kwezo zendlela yesisu, kodwa nakwi-colorectal (36�38), prostate (39), isinyi (40), ibele (41), isisu (42) , i-pancreatic, kunye nomhlaza womlomo (43). Nangona uphando olwenziwa nguDosil-Diaz et al., (44) lubonise ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwenyama kunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga, ukusetyenziswa okunjalo ngokuqhelekileyo kuthathwa njengomngcipheko womhlaza ngenxa yezizathu ezilandelayo. I-heterocyclic amines eveliswa ngexesha lokupheka kwenyama i-carcinogens. Ukupheka kwamalahle kunye/okanye ukunyangwa komsi kwenyama kuvelisa iikhompawundi zekhabhoni eziyingozi ezifana neepyrolysates kunye ne-amino acids, ezinomphumela onamandla womhlaza. Ngokomzekelo, i-PhIP (2-amino-1- methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo [4,5-b] pyridine) yeyona mutagen ininzi ngobunzima kwinyama yenkomo ephekiweyo kwaye inoxanduva lwe ~ 20% ye-mutagenicity epheleleyo efunyenwe inyama yenkomo eqhotsiweyo. Ukuthathwa kwemihla ngemihla kwe-PhIP phakathi kwabantu baseMelika kuqikelelwa ukuba yi-280� 460 ng / ngosuku umntu ngamnye (45).

I-nitites ne-nitrate zisetyenziselwa inyama kuba zibopha kwi-myoglobin, ukuvimbela ukuveliswa kwe-botulinum exotoxin; nangona kunjalo, zinamandla ezinqanda i-carcinogens (46). Ukutshatyalaliswa kwexesha elide kwizongezo zokutya ezinjengezitrite zokulondoloza kunye neeyayi ze-azo zidibaniswe nokufakelwa kwe-carcinogenesis (47). Ukongezelela, i-bisphenol evela kwizikhuselo zokutya eplastiki ingadlulela ekudleni kwaye inokunyusa umngcipheko webele (48) kunye ne-prostate (49). Ukungena kwe-arsenic kunokunyusa umngcipheko wesifo somhlaza, isifo, isibindi, kunye neengcingo zamaphaphu (50). I-fatty fatty acids, i-trans fatty acids, kunye noshukela ococekileyo kunye nomgubo okhoyo kwiindawo ezininzi zokutya nazo ziye zadibana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeekomhlaza. Izidumbu ezininzi zokutya ziye zaboniswa ukuba zisebenzise iindlela ezivuthayo.

ukutyeba

Ngokomxholo we-American Cancer Society (51), ukukhuluphala kuye kwadibaniswa nokufa kwabantu besifo samathambo e-colon, isifuba (kubasetyhini abasemva kwe-postmenrius), i-endometrium, iintso (isalathisi se-renal), i-esophagus (adenocarcinoma), i-carast gastric, i-pancreas, i-prostate , gallbladder, kunye nesibindi (umzobo 5). Iziphumo ezivela kulolu cwaningo zibonisa ukuba kuzo zonke izifo ezibulawa ngumdlavuza e-United States, i-14% kumadoda kunye ne-20% yabasetyhini ibangelwa ubunzima obukhulu okanye ukukhuluphala. Ukwenyuka kwexesha langoku kunye nokutya kweNtshona kunye nokuphila kwenzelwe ukunyuka kwenyameko yabantu abangaphezu kwenani kumazwe amaninzi asekhulayo (52).

Izifundo zibonise ukuba amaqumrhu aqhelekileyo phakathi kokunyamezela nomhlaza aquka ama-neurochemicals; amahomoni afana ne-insulin njengento yokukhula i-1 (IGF-1), i-insulin, i-leptin; zesondo; ulungiso; ukuxhatshazwa kwe-insulin; kunye nokuvuvukala (53).

Ukubandakanyeka kweendlela zokubonisa iimpawu ezifana ne-IGF / insulin / Akt yokubonisa indlela, indlela ye-leptin / JAK / STAT, kunye nezinye i-cascades ezivuthayo ziye zadibaniswa kunye nokukhuluphala kunye nomhlaza (53). Umzekelo, i-hyperglycemia, ibonakaliswe ukuba isebenze i-NF-?B (54), enokuthi idibanise ukutyeba nomhlaza. Kwakhona kwaziwa ngokuvula i-NF-?B zi-cytokines ezininzi eziveliswa yi-adipocytes, njenge-leptin, i-tumor necrosis factor (TNF), kunye ne-interleukin-1 (IL-1) (55). Ibhalansi yamandla kunye ne-carcinogenesis iye yadibaniswa ngokusondeleyo (53). Nangona kunjalo, nokuba ii-inhibitors zale miqondiso ye-cascades zinokuwunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza onxulumene nokutyeba uhlala ungaphendulwa. Ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kweendlela ezininzi zokubonisa, i-arhente enokuthi ifuneke ngokuphindaphindiweyo iya kufuneka ukunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza onxulumene nokutyeba.

A magciwane

Ehlabathini lonke, kuqikelelwa ukuba i-17.8% ye-neoplasms inxulumene nosulelo; le pesenti isuka ngaphantsi kwe-10% kumazwe anengeniso ephezulu ukuya kuma-25% kumazwe ase-Afrika (56, 57). Iintsholongwane zichaza uninzi lwee-cancer ezibangelwa yintsholongwane (umzobo 6). I-Human papillomavirus, i-Epstein Barr virus, i-Kaposi's sarcoma-ehambelana ne-herpes virus, intsholongwane ye-T-lymphotropic 1, i-HIV, i-HBV, kunye ne-HCV zinxulunyaniswa nemingcipheko yomhlaza womlomo wesibeleko, umhlaza we-anogenital, umhlaza wolusu, umhlaza we-nasopharyngeal, Burkitt. s i-lymphoma, i-Hodgkin's lymphoma, i-Kaposi's sarcoma, i-T-cell leukemia yabantu abadala, i-B-cell lymphoma, kunye nomhlaza wesibindi.

Kumazwe aseNtshona aphuhlileyo, i-human papillomavirus kunye ne-HBV zezona zisoloko zidibana neentsholongwane ze-oncogenic DNA. I-papillomavirus yabantu i-mutagenic ngokuthe ngqo ngokufaka i-viral genes E6 kunye ne-E7 (58), kanti i-HBV ikholelwa ukuba i-mutagenic ngokungathanga ngokuvelisa iintlobo ze-oksijini ezisebenzayo ngokuvutha okungapheliyo (59�61). Intsholongwane ye-T-lymphotropic yomntu i-mutagenic ngokuthe ngqo, kanti i-HCV (efana ne-HBV) ikholelwa ukuba ivelise uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kwiiseli ezisulelekileyo kwaye ngoko yenze ngokungangqalanga ngokuvutha okungapheliyo (62, 63). Nangona kunjalo, ezinye ii-microorganisms, kubandakanywa ii-parasites ezikhethiweyo ezifana ne-Opisthorchis viverrini okanye i-Schistosoma haematobium kunye neebhaktheriya ezifana ne-Helicobacter pylori, nazo zinokubandakanyeka, zisebenza njenge-cofactors kunye / okanye i-carcinogens (64).

Iinkqubo apho ii-arhente ezosulelayo zikhuthaza umhlaza ziya zibonakala ngakumbi. Ukudumba okunxulumene nosulelo ngowona mngcipheko mkhulu womhlaza, kwaye phantse zonke iintsholongwane ezidityaniswe nomhlaza zibonakaliswe ukuba zisebenze umakishi ovuthayo, i-NF-?B (65). Ngokufanayo, amacandelo e-Helicobacter pylori abonakaliswe ukuba asebenze i-NF-?B (66). Ngaloo ndlela, ii-agent ezinokuthi zithintele ukuvuvukala okungapheliyo kufuneka zisebenze ekuphatheni ezi meko.

Ungcoliseko lwendalo

Ukungcola kokusingqongileyo kuye kwaxhunyaniswa neendlela ezahlukeneyo zomdlavuza (umzobo 7). Iquka ukungcoliseka komoya kwangaphandle nge-carbon particles ezibandakanya i-polycyclic hydrocarbons ephosakeleyo (i-PAHs); ukungcoliseka komoya ngotshani wemoya, i-formaldehyde, kunye ne-organic compounds ezifana ne-benzene kunye ne-1,3-butadiene (enokuchaphazela ngakumbi abantwana); ukungcola kokutya ngeezongezo zokutya kunye ne-carcinogenic contaminants ezifana ne-nitrate, i-pesticides, i-dioxins kunye nezinye i-organochlorines; izinyithi ze-carcinogen kunye ne-metalloids; mayeza a machiza; kunye nezimonyo (64).

Ubuninzi bomoya obungaphandle kwimihlaba efana ne-PAHs kwandisa umngcipheko we-kansa, ingakumbi umhlaza wamaphaphu. I-PAH iyakwazi ukuhambelana nama-carbon particles e-atmosphem kwaye ngaloo ndlela ingena emzimbeni wethu ngokuphefumula. Ukufumaneka kwexesha elide kwi-PAH-ene-air in cities ecocekileyo kwandisiwe kwandisa umngcipheko wokufa komhlaza wamaphaphu. Ngaphandle kwee-PAH kunye nezinye i-carbon di particles, enye ingcoliseko yendalo, i-nitric oxide, itholakale ingozi yomdlavuza wamaphaphu kwiindawo zaseYurophu ezingabonakaliyo. Ezinye izifundo zibonise ukuba i-nitric oxide ingenza umdlavuza wamaphaphu kwaye ikhuthaze i-metastasis. Ingozi eyongezelelekileyo yokukhula kwengcinezelo yabantwana ekubandakanyekeni nokutshatyalaliswa kwemoto yaxelwa kwakhona (64).

Ungcoliseko lomoya wangaphakathi olunje ngeekhompawundi eziguquguqukayo ze-organic kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane zonyusa umngcipheko we-leukemia yabantwana kunye ne-lymphoma, kwaye abantwana kunye nabantu abadala abachatshazelwe kwizibulali-zinambuzane baye banyusa umngcipheko wamathumba ebuchotsheni, amathumba eWilm, i-Ewing's sarcoma, kunye ne-germ cell tumors. Ukuvezwa kwesibeleko kungcoliseko lwendalo esingqongileyo kwafunyaniswa ukuba yonyusa umngcipheko womhlaza wamatyhalarha. Ukongeza, i-dioxan, ungcoliseko lwendalo oluvela kwizitshisi, yafunyanwa inyusa umngcipheko we-sarcoma kunye ne-lymphoma.

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwexesha elide kumanzi okusela okuchlorisiweyo kudibene nomngcipheko ophezulu womhlaza. Ama-nitrate, emanzini okusela, angatshintsha kwiimpawu ze-N-nitroso ze-mutagenic, ezandisa ingozi ye-lymphoma, i-leukemia, umdlavuza ombala kunye nomhlaza wesisu (64).

I midiyo

Ukufikelela kwi-10% yemeko yesifo somhlaza ingabangela ukuba kuqhutywe i-radiation (i-64), kokubili ionising kunye ne-nononionizing, ngokuqhelekileyo kwizinto ezisasazwayo kunye ne-ultraviolet (UV), iindawo ezikhethiweyo ze-electro-magnetic field. Amagciwane akhutshwa yimisebe iquka ezinye iintlobo ze-leukemia, i-lymphoma, i-cancer ye-thyroid, i-cancer cancers, i-sarcomas, imiphunga kunye ne-breast carcinomas. Omnye wemimiselo engcono kakhulu yomngcipheko emva kokungena kwi-radiation yenyuka kwimeko yezigwenxa ezithe zenziwa eSweden emva kokungena kwi-radioactive falling from Chernobyl nuclear power plant. I-Radon kunye nemveliso ye-radon yokubola kwikhaya kunye / okanye kwindawo yokuhlala (ezifana neemigodi) yimizila eqhelekileyo yokuchithwa kwemisebe ye-ionizing. Ukufumaneka kwe-nuclei yama-radioactive ukusuka kwi-radon, i-radium kunye ne-uranium kwandiswe ingozi yomhlaza wesisu emantwini. Enye imvelaphi yokuchasana kwemitha yimizila ye-x-ray esetyenziswe kwizicwangciso zonyango malunga neenjongo zokuxilonga okanye zonyango. Enyanisweni, umngcipheko wesifo somhlaza webele we-x-ray uphezulu phakathi kwamantombazana abhenkcekisiwe kwisifuba sokutshatyalaliswa kwintsholongwane, ixesha lokuphuculwa kwebele. Ezinye izinto ezinxulumene nomdlavuza owenziwe ngama-radially kubantu, ziyiminyaka yesineke kunye nesimo somzimba, ukusebenzisana kokusebenzisana phakathi kwemisebe kunye ne-carcinogens, kunye nokuthinteka kwemfuyo kumbane.

Imisebe ye-nononionizing ephuma kwi-sun iquka ii-ray ezi-UV, eziyi-carcinogen kubantu. Ukuboniswa kwimibala ye-UV yingozi enkulu yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeekhenya zesikhumba kubandakanya i-basal cell carcinoma, i-squamous cell carcinoma kunye ne-melanoma. Ngokubambisana ne-UV ukukhanya kwelanga, ukukhanya kwe-UV kwi-sunbeds yokutyhulwa kwezityalo kungabangela ukuba i-melanoma ikhulele. Ukuchithwa kocingo lwe-ozone kwi-stratosphere kunokunyusa ubungakanani be-UVB kunye ne-UVC, enokunyusa ukwanda kweengxaki zomhlaza wesikhumba.

Imida ye-electromagnetic engaphantsi-ncinane ingabangela ukulimala kweDNA. Imithombo ye-electromagnetic field exposed exposure is high-voltage power lines, transformers, motors, and more generally, all kinds of equipment. Umngcipheko owandayo wee-khansa ezinjenge-leukemia yobuntwaneni, isifo seengqondo kunye nomhlaza wesifuba uye wabhalwa kwi-field electromagnetic field exposure. Ngokomzekelo, abantwana abahlala ngaphakathi kwe-200 m yeendlela eziphezulu zamandla ezinamandla banomngcipheko ochaphazelekayo we-leukemia we-69%, kanti abahlala phakathi kwe-200 kunye ne-600 m ukusuka kule mizila yombane banomngcipheko ongezantsi we-23%. Ukongezelela, ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta-mva kwaneenkcukacha ze-epidemiologic ezikhoyo zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kwimihla ngemihla ye-10 iminyaka okanye ngaphezulu kubonisa umzekelo ohambelana nomngcipheko ophezulu weengxaki zeengqondo (64).

UKUPHATHWA KWENKCAZA

Inyani yokuba kuphela yi-5% ye-10% yazo zonke iimeko zomhlaza ezibangelwa ziziphene zemfuza kwaye i-90'95% eseleyo ingenxa yokusingqongileyo kunye nendlela yokuphila ibonelela ngamathuba amakhulu okuthintela umhlaza. Kuba icuba, ukutya, usulelo, ukutyeba, kunye nezinye izinto zinegalelo elimalunga nama-25�30%, 30�35%, 15�20%, 10�20%, kunye ne-10�15%, ngokulandelelanayo, kwizehlo zabo bonke ababulawa ngumhlaza e-USA, kucacile ukuba singawuthintela njani umhlaza. Phantse i-90% yezigulana ezafunyaniswa zinomhlaza wemiphunga ngabantu abatshayayo; kunye nokutshaya icuba kudityaniswe nokusela utywala kunokuncedisa ngokubambisana kwi-tumorigenesis. Ngokufanayo, icuba elingenamsi lijongene neemeko ze-400,000 (4% yazo zonke ii-cancer) zomhlaza womlomo kwihlabathi jikelele. Ke ngoko ukuthintelwa kweemveliso zecuba kunye nokuncitshiswa kokusetyenziswa kotywala kunokuba nefuthe elikhulu kwizehlo zomhlaza.

Usulelo lwee-bacteria ezahlukeneyo kunye neentsholongwane (umzobo 6) yinye imbangela ebalulekileyo kakhulu yee-cancer ezahlukeneyo. Iigciwane lomhlaza wesibeleko kunye ne-HCC kufuneka incede ukukhusela ezinye zala makhansela, kwaye indawo yokucoceka kunye nokuziphatha okuguquguqukileyo kuya kuba luncedo ngakumbi ekukhuseleni ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane.

I-agent yokuqala ye-FDA evunyiweyo ye-chemopreventive yayiyi-tamoxifen, yokunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza webele. Le arhente yafunyanwa ukunciphisa izehlo zomhlaza webele ngama-50% kwabasetyhini abasengozini enkulu. Nge-tamoxifen, kukho ingozi eyongeziweyo yeziphumo ezibi kakhulu ezifana nomhlaza wesibeleko, i-blood clots, ukuphazamiseka kwe-ocular, i-hypercalcemia, kunye ne-stroke (www.fda.gov/ cder/foi/appletter/1998/17970s40.pdf). Kutshanje kuye kwaboniswa ukuba ichiza le-osteoporosis iraloxifene lisebenza njenge-tamoxifen ekuthinteleni i-estrogen-receptor-positive, umhlaza webele ohlaselayo kodwa ube neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimbalwa kune-tamoxifen. Nangona ingcono kune-tamoxifen ngokubhekiselele kwimiphumo emibi, inokubangela ukuba i-blood clots kunye ne-stroke. Eminye imiphumo enokubakho ye-raloxifene ibandakanya ukukhanya okutshisa, ukunyanzeliswa komlenze, ukudumba kwemilenze kunye neenyawo, iimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane, intlungu kunye nokubila.www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2007/NEW01698.html).

I-agent ye-chemopreventive yesibini yokufikelela kwiklinikhi yayiyi-finasteride, ye-prostate cancer, efunyenwe ukunciphisa iziganeko nge-25% kumadoda asemngciphekweni omkhulu. Iziphumo ezibi ezaziwayo zale arhente zibandakanya ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-erectile, ukunciphisa umnqweno wesini, ukungabi namandla kunye ne-gynecomastia (www. cancer.org/docroot/cri/content/cri_2_4_2x_can_prostate_can cer_be_prevented_36.asp). I-Celecoxib, i-COX-2 inhibitor yenye i-arhente evunyiweyo yokuthintela i-familia adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Nangona kunjalo, inzuzo ye-chemopreventive ye-celecoxib yindleko yomonakalo omkhulu we-cardiovascular (www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/cox2/NSAIDdecision Memo.pdf).

Iziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimandundu ze-FDA ezivunyiweyo ngamachiza e-chemopreventive ngumba oxhalabisayo ngakumbi xa kuqwalaselwa ulawulo lwexesha elide lwechiza kubantu abasempilweni abanokuthi okanye bangawuphuhli umhlaza. Oku kubonisa ngokucacileyo imfuneko yee-agent, ezikhuselekileyo nezisebenzayo ekuthinteleni umhlaza. Ukutya okuvela kwiimveliso zendalo kuya kuba ngabagqatswa abanokubakho kule njongo. Ukutya, ukutyeba, kunye nesifo se-metabolic zinxulunyaniswa kakhulu nomhlaza ohlukeneyo kwaye zinokubalela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30-35% yokusweleka ngumhlaza, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba iqhezu elilungileyo lokufa ngumhlaza linokuthintelwa ngokuguqula indlela yokutya. Uphando olunzulu luye lwabonisa ukuba ukutya okuneziqhamo, imifuno, iziqholo, kunye neenkozo kunamandla okuthintela umhlaza (umzobo 8). Izinto ezithile ezikukutya okunesondlo okunoxanduva lokuthintela umhlaza kunye neendlela abaphumeza ngazo oku nazo ziye zavavanywa ngokubanzi. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-phytochemicals zichongiwe kwiziqhamo, imifuno, iziqholo, kunye neenkozo ezibonisa amandla e-chemopreventive (Umfanekiso we-9), kunye nezifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba ukutya okufanelekileyo kunokunceda ukukhusela kumhlaza (46, 67�69). Ngezantsi inkcazo yee-agent ezikhethiweyo zokutya kunye ne-phytochemicals ephuma kukutya okuye kwafundwa ngokubanzi ukugqiba indima yabo ekuthinteleni umhlaza.

Iziqhamo kunye nemifuno

Indima yokukhusela iziqhamo kunye nemifuno ngokuchasene nomhlaza okwenzeka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ze-anatomical ngoku ixhaswa kakuhle (46,69). Ngo-1966, iWattenberg (70) yacebisa okokuqala ukuba ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwezinto ezithile kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno kunokubonelela ngokhuseleko kumhlaza. UDoll noPeto (21) babonise ukuba i-75�80% yezehlo zomhlaza ezafunyaniswa e-USA ngo-1981 zazinokuthintelwa lutshintsho lwendlela yokuphila. Ngokoqikelelo luka-1997, malunga ne-30-40% yezehlo zomhlaza kwihlabathi jikelele bezithintelwa ngeendlela ezinokwenzeka zokutya (www.dietandcancerreportorg/?p=ER). Izifundo ezininzi ziye zajongana neziphumo ze-chemopreventive zomhlaza zamacandelo asebenzayo aphuma kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno.

Kuye kwafumaniswa ukuba kuninzi i-25,000 yeeprotochemicals ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinokuthi zikwazi ukulwa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza. Ezi zixhobo zeprotochemicals zinenzuzo kuba zikhuselekile kwaye zihlala zijolise kwiindlela ezininzi zokuhamba ngeeseli (71). Iimveliso ezinkulu ezichongiweyo ezifakwe kwiziqhamo nemifuno ziquka i-carotenoids, iivithamini, i-resveratrol, i-quercetin, i-silymarin, i-sulphoraphane kunye ne-indole-3-carbinol.

ICarotenoids

I-carotenoids eyahlukileyo yemvelo ekhoyo kwiziqhamo kunye nemifuno yabika ukuba ine-anti-inflammatory and antiticarcinogen. I-Lycopene yenye yezinto eziphambili ze-carotenoids kwisidlo saseMedithera yesithili kwaye ingabangela i-50% ye-carotenoids kwiserum yabantu. I-Lycopene ikhona kwiziqhamo, kuquka i-watermelon, i-apricots, i-guava ebomvu, i-grapefruit, i-rosehip, ne-tomate. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeakhawunti yenkomati esekelwe kwi-85% ye-lycopene yokutya. Umsebenzi we-anticancer of lycopene uye waboniswa kwimizimbini ye-in vitro kunye ne-vivo ye-tumor kunye nabantu. Iindlela ezicetywayo zokuthi i-lycopene iphumelele i-Ryc scavenging, umgaqo-nkqubo weenkqubo zokuxutywa kwe-detoxification, ukuphazamiseka kwe-cell proliferation, ukutyunjwa kwe-gap-junctional communication, ukuchithwa kwe-cell-cycle cycle, kunye nokumodareyithwa kweendlela zokudluliselwa komqondiso. Ezinye i-carotenoids ezichazwe ukuba zenza umsebenzi we-antiticancer ziquka i-beta-carotene, i-alpha-carotene, i-lutein, i-zeaxanthin, i-beta-cryptoxanthin, i-fucoxanthin, i-astaxanthin, i-capsanthin, i-crocetin kunye ne-phytoene (72).

Resveratrol

I-stilbene resveratrol ifunyenwe kwiziqhamo ezinjengeediliya, amandongomane, kunye namaqunube. I-Resveratrol ibonisa iipropathi ze-anticancer ngokuchasene neentlobo ezininzi zamathumba, kubandakanya i-lymphoid kunye ne-myeloid cancers, i-myeloma eninzi, kunye nomhlaza webele, we-prostate, isisu, ikholoni kunye ne-pancreas. Imiphumo yokukhula-inhibitory ye-resveratrol idibene ngokubanjwa kwe-cell-cycle arrest; ukufakwa kwe-apoptosis nge-Fas / CD95, i-p53, i-activation ye-ceramide, i-polymerization ye-tubulin, i-mitochondrial kunye ne-adenylyl cyclase pathways; up-ulawulo p21 p53 kunye Bax; phantsi-ukulawulwa kwe-survivin, i-cyclin D1, i-cyclin E, i-Bcl-2, i-Bcl-xL, kunye ne-cellular inhibitor yeeprotheni ze-apoptosis; ukusebenza kwee-caspases; ukunyanzeliswa kwe-nitric oxide synthase; ukunyanzeliswa kwezinto ezikhutshelweyo ezifana ne-NF-?B, i-AP-1, kunye nempendulo yokukhula kwangaphambili-1; uthintelo lwe-cyclooxyge- nase-2 (COX-2) kunye ne-lipoxygenase; ukunyanzeliswa kweemolekyuli zokubambelela; kunye nokuthintela i-angiogenesis, ukuhlasela, kunye ne-metastasis. Idatha elinganiselweyo ebantwini ibonise ukuba i-resver-atrol ikhuselekile ngokwamayeza. Njenge-nutraceutical, i-resveratrol ifumaneka ngokurhweba e-USA naseYurophu kwi-50 ?g ukuya kwi-60 mg doses. Okwangoku, ii-analogues zesakhiwo se-resveratrol kunye ne-bioavailability ephuculweyo ziyalandelwa njenge-chemo-protection kunye neearhente zonyango zomhlaza (73).

Quercetin

I-quercetin ye-flavone (3,3?,4?,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone), enye ye-flavonoids enkulu yokutya, ifumaneka kuluhlu olubanzi lweziqhamo, imifuno, kunye neziselo ezifana neti kunye newayini, kunye nokuthathwa kwemihla ngemihla. amazwe aseNtshona 25�30 mg. I-antioxidant, i-anti-inflammatory, i-antiproliferative, kunye ne-apoptotic ye-apoptotic ye-molecule ihlalutye kakhulu kwiimodeli zenkcubeko yeeseli, kwaye iyaziwa ngokuvimba ukusebenza kwe-NF-?B. Kwiimodeli zezilwanyana, i-quercetin ibonakaliswe ukuba inqanda ukuvuvukala kunye nokukhusela umhlaza wekoloni kunye nemiphunga. Ulingo lwekliniki lwesigaba 1 lubonise ukuba i-molecule inokulawulwa ngokukhuselekileyo kwaye amanqanaba ayo e-plasma anele ukuvimbela umsebenzi we-lymphocyte tyrosine kinase. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-quercetin kwi-tswele kunye nee-apile kwafunyaniswa ukuba kuhambelana nomngcipheko womhlaza wemiphunga eHawaii. Impembelelo yetswele yayinamandla ngakumbi kwi-squamous cell carcinoma. Kolunye uphononongo, inqanaba le-plasma elonyuka le-quercetin emva kokutya kwetswele lalikhatshwa kukonyuka kokuchasana nokuqhekeka komcu kwi-lymphocytic DNA kunye nokuncipha kwamanqanaba athile e-oxidative metabolites kumchamo (74).

Silymarin

I-flavonoid silymarin (i-silybin, isosilybin, i-silychristin, i-silydianin, kunye ne-taxifolin) idla ngokufumaneka kwisiqhamo esomisiweyo sesityalo se-milk thistle i-Silybum marianum. Nangona indima ye-silymarin njenge-antioxidant kunye ne-hepatoprotective agent iyaziwa, indima yayo njenge-agent ye-anticancer isavela. Iimpembelelo ezichasayo ze-silymarin zixutywe ngokunyanzeliswa kwe-NF-?B-imveliso ye-gene elawulwayo, kuquka i-COX-2, i-lipoxygenase (LOX), i-inducible NO synthase, i-TNF, kunye ne-IL-1. Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba i-silymarin yi-agent ye-chemopreventive kwi-vivo ngokuchasene ne-carcinogens / abagqugquzeli be-tumor, kuquka ukukhanya kwe-UV, i-7,12-dime-thylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA), i-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, kunye nabanye. I-Silymarin iye yaboniswa ukuba ivuselele amathumba kwii-chemotherapeutic agents ngokuthotywa kweprotheyini ye-MDR kunye nezinye iindlela. Ibophelela kuzo zombini ii-estrogen kunye ne-androgen receptors kwaye ithoba i-prostate ethile ye-antigen. Ukongeza kwiziphumo zayo ze-chemo- preventive, i-silymarin ibonisa umsebenzi ochasene namathumba (umzekelo, i-prostate kunye ne-ovary) kwiimpuku. Iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo zeklinikhi zibonise ukuba i-silymarin ifumaneka kwi-bioavailable kwaye i-pharmacologically ikhuselekile. Izifundo ziyaqhubeka ngoku ukubonisa ukusebenza kweklinikhi ye-silymarin ngokuchasene nomhlaza ohlukeneyo (75).

I-Indole-3-Carbinol

I-flavonoid indole-3-carbinol (I3C) ikhona kwimifuno efana nekhaphetshu, i-broccoli, i-brussels sprout, i-cauli-flower, kunye ne-daikon artichoke. Imveliso ye-hydrolysis ye-I3C idibanisa kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo, kuquka i-dimer 3,3? - i-diindolylmethane. Zombini i-I3C kunye ne-3,3?-diindolylmethane zisebenzisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zeziphumo zebhayoloji kunye nezakhemikhali, uninzi lwazo zibonakala ngathi zenzeke ngenxa yokuba i-I3C imodareyitha izinto ezininzi zokukhutshelwa kwenyukliya. I-I3C yenza isigaba se-1 kunye nesigaba se-2 i-enzymes edibanisa i-carcinogens, kuquka i-estrogens. I-I3C iphinde ifunyanwe ukuba iyasebenza ekuphatheni ezinye iimeko ze-papillomatosis yokuphefumula yokuphefumula kwaye ingaba nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo zeklinikhi (76).

ISulfrafa

I-Sulforaphane (SFN) yi-isothiothiocyanate efumaneka kwimifuno ye-cruciferous efana ne-broccoli. Iziphumo zayo ze-chemopreventive ziye zasekwa kuzo zombini kwi-vitro nakwizifundo ze-vivo. Iindlela zesenzo se-SFN ziquka ukuvinjelwa kwe-enzyme yesigaba se-1, ukufakwa kwe-enzyme yesigaba se-2 ukukhupha i-carcinogens, ukuboshwa kwe-cell-cycle, ukufakwa kwe-apoptosis, ukunyanzeliswa kwe-histone deacetylase, ukumodareyithwa kwendlela ye-MAPK, inhibition ye-NF-?B , kunye nokuveliswa kweROS. Izifundo zangaphambi kweklinikhi kunye neklinikhi zale khompawundi zicebise iziphumo zayo zokuthintela i-chemopreventive kumanqanaba amaninzi e-carcinogenesis. Kulingo lweklinikhi, i-SFN yanikwa abafazi abasibhozo abanempilo ngeyure ngaphambi kokuba bathathe i-mammoplasty yokunciphisa ukhetho. Ukungeniswa kwi-NAD (P) H / quinone oxidoreductase kunye ne-heme oxygenase-1 yabonwa kwizicubu zesifuba zazo zonke izigulane, ebonisa umphumo we-anticancer we-SFN (77).

Iti & Izinongo

Iziqholo zisetyenziswe kuwo wonke umhlaba ukuba zonge ukunambitha, ukunambitha, kunye nexabiso lokutya okunomsoco ekudleni. Umzimba okhulayo wophando ubonise ukuba iiprokchemicals ezifana neekatekini (itiye eluhlaza), i-curcumin (i-turmeric), i-diallyldisulfide (i-garlic), i-thymoquinone (i-cumin emnyama) i-capsaicin (i-red chilli), i-gingerol (i-gingerol), i-anethole (licorice), i-diosgenin ( i-fenugreek) kunye ne-eugenol (i-clove, i-sinamon) inegunya lokukhusela kunye neendlela zokukhusela ezinomdlavuza weemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo ze-anatomiki. Amanye ama-phytochemicals afanelekileyo afaka i-ellagic acid (i-clove), i-asidi e-feric (i-fennel, isardard, i-sesame), i-apigenin (i-coriander, i-parsley), i-betulinic acid (i-rosemary), i-kaempferol (i-clove, i-fenugreek), i-sesamin (isame), i-piperine (ipilisi ), i-limonene (i-rose) kunye ne-gambogic acid (ukum). Ngezantsi kuchazwa ezinye iipetrochemicals ezibalulekileyo ezichaphazeleka ngumhlaza.

Katekisini

Ngaphezulu kweengxelo ze-3,000 zibonise ukuba iikatekini ezithathwe kwii-teas eziluhlaza kunye namnyama zinokukwazi ukulwa nezifo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza. Inani elincinci leenkcukacha lifumaneka kwakhona kwiiliti ze-polyphenol chemoprevention. Izilingo ze-1 zezivolontiya eziphilileyo ziye zachaza iipatheni zokuqala ze-biodistribution, iipameterominetic parameters, kunye neenkcukacha zokukhusela zangaphambili zokhuseleko lomlomo lwexesha elifutshane lokulungiselela amalungiselelo etihlaza. Ukusetyenziswa kwee-green tea kubonakala kukhuselekile. Phakathi kwezigulane ezisekelwe kwizimo ezilungelelaniswayo, iziphumo ze-tea eziluhlaza zibonise ukuba zinokusebenza ngokubhekiselele kwintsholongwane, iprotate, kunye neentlobano zesifo esingenakucala ngaphandle kokunciphisa iziphumo ezinobungozi. Olunye ucwaningo lwangombolo luye lwaqinisekisa ukuba nabantu abanomzimba oqinileyo bangakwazi ukuphelisa kwi-1 g yee-green solids, elilingana ne-900 ml ye-tea eluhlaza, kathathu ngamaxesha. Lo mbono uxhasa ukusetyenziswa kohlobo oluhlaza lwezobisi kunye nokunyanga (78).

Curcumin

I-Curcumin yenye yezona zixhobo ezifundwe ngokubanzi ezizimeleyo ezivela kwimithombo yokutya yokuthintela ukuvuvukala kunye nomhlaza we-chemoprevention, njengoko kuboniswe malunga nezifundo ezipapashiweyo ze-3000. Uphononongo olusuka kwilabhoratri yethu lubonise ukuba i-curcumin inhibithelwe i-NF-?B kunye ne-NF-?B-elawulwa yi-gene expression kwii-cell line zomhlaza. Izifundo ze-In vitro kunye ne-vivo zibonise ukuba le phytochemical inhibited ukudumba kunye ne-carcinogenesis kwiimodeli zezilwanyana, kubandakanywa isifuba, i-esophageal, isisu kunye ne-colon cancer. Olunye uphando lubonise ukuba i-curcumin inhibited ulcerative proctitis kunye nesifo sikaCrohn, kwaye enye yabonisa ukuba i-curcumin inhibited ulcerative colitis kubantu. Olunye uphando luvavanye umphumo wokudityaniswa kwe-curcumin kunye ne-piperine kwizigulane ezine-pancreatitis eshisayo. Olunye uphando oluqhutywe kwizigulane ezine-familial adenomatous polyposis lubonise ukuba i-curcumin inendima enokuthi ithintele le meko. Kweso sifundo, zonke izigulane ezihlanu zaphathwa nge-curcumin kunye ne-quercetin kwisithuba seenyanga ze-6 kwaye zinenani le-polyp elinciphile (60.4%) kunye nobukhulu (50.9%) ukusuka kwisiseko kunye nemiphumo emibi encinci kwaye akukho ziphoso ezinqunywe kwibhubhoratri.

Imiphumo ye-pharmacodynamic kunye ne-pharmacokinetic ye-curcuma yomlomo ekhishwe kwizigulane ezinomdlavuza oqhelekileyo ziye zafundwa. Kuhlolisiso lwezigulane ezinomdlavuza ogqithiseleyo onomdlavuza ophezulu kwi-chemotherapies eziqhelekileyo, izigulane ze-15 zifumene iCraccuma zikhishwe imihla ngemihla kwiinyanga ze-4. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-Curcuma yomlomo ikhutshwe imele ibekezeleke, kwaye iziphumo ezinobungozi bezilingo ezingabonakaliyo zazingekho. Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba kwizigulane ezine-cancer ephezulu, i-dose yemihla ngemihla ye-3.6 ye-curcumin yenze i-62% yehlelwe kwi-2 yokuvelisa i-prostaglandin ye-E1 ngosuku ngosuku lwe-57 kunye ne-29% ye-1 ngosuku kwi-sampuli zegazi ezithathwe i-XNUMX h emva kokulawulwa kwezilwanyana.

Iilingo lokuqala lonyango kunye nezigulane zomhlaza ze-62 ezinezilonda zomhlaza zangaphandle kwiisayithi ezahlukeneyo (isifuba, i-37; i-vulva, i-4; yomlomo, i-7; isikhumba, i-7; nabanye, i-11) kuncishiswe ukunciphisa ngomqondo wokuvumba (90% yezigulane) , ukubetha (phantse zonke izigulane), ubukhulu bezilonda kunye nentlungu (10% yezigulane), kunye ne-exudates (70% yezigulane) emva kwesicelo se-topical of ointment ene-curcumin. Kwimeko yesiganeko se-1 yezonyango, i-dose yemihla ye-8,000 mg ye-curcumin eyenziwa ngomlomo kwiinyanga ze-3 ibangele ukuphuculwa kwezilwanyana zezilonda ezinobungozi be-intereepithelial neoplasm (esinye sezigulane ezine), i-metaplasia yamathumbu (esinye sezigulane ezintandathu) , umhlaza wesisu (esinye sezigulane ezimbini), kunye neopoplakia yomlomo (izigulane ezimbini ezisixhenxe).

Iziphumo ezivela kolunye uphando oluqhutywe liqela lethu lubonise ukuba i-curcumin inhibited constitive activation ye-NF-? I-Curcumin inikwe kwiidosi ze-2, i-3, i-29, okanye i-2 g / ngosuku ngomlomo. Unyango nge-curcumin lwalunyamezeleke kakuhle kungekho ziganeko ezimbi. Kwizigulane ze-4, i-8 yafumana unyango kwiiveki ze-12 kwaye i-29 yagqiba unyaka we-12 wonyango ngesifo esizinzile. Olunye uphando oluvela kwiqela lethu lubonise ukuba i-curcumin inqande umhlaza we-pancreatic. I-Curcumin iphantsi-ilawule intetho ye-NF-?B, i-COX-12, kunye ne-phosphorylated STAT5 kwi-peripheral blood mononuclear cells ezivela kwizigulane (uninzi lwazo lwalunamanqanaba asisiseko aphezulu kakhulu kunalawo afunyenwe kumavolontiya anempilo). Ezi zifundo zibonise ukuba i-curcumin yinto enamandla yokulwa nokuvuvukala kunye ne-chemopreventive agent. Inkcazo ecacileyo ye-curcumin kunye neempawu zayo ze-anticancer inokufumaneka kwelinye lophononongo lwethu lwamva nje (1).

Diallyldisulfide

I-Diallyldisulfide, eyodwa kwigalikhi, inqanda ukukhula kunye nokwanda kwenani lemigca yeeseli zomhlaza ezibandakanya ikholoni, isifuba, i-glioblastoma, i-melanoma, kunye ne-neuroblastoma celllines. Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubonise ukuba le khompawundi ibangela i-apoptosis kwi-Colo 320 DM iiseli zomhlaza wekholoni yomntu ngokuthintela i-COX-2, NF-?B, kunye ne-ERK-2. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuvimbela inani lee-cancer ezibandakanya i-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer, i-benzo [a] i-pyrene-induced neoplasia, kunye nomsebenzi we-glutathione S-transferase kwiigundane; i-benzo[a]i-pyrene-induced skin carcinogenesis kwiimpuku; I-N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-eyenziwe umhlaza we-esophageal kwiigundane; I-N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced forestomach neoplasia kwi-female A / J iigundane; i-aristolochic acid-induced forestomach carcinogenesis kwiigundane; I-diethylnitrosamine-induced glutathione S-transferase positive foci kwisibindi segundane; I-2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4,5-f] i-quinoline-induced hepatocarcinogen-sis kwiigundane; kunye ne-diethylnitrosamine-induced foci yesibindi kunye ne-hepatocellular adenomas kwiigundane ze-C3H. I-Diallyldisulfide nayo ibonakaliswe ukuba inqanda i-mutagenesis okanye i-tumorigenesis eyenziwa yi-vinyl carbamate kunye ne-N-nitrosodimethylamine; I-aflatoxin i-B1-induced kunye ne-N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced foci yesibindi se-preneoplastic kwiigundane; Umsebenzi we-arylamine N-acetyltransfer-asese kunye ne-2-aminofluorene-DNA idducts kwiiseli ze-leukemia zabantu ze-promyelocytic; I-DMBA-induced mouse skin tumors; Ukuguqulwa kwe-N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine kwi-rat esophagus; kunye ne-diethylstilbesterol-induced DNA ad- ducts kumabele eempuku ze-ACI zabasetyhini.

I-Diallyldisulfide ikholelwa ukuba ivelise i-antiticarcino-effect effect ngeendlela eziliqela, ezifana nokutshitshiswa kwezinto ezidlulileyo; ukukhula kwegluathione; ukwandisa imisebenzi yee-enzyme ezifana ne-glutathione S-transferase kunye ne-catalase; ukuvimbela i-cytochrome i-p4502E1 kunye neendlela zokulungisa i-DNA; kunye nokuthintela umonakalo we-chromosomal (80).

Thymoquinone

I-chemotherapeutic kunye ne-chemoprotective agents ezivela kwi-cumin emnyama ziquka i-thymoquinone (TQ), i-dithymoquinone (i-DTQ), kunye ne-thymohydroquinone, ekhoyo kwioli yale mbewu. I-TQ inomsebenzi we-antineoplastic ngokuchasene neeseli ezahlukeneyo zethumba. I-DTQ inegalelo kwimiphumo ye-chemotherapeutic ye-Nigella sativa. Iziphumo zophononongo lwe-in vitro zibonise ukuba i-DTQ kunye ne-TQ ziyi-cytotoxic ngokulinganayo kwimigca yeeseli zabazali ezininzi kunye nemigca yeseli yethumba yomntu emininzi ehambelanayo. I-TQ yenza ukuba i-apoptosis ixhomekeke kwi-p53 kunye neendlela ezizimeleyo ze-p53 kwimigca yeeseli zomhlaza. Ikwakhuthaza ukubanjwa komjikelo weeseli kwaye imodareyitha amanqanaba abalamli abavuthayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amandla e-chemotherapeutic e-TQ ayikavavanywa, kodwa izifundo ezininzi zibonise iziphumo ezithembisayo ze-anticancer kwiimodeli zezilwanyana. I-TQ icinezela i-carcinogen-induced forestomach kunye nokwakheka kwe-tumor yesikhumba kwiimpuku kwaye isebenza njenge-agent ye-chemopreventive kwinqanaba lokuqala le-skin tumorigenesis. Ngaphezu koko, indibaniselwano ye-TQ kunye namachiza e-anticancer asetyenzisiweyo eklinikhi ibonakaliswe ekuphuculeni isalathiso sonyango lwechiza, ikhusela izicubu ezingezizo ukuba zigcine umonakalo owenziwe ngechemotherapy, kwaye yonyusa umsebenzi we-antitumor wamachiza afana ne-cisplatin kunye ne-ifosfamide. Ingxelo yakutsha nje esuka kwiqela lethu ifumanise ukuba i-TQ ichaphazela i-NF-?B indlela yokubonisa ngokucinezela i-NF-?B kunye ne-NF-?B-imveliso yemfuza elawulwayo (81).

ICapsaicin

I-phenolic compound capsaicin (t8-methyl-N-vanillyl- 6-nonenamide), inxalenye ye-chili ebomvu, ifundwe ngokubanzi. Nangona i-capsaicin irhanelwa ukuba yi-carcinogen, ubungqina obuninzi bubonisa ukuba ineziphumo ze-chemopreventive. I-antioxidant, i-anti-inflammatory, kunye ne-antitumor properties ye-capsaicin iye yasekwa kwiinkqubo zombini kunye ne-vivo. Umzekelo, ubonise ukuba i-capsaicin inokucinezela i-TPA-ivuselelwe ukusebenza kwe-NF-?B kunye ne-AP-1 kwiiseli ze-HL-60 ezikhuliswe. Ukongeza, i-capsaicin ithintele ukusetyenziswa kwe-NF-?B kwiiseli ezinobungozi ze-melanoma. Ngaphaya koko, i-capsaicin icinezele ngamandla i-TPA-ivuselelwe ukusebenza kwe-NF-?B kunye nokusebenza kwe-epidermal ye-AP-1 kwiimpuku. Enye indlela ecetywayo yesenzo se-capsaicin kukusebenzisana kwayo ne-xenobiotic metaboliz- enzymes, ebandakanyeka ekusebenzeni kunye nokukhupha iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ze-carcinogens kunye ne-mutagens. I-Metabolism ye-capsaicin nge-enzymes ye-hepatic ivelisa i-phenoxy radical intermediates esebenzayo ekwazi ukubopha kwiindawo ezisebenzayo ze-enzymes kunye ne-macromolecules yezicubu.

I-Capsaicin inokuthintela ukuhlanganiswa kweplatelet kunye nokucinezela i-calcium-ionophore-evuselelwe iimpendulo ze-proinflammatory, ezifana nesizukulwana se-superoxide anion, umsebenzi we-phospholipase A2, kunye ne-membrane ye-lipid peroxidation kwi-macrophages. Isebenza njenge-antioxidant kumalungu ahlukeneyo ezilwanyana zaselebhu. Iipropathi ezichasayo ze-capsaicin ngokuchasene nokudumba okubangelwa yi-carcinogen kuye kwaxelwa kwiigundane kunye neempuku. I-Capsaicin ineziphumo ezikhuselayo kwi-ethanol-induced gastric mucosal erosion, i-hem-orrhagic erosion, i-lipid peroxidation, kunye nomsebenzi we-myeloperoxidase kwiigundane ezinxulunyaniswa nokucinezelwa kwe-COX-2. i-papillomagenesis yesikhumba (82).

Gingerol

I-Gingerol, into ye-phenolic ekhoyo kakhulu kwi-ginger ye-spice (i-Zingiber officinale Roscoe), ineempembelelo ezahlukeneyo ze-pharmacologic ezibandakanya i-antioxidant, i-antiapoptotic, kunye ne-anti-inflammatory effects. I-Gingerol ibonakaliswe ukuba inomhlaza kunye neempawu ze-chemopreventive, kwaye iindlela ezicetywayo zokusebenza ziquka uthintelo lwentetho ye-COX-2 ngokuthintela i-p38 MAPK�NF-?B indlela yomqondiso. Ingxelo eneenkcukacha malunga nesakhono sokuthintela umhlaza we-gingerol yanikezelwa kuphononongo lwakutsha nje nguShukla noSingh (83).

Anethole

U-Anethole, inqununu esebenza ngokuyinhloko ye-spice fennel, ubonise umsebenzi we-antiticancer. Kwi-1995, Al-Harbi et al. (84) wafunda umsebenzi we-anethole ngokumelene ne-Ehrlich ascites carcinoma eyenziwe kwimoyi ye-tumor kwiimiceba. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba i-anethole yanda ixesha lokusinda, linciphisa ubunzima be-tumor, kwaye yanciphisa umthamo kunye nomzimba wegundane le-EAT. Kwakhona kwavelisa i-cytotoxic ephawulekayo kwiiseli ze-EAT kwi-paw, ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-nucleic acids kunye ne-MDA, kunye nokunyuka kwama-NP-SH.

Utshintsho lwe-histopathological oluphawulwe emva kokunyangwa nge-anethole lufaniswa nasemva konyango kunye ne-cytotoxic drug cyclophosphamide. I-frequency ye-micronuclei isenzeko kunye nomlinganiselo we-polychromatic erythrocytes ukuya kwi-normochromatic erythrocytes ibonise i-anethole ukuba ibe yi-mitodepressive kunye ne-nonclastogenic kwiiseli ze-femoral zeegundane. Kwi-1996, uSen et al., (85) wafunda umsebenzi we-NF-?B we-inhibitory we-derivative ye-anethole kunye ne-anetholdithiolthione. Iziphumo zabo zophononongo zibonise ukuba i-anethole inhibited H2O2, i-phorbol myristate acetate okanye i-TNF alpha yenza i-NF-?B isebenze kwi-jurkat T-cells yabantu (86) ifunde umsebenzi we-anticarcino- genic we-anethole trithione ngokuchasene ne-DMBA eyenziwe kwimodeli yomhlaza webele lempuku. Iziphumo zophononongo zibonise ukuba le phytochemical inhibited mammary tumor ukukhula ngendlela exhomekeke kwidosi.

I-Nakagawa ne-Suzuki (i-87) bafunde i-metabolism kunye nendlela yokwenza i-trans-anethole (i-anethole) kunye nomsebenzi we-estrogen njengengqungquthela kunye ne-metabolites yayo kwi-hepatocytes kunye ne-MCF-7 yomhlaza wesifo somntu. Iziphumo ziphakanyisile ukuba i-biotransformation ye-anethole inomphumela wecyotoxic kwiziphumo eziphezulu kwi-hepatocytes i-rat kunye ne-estrogenic kwinqanaba elincinane kwii-MCF-7 iiseli ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo ze-hydroxylated intermediate, 4OHPB. Iziphumo ezivela kwiingcaphephe zicetyiswe ukuba i-organosulfur i-anethole dithiolethione ingaba yintsebenziswano ye-chemopreventive engxamnye nomdlavuza wamaphaphu. ULam et al, (88) uqhube isilingo se-2b se-anethole dithiolethione kubantu ababhema ne-bronchial dysplasia. Iziphumo zolu vavanyo lweklinikhi zinconywe ukuba i-anethole dithiolethione yintsebenziswano enokuthi ikhuphe umhlaza ngomphunga wamaphaphu.

Diosgenin

I-Diosgenin, i-steroidal saponin ekhoyo kwi-fenugreek, ibonakaliswe ukucinezela ukudumba, inqanda ukwanda, kwaye yenza i-apoptosis kwiiseli ezahlukeneyo zethumba. Uphando lweminyaka elishumi edlulileyo lubonise ukuba i-diosgenin icinezela ukwanda kwaye yenza i-apoptosis kwiintlobo ezininzi zeeseli zomhlaza. Imiphumo ye-antiproliferative ye-diosgenin idibene ngokubanjwa kwe-cell-cycle, ukuphazamiseka kwe-Ca2 + homeostasis, ukusebenza kwe-p53, ukukhululwa kwe-apoptosis-inducing factor, kunye ne-modulation ye-caspase-3 umsebenzi. I-Diosgenin iphinda inqanda i-azoxymethane-induced aberrant colon crypt foci, ibonakaliswe ukuba inqanda ukuvuvukala kwamathumbu emathunjini, kwaye imodareyitha umsebenzi we-LOX kunye ne-COX-2. I-Diosgenin nayo ibonakaliswe ukuba ibophe kwi-chemokine receptor CXCR3, edibanisa iimpendulo ezivuthayo. Iziphumo ezivela kwilabhoratri yethu ziye zabonisa ukuba i-diosgenin inqanda i-osteoclastogenesis, ukuhlasela kweeseli, kunye nokwanda kweeseli nge-Akt down-regulation, i-I?B kinase activation, kunye ne-NF-?B-regulated gene expression (89).

Eugenol

I-Eugenol yenye yezinto ezisebenzayo zeeveve. Izifundo ezenziwa nguGhosh et al. (I-90) ibonise ukuba i-eugenol yanciphisa ukwanda kweeseli ze-melanoma. Kwisifundo se-B16 xenograft, unyango lwe-eugenol luvelise ukukhawuleza kwexesha lokukhula kwe-tumor, ukunyuka kwe-40% kwintsholongwane ye-tumor, kunye nokwanda kwe-19% kwixesha eliphakathi ukuya ekupheleni. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, i-50% yezilwanyana kwiqela lokulawula yafa ngenxa yokukhula kwemitha, kodwa akukho nanye kwiqela leyeza le-eugenol libonise nayiphi na impawu ye-cell invasion okanye i-metastasis. Kwi-1994, uSukumaran et al. (I-91) ibonise ukuba i-eugenol iDMBA yenza inambuzane yekhumba kwiigundane. Uphononongo olufanayo lubonise ukuba i-eugenol inqatshelwe ukubunjwa kwe-superoxide kunye ne-lipid peroxidation kunye nomsebenzi oqhekezayo onokuthi unomthwalo wokunyusa isenzo sakhe sokukhupha imithi. Izifundo ezenziwa ngu-Imaida et al. (I-92) yabonisa ukuba i-eugenol yomeleza ukuphuhliswa kwe-1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced hyperplasia kunye nama-papillomas kwi-forestomach kodwa iyancipha iziganeko ze-nephroblastomas ze-1-methyl-1-nitro-

Olunye uphando olwenziwe nguPisano et al. (93) ibonise ukuba i-eugenol kunye ne-biphenyl ehambelanayo (S) -6,6?-dibromo-dehydrodieugenol yenza umsebenzi othile wokulwa ne-antiproliferative kwiiseli ze-neuroectodermal tumor, ngokuyinxenye ibangela i-apoptosis. Ngo-2003, uKim et al. (94) ibonise ukuba i-eugenol icinezela i-COX-2 mRNA ibinzana (enye yezakhi zofuzo eziphambili ezichaphazelekayo kwiinkqubo zokuvuvukala kunye ne-carcinogenesis) kwiiseli ze-HT-29 kunye ne-lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophage RAW264.7 iiseli. Olunye uphononongo olwenziwe nguDeigner et al. (95) ibonise ukuba i-1?-hydroxyeugenol i-inhibitor efanelekileyo ye-5-lipoxygenase kunye ne-Cu (2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein oxidation. Izifundo ezenziwa nguRompelberg et al. (96) ibonise ukuba kwi-vivo unyango lweegundane kunye ne-eugenol yanciphisa i-mutagenicity ye-benzopyrene kwi-Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay, kanti i-vitro yonyango yeeseli ezikhuliswe nge-eugenol yandisa i-genotoxicity ye-benzopyrene.

I-Wholegrain Foods

Ukutya okuphezulu kwe-wholegrain ngqolowa, ilayisi kunye nombona; amancinci ibhalley, i-sorghum, i-millet, i-rye, ne-oats. Iingqolowa zenza isondlo sokutya kwiinkcubeko ezininzi, kodwa ezininzi zidliwa njengeemveliso zengqolowa ecocekileyo kumazwe aseNtshona Koloni (97). Iintlobo zonke ziqulethe i-antioxidants e-chemopreventive efana ne-vitamin E, i-tocotrienols, i-phenolic acid, i-lignans, kunye ne-phytic acid. Umxholo we-antioxidant we-grains uwonke ungaphantsi kwama-berries kodwa ukhulu kunokooziqhamo eziqhelekileyo okanye imifuno (98). Inkqubo yokucoca igxininisa i-carbo-hydrate kwaye iyanciphisa inani lamanye ama-macronutrients, amavithamini kunye namaminerali kuba iindawo zangaphandle zisuswe. Enyanisweni, zonke izondlo kunye nezenzo zokuthintela umhlaza ziyancitshiswa. Ngokomzekelo, i-vitamin E iyancitshiswa kakhulu nge-92% (99).

I-Wholegrain intake yafunyanwa ukunciphisa umngcipheko wee-cancer ezininzi ezibandakanya ezo zomlomo, i-pharynx, i-esophagus, i-gallbladder, i-larynx, i-bowel, i-colorectum, i-digestive tract ephezulu, amabele, isibindi, i-endometrium, i-ovari, i-prostate gland, i-bladder, izintso kunye idlala lengqula, kunye ne-lymphomas, i-leukemias, kunye ne-myeloma (100,101). Ukuthathwa kokutya kwe-wholegrain kwezi zifundo kunciphise umngcipheko womhlaza nge-30�70% (102).

Iinkozo ezipheleleyo ziwunciphisa njani umngcipheko womhlaza? Iindlela ezininzi ezinokubakho zichaziwe. Ngokomzekelo, iifayibha ezingenayo i-insoluble, eyona nto iphambili yeenkozo ezipheleleyo, inokunciphisa umngcipheko womhlaza wamathumbu (103). Ukongeza, ifayibha enganyibilikiyo iyabilisa, ngaloo ndlela ivelisa amanqatha amanqatha amafutshane afana ne-butyrate, eyona nto ibalulekileyo yokucinezela ukwakheka kwethumba (104). Iinkozo ezipheleleyo zikwadibanisa impendulo evumayo yeglucose, ekhusela kumabele kunye nomhlaza wekholoni (105). Kwakhona, iikhemikhali ezininzi ze-phytochemicals ezivela kwiinkozo kunye neepulses zaye zabikwa ukuba zinesenzo se-chemopreventive ngokuchasene neentlobo ezininzi zomhlaza. Umzekelo, i-isoflavones (kuquka i-daidzein, i-genistein, kunye ne-equol) zii-nonsteroidal diphenolic compounds ezifumaneka kwizityalo eziziimidumba kwaye zinemisebenzi yokunqanda ukwanda. Iziphumo ezivela kwizinto ezininzi, kodwa ayizizo zonke, izifundo zibonise ulungelelwaniso olubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-isoflavone-rich-rich soy-based diet kunye nokunciphisa izehlo zomhlaza okanye ukubhubha komhlaza ebantwini. Ibhubhoratri yethu ibonise ukuba i-tocotrienols, kodwa kungekhona i-tocopherols, inokucinezela i-NF-?

Ucwaningo olusisigxina luye lwaphakamisa ukuba ukutya okunotye kwi-soy isoflavones (ezifana nokutya okuqhelekileyo kwe-Asia) ngenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo ezibangela iziganeko eziphantsi kunye nokufa kweengcingo ze-prostate e-Asia. Ngokweziseko zokufunyaniswa malunga nokutya kunye namanqanaba okuvuthwa kwe-urinary ehambisana ne-daidzein, i-genistein, kunye ne-equol kwizifundo zaseJapane xa kuthelekiswa neziphumo kwizifundo zaseMelika okanye zaseYurophu, i-isoflavonoids kwimveliso ye-soy yacetyiswa ukuba ibe yi-agent ejongene nomngcipheko womhlaza. Ukongezelela kwimpembelelo yomhlaza wesisu, i-genistein kunye ne -oflavones ezinxulumene nazo zinqanda ukukhula kwesantya okanye ukuphuhliswa kweekhensi ezinokwenziwa ngamakhemikhali esiswini, isisu, imiphunga, i-prostate kunye negazi (i-107).

iivithamini

Nangona iphikisana, indima yamavithamini kwi-chemoprevention yomhlaza ihlolwe ngokunyuka. Iintlobo nemifuno yimizila ephambili yokutya iivithamini ngaphandle kwe vithamini D. Ii-Vithamines, ngokukodwa iivithamini C, D, ne-E, zichazwa ukuba zinoomdlavuza wokubulala umhlaza ongenazo zityhefu.

Iziphumo zokufundwa kwe-Epidemiologic zibonisa ukuba i-antiticancer / i-chemopreventive imiphumo ye-vitamin C malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeekhansana zihambelana nemisebenzi yazo yokulwa ne-antioxidant kunye nokuvimbela ukuvuvukala kunye nokudibanisa kwe-gluction intercellular communication. Iziphumo ezivela kwi-epidemiologicalic recent study showed that concentration in vitamin C ephakamileyo kwiplasma yayinobudlelwane obuphambene nokufa komdlavuza. Kwi-1997, iiphaneli zeengcali kwi-World Cancer Research Fund kunye ne-American Institute for Research Cancer ziqikelele ukuba i-vitamin C inokunciphisa ingozi yeentsholongwane zesisu, umlomo, i-pharynx, isophagus, imiphunga, i-pancreas, kunye ne-cervix (108).

Iziphumo ezikhuselayo ze-vitamin D zivela kwendima yayo njengento yesikhombisi-nyukliya eyenza ukukhula kweseli, ukwahlukana, i-apoptosis, kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zeselula eziphambili ekuphuhliseni umdlavuza (109).

Ukuzivocavoca / Umsebenzi oPhezulu

Kukho ubungqina obuninzi obubonisa ukuba ukwenza umthambo rhoqo kunokunciphisa iziganeko zomhlaza ezahlukeneyo. Ukuphila ubomi obungaphumliyo kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nezigulo ezininzi ezinganyangekiyo. Ukungasebenzi komzimba kudityaniswa nomngcipheko owonyukayo womhlaza webele, ikholoni, iprotate, i-pancreas kunye ne-melanoma (110). Umngcipheko okhulayo womhlaza wamabele phakathi kwabasetyhini abahleliyo obonakaliswe ukuba kungenxa yokungabikho komthambo uye wadityaniswa noxinzelelo oluphezulu lweserum ye-estradiol, uxinzelelo olusezantsi lwe-hormone-binding globulin, ubunzima obukhulu bamafutha, kunye namanqanaba aphezulu e-serum insulin. Ukungasebenzi ngokwasemzimbeni kunokonyusa umngcipheko womhlaza wekoloni (okunokwenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yokunyuka kwexesha lokuhamba kwe-GI, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ixesha lokunxibelelana ne-carcinogens enokubakho), ukonyusa amanqanaba okujikeleza kwe-insulin (ukukhuthaza ukwanda kweeseli ze-colonic epithelial), ukuguqula amanqanaba e-prostagland, ukucinezela ukusebenza komzimba, kunye nokuguqula i-bile acid metabolism. Ukongeza, amadoda anomgangatho ophantsi wokwenza umthambo kunye nabasetyhini abanesalathiso sobunzima bomzimba omkhulu kunokwenzeka ukuba babe nokuguqulwa kwe-Ki-ras kumathumba abo, okwenzeka kwi-30-50% ye-colon cancer. Ukuncipha okuphantse kube yi-50% kwizehlo zomhlaza wekolon kwabonwa phakathi kwabo banamanqanaba aphezulu okusebenza komzimba (111). Ngokufanayo, amanqanaba aphezulu e-testosterone yegazi kunye ne-IGF-1 kunye nokunyanzeliswa komzimba ngenxa yokungabikho kokuzivocavoca kunokunyusa iziganeko zomhlaza wesifo seprotate. Olunye uphononongo lubonise ukuba amadoda ahleliyo ane-56% kwaye abasetyhini bane-72% yezehlo eziphezulu ze-melanoma kunabo benza umthambo weentsuku ezi-5-7 ngeveki (112).

Izikhawulelo zeCaloric

Ukuzila ukudla luhlobo lwe-caloric restriction (CR) echazwe kwiinkcubeko ezininzi. Mhlawumbi enye yeengxelo zokuqala zi-CR ziyakuchukumisa iziganeko zomhlaza zanyatheliswa kwi-1940 ekwakheni izicubu zesikhumba kunye ne-hepatoma kwiigundane (113, 114). Ukususela ngoko, iingxelo eziliqela kule ngxelo zipapashwe (115, 116). Ukuthintela ukutya, ngokukodwa i-CR, yinguqu enkulu kwi-carcinogenesis yokulinga kwaye iyaziwa ngokunciphisa kakhulu iziganeko ze-neoplasms. I-Gross kunye ne-Dreyfuss ibike ukuba i-36% inqandezelo kwi-caloric inake kakhulu ngokunciphisa ukubola kwe-tumors kunye / okanye i-leukemias (117, 118). Yoshida et al. (I-119) ibonise ukuba i-CR inciphisa iziganeko ze-leukemia ezidityanisiweyo zenziwa ngonyango olulodwa kunye ne-body-irradiation kwiigundane.

I-CR inciphisa njani isiganeko somhlaza asiqondanga ngokupheleleyo. I-CR kwiirandi zinciphisa amanqanaba e-plasma glucose kunye ne-IGF-1 kunye ne-postpones okanye igxininisa umdlavuza kunye nokuvuvukala ngaphandle kwemiphumo engathintekiyo (120). Uninzi lwezifundo ezenziwe ngempumelelo ye-CR kwiirandi zithuba elide; Nangona kunjalo, akunakwenzeka kubantu, abahlala beqhuba iR CR esezantsi. Impembelelo yokuba iR CR esetyenziswayo emdlalweni kubantu ayicaci.

izigqibo

Ngenxa yesifundo esichazwe ngasentla, siphakamisa i-hypothesis yokuba zonke izinto zokuphila ezibangelwa ngumhlaza (i-carcinogenic agents) kunye nazo zonke i-agents ezikhusela umdlavuza (i-chemopreventive agents) zidibaniswa ngokukhupha okungapheliyo (umzobo 10). Inyaniso yokuba ukuvuvukala okungapheliyo kunxulumene nomzila we-tumorigenic kubonakala kwiindlela ezininzi zobungqina.

Okokuqala, iimpawu ezivuthayo ezifana ne-cytokines (ezifana ne-TNF, i-IL-1, i-IL-6, kunye ne-chemokines), i-enzymes (njenge-COX-2, i-5-LOX, kunye ne-matrix metalloproteinase-9 [MMP-9]), kunye nokubambelela iimolekyuli (ezifana ne-intercellular adhesion molecule 1, i-endothelium leukocyte i-adhesion molecule 1, kunye ne-vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) ziye zadibaniswa ngokusondeleyo ne-tumorigenesis. Okwesibini, zonke ezi mveliso zofuzo ezivuthayo zibonakaliswe ukuba zilawulwa yi-nuclear transcription factor, i-NF-?B. Okwesithathu, i-NF-?B ibonakaliswe ukulawula ukubonakaliswa kwezinye iimveliso ze-gene ezidibaniswe ne-tumorigenesis ezifana ne-tumor cell survival okanye i-antiapoptosis (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, IAP-1, IAP-2, XIAP, survivin, cFLIP, kunye ne-TRAF-1), ukwanda (okufana ne-c-myc kunye ne-cyclin D1), ukuhlasela (MMP-9), kunye ne-angiogenesis (i-vascular endothelial growth factor). Okwesine, kwii-cancer ezininzi, ukuvuvukala okungapheliyo kwandulela i-tumorigenesis.

Okwesihlanu, uninzi lwee-carcinogens kunye nezinye izinto ezinobungozi kumhlaza, kubandakanywa umsi wecuba, ukutyeba, utywala, i-hyperglycemia, i-infectious agents, ukukhanya kwelanga, uxinzelelo, i-carcinogens yokutya, kunye nokungcola kokusingqongileyo, kuboniswe ukuba kusebenze i-NF- ?B. Okwesithandathu, ukusetyenziswa kwe-NF-?B okubambeleyo kuye kwafunyanwa kwiintlobo ezininzi zomhlaza. Okwesixhenxe, uninzi lwee-agent ze-chemotherapeutic kunye ne-?-radiation, ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga umhlaza, zikhokelela ekusebenzeni kwe-NF-?B. Okwesibhozo, ukusebenza kwe-NF-?B kudityaniswe ne-chemoresistance kunye ne-radioresistance. Okwesithoba, ukucinezelwa kwe-NF-?B kuthintela ukwanda kwamathumba, kukhokelela kwi-apoptosis, inqanda ukuhlasela, kwaye icinezela i-angiogenesis. Okweshumi, i-polymorphisms ye-TNF, i-IL-1, i-IL-6, kunye ne-cyclin ye-D1 yofuzo efunyenwe kwii-cancer ezahlukeneyo zonke zilawulwa yi-NF-?B. Kwakhona, iinguqu kwijene encoding for inhibitors of NF-?B zifunyenwe kwimihlaza ethile. Ishumi elinanye, phantse zonke ii-agent ze-chemopreventive ezichazwe ngasentla zibonakaliswe ukucinezela ukusebenza kwe-NF-?B. Isishwankathelo, olu phononongo luchaza ukuthintelwa komhlaza ngokusekwe kwimiba emikhulu yomngcipheko womhlaza. Ipesenti yokusweleka okunxulumene nomhlaza okubangelwa kukutya kunye necuba iphezulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-60�70% kwihlabathi liphela.

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Olu phando lwaxhaswa yiClayton Foundation for Research (kwi-BBA).

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