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I-Epigenetic

Iqela lezonyango eliSebenzayo leKlinikhi ye-Epigenetics. Uphononongo lweenguqu ezizuzwayo kwi-gene expression (esebenzayo ngokuchasene ne-genes engasebenziyo) ayibandakanyi utshintsho kulandelelwano lwe-DNA, utshintsho kwi-phenotype ngaphandle kotshintsho kwi-genotype, echaphazela indlela iiseli ezifunda ngayo iijene. Utshintsho lwe-epigenetic luyinto eqhelekileyo, yendalo enokuthi iphenjelelwe zizinto ezininzi: ubudala, indawo, indlela yokuphila, kunye nesimo sesifo. Ukuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic kunokubonakalisa ngokuqhelekileyo njengendlela iiseli ezibulalayo zihlukana ngayo kwiiseli zesikhumba, iiseli zesibindi, iiseli zengqondo, njl. Kwaye utshintsho lwe-epigenetic lunokuba nemiphumo eyonakalisayo enokubangela izifo.

Uphando olutsha noluqhubekayo lubonisa ngokuqhubekayo indima ye-epigenetics kwiingxaki ezahlukeneyo zabantu kunye nezifo ezibulalayo. Iimpawu ze-Epigenetic zizinzile ngakumbi ngexesha lokukhula. Nangona kunjalo, zisacingelwa ukuba ziyaguquguquka kwaye ziguquguquka kukhetho lwendlela yokuphila kunye nempembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Kuya kubonakala ukuba iziphumo ze-epigenetic azenzeki nje esibelekweni kodwa kwixesha elipheleleyo lobomi bomntu. Enye into efunyenweyo kukuba utshintsho lwe-epigenetic lunokuguqulwa. Imizekelo emininzi ye-epigenetics ibonisa indlela ukhetho oluhlukeneyo lwendlela yokuphila kunye nokuvezwa kokusingqongileyo kunokuguqula amanqaku kwi-DNA kwaye idlale indima ekunqumeni iziphumo zempilo.

I-Genetic-Epigenetic Nutrition kunye neMpilo yethu | El Paso, TX.

I-Genetic-Epigenetic Nutrition kunye neMpilo yethu | El Paso, TX.

by | Epigenetic, IGomics

I-epigenetic kunye nesondlo somntu siqu sinegalelo njani kwimpilo engcono?

Uninzi lwethu luyazi malunga nokutya okungenampilo ukuba kuyichaphazela njani imizimba yethu. Bona

  • Ukunciphisa iMetabolism
  • Yongeza Ubunzima
  • Ukuvala kwaye uqine imithambo njl.
i-epigenetic isondlo impilo el paso tx.

Kodwa ngoku kukho ukutya kunye nezinto zokutya ezinokusinceda ngendlela kwaye zivela kwindawo esinokuthi singacingi ngayo, kwaye yiDNA yethu leyo.

I-Nutriepigenomics ihlola ukudibanisa phakathi kokutya kunye ne-biomarkers ezinokuqhotyoshelwa okanye zisuswe kwi-DNA yethu. Oku kuvula okanye kucime imfuza yethu.

Izifundo ezitsha zibonisa ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo ukutya okanye izongezo inokutshintsha indlela esisebenza ngayo imizila yemfuza, nto leyo enokuba nempembelelo kwimpilo yethu.

I-genomics yezondlo iguqula iindlela zokuziphatha kwezempilo kwezempilo yoluntu:

Ukutya, ukuzilolonga, kunye nokuvezwa kokusingqongileyo zizinto zonke eziye zabonisa indima ekutshintsheni nokucima izakhi zofuzo nge-epigenetics. Ukulungelelanisa iindlela zokuphila kunokulawula amandla okunciphisa izifo kwaye kube nefuthe elihle kwimpilo yethu.

Bezempilo ukusuka macala onke baqala ukubandakanya i-epigenetics kumsebenzi wabo ojolise ekuboneleleni ngezicwangciso zonyango ezizodwa kunye nezomntu ngamnye.

ingcali yonyango lwangemva

Ulwazi olufana nokutya, indlela yokuphila, iimeko zokusingqongileyo, imbali yosapho, iimpawu, kunye noxilongo kunye ne-epigenetics kunokunceda ukukhokelela umntu kwimeko yempilo ephucukileyo, utshilo uKristy Hall, MS, RNCP, ROHP, ibhodi eqinisekisiweyo yesondlo esisebenzayo kunye umseki weLiving Well Nutrition osebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-epigenetic, ingcebiso ngesondlo, kunye neendlela ezininzi zokubonelela abathengi bakhe.


Ngamana 15, 2018, UBailey Kirkpatrick idayethi, Izifo kunye neZigulo, okusingqongileyo, Iindaba kunye noPhononongo
izicwangciso zesondlo

I-dietitians ebhalisiweyo inethuba lokwenza iziphakamiso zokutya eziqhutywe ngofuzo ezinokuphucula impilo yabantu.

Isondlo yenye yezinto eziphambili zokusingqongileyo ezimisela impilo yethu. Izifo ezingapheliyo ziquka:

  • Uhlobo lwe-2 sikashukela
  • Isifo se-Metabolic syndrome
  • Izifo zengqondo
  • Isifo se-neurological
  • Ezahlukeneyo iCancer
  • Ziqaliswe okanye zikhawuleziswe ngezondlo/ukutya

Lo mmandla wophando lwezondlo ungabizwa ngokuba yi-Genomics yeZondlo.

Iipolymorphisms ze-nucleotide enye (SNPs) zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezisisiseko ezisisiseko kwi-DNA. Bamele uhlobo oluphambili lokwahluka kofuzo lomntu.

Dna SNP

I-molecule ye-DNA ephezulu iyahluka kwi-molecule ye-DNA esezantsi kwindawo enye ye-base-pair (i-C / A polymorphism)

Ufuzo lwezondlo okanye i-nutrigenetics ibandakanya ukuchongwa, ukuhlelwa, kunye nokuhlelwa kwabalinganiswa yokwahluka kwemfuza yabantu eguqula i-metabolism/usetyenziso kunye nokunyamezela ukutya Fig1.

i-epigenetic isondlo impilo el paso tx.
IOM. Nutrigenomics nangaphaya: Ukwazisa ngekamva. EWashington, DC: IZiko leSizwe loShishino; 2007.

Isicelo: I-Genetic & Epigenetics

Izakhamzimba, umzekelo, Amayeza, ziziphumo ezinamandla zokubonakaliswa kwe-genome kunye nokuzinza, kwaye ezi ntsebenziswano ze-gene-zondlo zingaphuculwa ukukhusela izifo.

i-epigenetic isondlo impilo el paso tx.

Isondlo Somntu Ngamnye

Isithembiso sobunjineli bezondlo kwimpilo efanelekileyo ngokutya sisaqhubeka, kodwa uluntu lubambe izinto ezilindelekileyo, njengoko kubonakaliswa kukusetyenziswa kwezongezo zokutya.

Uphando lwezenzululwazi lubonisa ukuba izondlo zokutya ezahlukeneyo kunye nezongezo esizityayo zingakwazi ukuhlengahlengisa okanye ukuguqula utshintsho olunofuzo. Obu bungqina bunokusetyenziswa ekwenzeni ukhetho olungcono lwendlela yokuphila.

Amaqunube aphezulu ngokumangalisayo kwi-antioxidants kwaye kucingelwa ukuba oku "superfood" kunokunciphisa umonakalo we-DNA, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela abantu kumhlaza kwaye mhlawumbi nokuguga kancinci. Ijusi yeBlueberry kunye ne-vitamin C ibonakaliswe njenge-methylation inhibitors ye-MTHFR gene kunye ne-DNMT1 gene kubantu.


UKim, M., Na, H., Kasai, H., Kawai, K., Li, Y.-S., & Yang, M. (2017). Ukuthelekiswa kweBlueberry (Vaccinium spp.) kunye neVithamini C nge-Antioxidative kunye ne-Epigenetic Effects kuBantu. Ijenali yoThintelo lweCancer, 22(3), 174�181.

Ukufunda malunga nento esiyidlayo kunye nento eyenzayo kwimizimba yethu, ngakumbi impembelelo ye-epigenetic enokubakho, linyathelo elinye elisondele kwimpilo engcono.

Indima Ye-epigenetics Kwi-Obesity And Mathematical Disease

Indima Ye-epigenetics Kwi-Obesity And Mathematical Disease

by | I-Basal Metabolic Index (BMI), Epigenetic, Syndrome yeMetabolic, Ukuhla ukusinda, Ukuphila

Epigenetic Abstract:

Ukunyuka kwenyameko yokunyanya ukugqithisa kunye nokuxhatshazwa okunxulumene nayo yinkinga enkulu yempilo yoluntu. Nangona i-genetic ngokungathandabuzekiyo idlala indima ekunqumeni ukukhutshwa komzimba ngamnye kunye nokukhuluphala, ukuhlukahluka kofuzo oluchongiweyo kuchaza kuphela inxalenye yenguqu. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekukhuliseni umdla ekuqondeni inxaxheba enkulu ye-epigenetics njengomlamli we-gene-environment interactions ekugxilweni kokunyameka nokuxhatshazwa kwayo. Ubungqina bokuqala bokuxhasa indima ye-epigenetics ekunyanyeni kunye nohlobo lwe-2 yeswekile yesifo sikashukela (T2DM) lubonelelwe ngokubanzi kwizifundo zezilwanyana, ezichaze utshintsho lwe-epigenetic kwiimpawu eziphambili ze-metabolic elandela ukunyusa kwamafutha amaninzi kunye nokwahlukana kwe-epigenetic phakathi kwezilwanyana ezixhambileyo kunye nezilwanyana izifundo zabantu ezibonisa utshintsho lwe-epigenetic ekutyebeni kunye ne-T2DM yegciwane lomviwa kwi-obese / abantu besifo sikashukela. Ngoku kutshanje, ukuqhubela phambili kwiindlela ze-epigenetic kunye neendleko ezincitshisiweyo zophando ze-epigenome-wide width (EWAS) zikhokelela ekunyuseni ngokukhawuleza kwezifundo kubantu. Ezi zifundo ziye zachaza ulwahlulo lwe-epigenetic phakathi kwabantu abadala nabangama-T2DM kunye nokulawula okunempilo kunye nezinguquko ze-epigenetic ngokubambisana nesondlo, ukulahleka kwesisindo kunye nokungenelela kokusebenza. Kukho ubungqina obwandayo ukusuka kwizifundo zomntu kunye nezilwanyana ukuba ubudlelwane phakathi kokungcoliswa kwesondlo kunye nesifo sengqondo sokunyameka kwaye i-T2DM inokudityaniswa ngeenguqu ze-epigenetic kwinzala. Injongo yale ngongoma kukushwankathela uphuhliso olutshanje kule nsimi ehamba ngokukhawuleza, ngokugxila ngokukodwa kwi-EWAS yabantu kunye nokuphanda uphando kwimpembelelo yokutya kunye nokuphila (kokubili nangaphambi kokuzalwa) kwi-epigenome kunye nolwalamano lwawo kunye ne-metabolic iziphumo zempilo. Ubunzima bokuhlukanisa iziphumo ezivela kwiimeko ezi zifundo kunye nenxaxheba ebalulekileyo yezilwanyana zezilwanyana zokuvavanya ubudlelwane be-causal kunye nokunika ingqiqo kwiindlela ezisetyenziswayo kwakhona. Isishwankathelo, indawo ye-epigenetics kunye nempilo ye-metabolic ibone ukuphuthuma ngokukhawuleza kwithuba elifutshane. Nangona iziphumo eziza kumhla zithembisayo, uphando luyaqhubeka, kwaye ilishumi elizayo lithembisa ukuba lixesha lophando oluvelisayo kwiintsebenziswano eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwe-genome, i-epigenome, kunye nommandla njengoko zihambelana nezifo ezixubileyo.

Internet: I-Epigenetics, i-DNA methylation, i-Obesity, i-2 yeswekile, iProgramming Development

intshayelelo

Iindlela ze EpigeneticUkunyanyisa isifo esiyinkimbinkimbi, isisombululo, kunye nokuqonda okungcono iindlela ezisetyenziswayo phakathi kwendlela yokuphila, imvelo kunye nemfuza kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni izicwangciso ezifanelekileyo zokuthintela unyango [1].

Kuluntu apho ukutya okuxineneyo amandla kuninzi kwaye nesidingo sokwenza umthambo sisezantsi, kukho umahluko obanzi kubantu ngabanye—ukuba sengozini yokuphuhla �ukutyeba kakhulu kunye neengxaki zempilo ye-metabolic. Uqikelelo lwendima yofuzo kolu lwahluko lukuluhlu lwe-40�70 %, kwaye ngelixa izifundo ezinkulu ze-genome-wide association (GWAS) zichonge inani le-loci yofuzo ehambelana nomngcipheko wokutyeba, i- ~ 100 eyona nto ixhaphakileyo yokwahluka kwemfuza kuphela. akhawunti yeepesenti ezimbalwa zokungafani kokutyeba [2, 3]. Uqikelelo olubanzi lwe-genome luphezulu, lubalelwa kwi ~20 % yokwahluka [3]; nangona kunjalo, inxalenye enkulu yelifa lihlala lingachazwanga.

Kutshanje, ingqwalasela iguqukele ekuphandeni indima yotshintsho lwe-epigenetic kwi-etiology yokutyeba. Kuxoxiwe ukuba i-epigenome inokumela ikhonkco lomatshini phakathi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zofuzo kunye nezinto ezisingqongileyo ekumiseleni umngcipheko wokutyeba kwaye inokunceda ukucacisa �ilifa elilahlekileyo.� Izifundo zokuqala ze-epigenetic zabantu zazincinci kwaye ziphande kuphela inani elilinganiselweyo le-loci. Ngelixa oku ngokubanzi kubangele ukuphindaphinda okulambathayo, ezinye zezi ziphumo zakwangoko, umzekelo ubudlelwane phakathi kwePGC1A methylation kunye nohlobo lwe-2 yeswekile mellitus (T2DM) [4] kunye nezinye njengoko kuxoxwe ngazo kuvan Dijk et al. [5], ziye zaphindwa kwizifundo zamva. Inkqubela phambili yamva nje kunye nokwanda kokufikeleleka kwetekhnoloji ephezulu ngoku ivumela izifundo ezinkulu ze-epigenome wide association (EWAS) kunye nokudityaniswa kweengqimba ezahlukeneyo zolwazi lwe-genomic ukuhlola unxibelelwano oluntsokothileyo phakathi kwe-genotype, i-epigenome, i-transcriptome, kunye nokusingqongileyo [6] 9]. Olu phononongo lusesebuncinaneni balo, kodwa iziphumo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zibonise isithembiso ekuncedeni ukucacisa umahluko wokutyeba kakhulu.

Kukho ubungqina obandayo bokuba ukutyeba kakhulu kuye kwavela kwimvelaphi yengqondo, njengoko ukubhengeza ukutya okunesondlo ngaphambi kokuzalwa okanye kwasebusaneni kunxulunyaniswa nokwanda komngcipheko wokutyeba kakhulu kunye nesifo se-metabolic kwimpilo kamva [10-13]. Ekuqaleni, uphononongo lwezilwanyana lubonakalise ukuba uluhlu lokuvezwa kokutya okunesondlo ebomini, ngakumbi abo banamava kwangoko ekukhulelweni, kunokubangela utshintsho lwe-epigenetic kwizicubu eziphambili zemetabolism zenzala eyaqhubeka emva kokuzalwa kwaye ikhokelela kutshintsho olusisigxina ekusebenzeni kwemfuza [13-17]. Ubungqina buyavela ukuxhasa ubukho bendlela efanayo ebantwini. Oku kukhokelele kukhangelo lweempawu ze-epigenetic ezikhoyo kwangethuba ebomini ezixela kwangaphambili umngcipheko wesifo se-metabolic, kunye nezifundo zokufumanisa ukuba ngaba inkqubo ye-epigenetic yesifo se-metabolic inokuthintelwa okanye ibuyiselwe kubomi kamva.

Olu hlalutyo lunikeza ukuhlaziywa kwenkqubo yethu yangaphambili yokuphononongwa kwezifundo kwi-epigenetics kunye nokukhuluphala kubantu [5]. Ukuphononongwa kwethu kwangaphambili kubonakalise iziphumo ezithembisayo zezifundo zokuqala, kubandakanywa amanqaku okuqala okuba nokukhuluphala okunokufunyanwa ekuzalweni (umzekelo, i-RXRA) [18]. Nangona kunjalo, kwagqitywa kwakhona ukuzaliswa kobuninzi bezinto ezifunyenweyo kunye nokungabikho kophando olude lwexesha elide. Ukuhlaziywa kwangoku kugxininise ukuphuhliswa kwangoko kwintsimi ehamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye, ngokukodwa, kwi-EWAS yabantu kunye nokuphanda uphando malunga nempembelelo ye-epigenome kunye nendima ephumayo ye-epigenetics kwi-pathology of fatness . Siphinde sibhekane nobunzima ekuboneni iimeko ezikhoyo kwezi zifundo kunye nokubaluleka kweempawu zezilwanyana ekuboneleleni ngeendlela.

Review

Iinguqu ze-Epigenetic Kwiimodeli zezilwanyana zobuninzi

udla unogwajaImifuziselo yezilwanyana ibonelela ngamathuba awodwa ophononongo olulawulwa kakhulu olubonelela ngengqiqo yobuchwephesha kwindima yamanqaku athile e-epigenetic, zombini njengezalathi zemeko yangoku yemetabolism kunye nokuxela kwangaphambili umngcipheko wexesha elizayo wokutyeba kunye nesifo se-metabolic. Inkalo ebaluleke kakhulu kwizifundo zezilwanyana kukuba zivumela ukuhlolwa kweenguqu ze-epigenetic ngaphakathi kwezicubu ezijoliswe kuyo, kubandakanywa nesibindi kunye ne-hypothalamus, enzima kakhulu kubantu. Ngaphezu koko, ukukwazi ukuvuna ubuninzi bezicubu ezitsha kwenza kube lula ukuvavanya amanqaku amaninzi e-chromatin kunye ne-DNA methylation. Ezinye zezi nguqulelo ze-epigenetic zizodwa okanye xa zidibene zinokusabela kwinkqubo yokusingqongileyo. Kwimifuziselo yezilwanyana, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufunde izizukulwana ezininzi zenzala kwaye ngaloo ndlela wenze ukwahlula phakathi kwe-trans-generational kunye ne-intergenerational transmission ye-obesity risk mediated by epigenetic memory of parental condition status, engenakuhlukaniswa lula kwizifundo zabantu. Sisebenzisa igama langaphambili losasazo lwe-meiotic lomngcipheko ngaphandle kobhengezo oluqhubekayo ngelixa le yokugqibela ibandakanya ukosulela okuthe ngqo komngcipheko ngohlengahlengiso lwenkqubo ye-metabolic yosana olungekazalwa okanye iigamuthi.

Izifundo zezilwanyana zidlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni kwethu ngoku kwendima ye-epigenetics kwimvelaphi yophuhliso lokutyeba kakhulu kunye ne-T2DM. Zombini ukwanda kunye nokwehla kwesondlo sikamama ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kwamafutha kwinzala yezona ntlobo zininzi zezilwanyana ezanyisayo ezifundwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku (zihlaziyiwe kwi [11, 13-15, 19]). Ukutya komama ngexesha lokukhulelwa akubanga neziphumo ezichanekileyo kwimveku engekazalwa, inokuba nefuthe ngokuthe ngqo kwii-oocyte ezikhulayo zabasetyhini ababhinqileyo kunye neeseli zentsholongwane zokuqala zesisu esiswini kwaye ke oko kunokuba nefuthe kwisiphelo kunye nenzala enkulu. Yiyo loo nto idatha yedatha eyahlukeneyo ihlala ifuneka ukwahlulahlula phakathi koomama phakathi kokuzalwa kunye neendlela zokudlulisela ezizukulwaneni.

Itheyibhile 1 isishwankathela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana ezisetyenzisiweyo ukubonelela ngobungqina beenguqu zokuguqulwa kwamagciwane kunye ne-epigenetic kwinzala ehambelana nesicwangciso somzali wesondlo. Iqulethe iinkcukacha eziphathelele kwizifundo ezichonga amanqaku e-epigenetic ashintshiweyo kubantu abadala abadala abajongene nemingeni yokutya. Itafile ihlelwe luhlobo lokudlulisela umngcipheko olungcetywayo.

Itafile 1(i) Iinguqu ze-Epigenetic KwiNzala ehlanganiswe neZondlo zoMama ngexesha loGestation

Ukongezwa kwesondlo sikamama, ukungondleki, kunye nokutya okugqithisileyo ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunokutshintsha ukubekwa kwamafutha kunye ne-homeostasis yamandla kwinzala [11, 13�15, 19]. Okunxulunyaniswa nezi ziphumo kwinzala lutshintsho kwi-DNA methylation, ukuguqulwa kwe-histone emva koguqulelo, kunye nokubonakaliswa kofuzo kwiijini ezininzi ekujoliswe kuzo, ngakumbi imizila elawula i-fatty acid metabolism kunye nokubonakaliswa kwe-insulin [16, 17, 20�30]. Ukwahluka kweemodeli zezilwanyana ezisetyenzisiweyo kwezi zifundo kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zemetabolism ezinempembelelo zicebisa impendulo eguquguqukayo egcinwe ngokuguquguqukayo elawulwa yi-epigenetic modification. Nangona kunjalo, ezimbalwa zofuzo ezichongiweyo ezithile kunye notshintsho lwe-epigenetic luye lwaqinisekiswa ngokunqamlezayo kwizifundo ezihambelanayo, kwaye uphando olubanzi lwe-genome ngokubanzi aluzange lusetyenziswe. Umqobo omkhulu ekuthelekisweni kwezi zifundo luphuhliso olwahlukeneyo lweefestile zengqondo eziphantsi komngeni wesondlo, ezinokubangela iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Ubungqina bokuba utshintsho lwe-epigenetic luyimbangela kunokuba ludityaniswe nenzala yotshintsho lwephenotypic luyafuneka. Oku kuya kufuna ukuchongwa kwempendulo ye-epigenetic �memory �eyenziwe ngokutya okunomsoco eyandulela uphuhliso lwephenotype etshintshiweyo kwinzala.

(ii) Iimpembelelo Zokondla Kwabazali Kwizityalo eziMpawu ze-epigenetic

usana olele ephethe izandlaIzifundo ezivelayo zibonise ukuba inqwelo moya katata wesondlo inokuchaphazela ukufakwa kwamanqatha kubantwana kunye namanqaku epigenetic [31-34]. Olunye uphando lwakutshanje kusetyenziswa iimpuku lubonakalise ukuba isifo sikashukela esivela kwisifo sikashukela sikhokelela ekunyukeni kwesifo seswekile kwinzala ye-F1 kunye notshintsho olunxulumene nokubonakaliswa kofuzo lwepancreatic kunye ne-DNA methylation edityaniswe ne-insulin signaling [35]. Ngokubalulekileyo, bekukho ukungqubana kolu tshintsho lwe-epigenetic kwiziqithi zepancreatic kunye nesidoda esiphakamisa ilifa lomgca wentsholongwane. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lwezi zifundo, nangona zinomdla kwimpembelelo yazo, zilinganiselwe kwisikali sophando kwaye zihlala zibonisa ubuthathaka kunye notshintsho lwexeshana lwe-epigenetic olunxulunyaniswa ne-phenotypes ye-metabolic encinci kubantwana.

(iii) Iinguqulelo ze-Trans-generational Epigenetic Changes ekukhuthazeni ukuHlulwa kweeMveliso kwiNzala

ukondla okungaphezuluUkuhanjiswa okuzinzileyo kolwazi lwe-epigenetic kwizizukulwana ezininzi luchazwe kakuhle kwiinkqubo zezityalo kunye neC. elegans, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo kusaxoxwa ngayo [36, 37]. Isiseko se-epigenetic sosulelo olukhulu lwe-phenotypes ekuphenduleni ukuvezwa kokutya sele kusekwe kakuhle, kubandakanywa neentlobo zemfuyo [31]. Olona phando lunempembelelo kakhulu lubonisa iziphumo ze-epigenetic transmission echaphazela inzala ye-phenotype isebenzise umzekelo wemouse esebenzayo ye-yellow agouti (Avy) [38]. Kule mpuku, ukufakwa kwe-retrotransposon phezulu kwejini ye-agouti kubangela ukubonakaliswa kwayo kunye nesiphumo sombala wedyasi emthubi kunye nokutyeba kwabantu abadala. Ukosulelwa komama ngomgca wentsholongwane kukhokelela kwi-DNA methylation-mediated silence ye-agouti expression ekhokelela kumbala wedyasi yasendle kunye ne-phenotype ebhityileyo yenzala [39, 40]. Okubalulekileyo, izifundo ezilandelayo kwezi mpuku zibonise ukuba ukuvezwa komama kubaxhasi be-methyl kubangela utshintsho kumbala wedyasi [41]. Olunye uphando luye lwabika ukuhanjiswa kwe-phenotype kwisizukulwana se-F3 kunye nokuguqulwa kwimbonakalo yenani elikhulu leejeni ekuphenduleni ukukhawulwa kweeprotheyini kwi-F0 [42]; nangona kunjalo, ukuguqulwa kwintetho kwakuguquguquka kakhulu kwaye ikhonkco ngqo kwiinguqu ze-epigenetic ayizange ichongwe kule nkqubo.

(iv) Ukubonakalisa ngokuthe ngqo abantu ngabanye Ukutya okuninzi ngokwempilo kwi-Life post-Birth

yokuphila kwintshona yanamhlanjeNangona uphando oluninzi luye lwafumanisa utshintsho lwe-epigenetic oluthileyo kwizilwanyana zezilwanyana usebenzisa iziza ezikhethiweyo zendawo ethile, kukho ukuhlaziywa okumbalwa kohlobo lwe-genome-wide. Uphando olutshanje lugxile ekunqumeni igalelo le-epigenetic ngokuthe ngqo kwintlanzi ephezulu yokutya / ukunyanya ukutywala kwindlovu yabantu abadala ngokusebenzisa i-genome-wide gene expression kunye ne-DNA methylation ehlalutya [43]. Olu pho nonongo lubonisa i-232 imimandla e-methylated (DMRs) kwi-adipocytes ukusuka kwilawuli kunye namanqwanqwa aphezulu anamafutha. Okubaluleke kakhulu, imimandla yabantu ehambelana ne-DMR ye-murine nayo yahlukisana ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ze-adipose ezivela kubantu abanobugqwetha nabanamahloni, ngaloo ndlela baqokomisa ukugcinwa kwemvelo kwemimandla. Esi siphumo sigxininisa ukubaluleka kwee-DMR ezichongiweyo ekulawuleni i-homeostasis yamandla kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo.

Human Studies

umzekelo we-3D

Ukubonisa ubungqina obuvela kwizifundo zezilwanyana kunye nokufumaneka kwezinto ezifikelelekayo zokuhlalutya kwe-genome, kuye kwandiswa ngokukhawuleza kwezifundo ze-epigenome kubantu. Ezi zifundo zijolise kakhulu ekuchongwa kweendawo ezahlukileyo kwi-DNA methylation ezidibaniswa ne-phenotypes.

Umbuzo osisiseko ngumlinganiselo apho ukuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic kunceda ekuphuhliseni i-phénotype ye-metabolic, kunokuba nje kulandelelanise (umzobo 1). Iiprogramme ze-epigenetic zinokubangela inxaxheba ekuphuhliseni ukunyanya, kunye nokudlala indima kwimingcipheko yengozi ye-cardiovascular and metabolic. Kwizifundo zabantu, kunzima ukubonisa ubungqina bendalo [44], kodwa ukungqinelana kungenziwa kwimiba yobungqina:

umkhiwane 1(i) Izifundo zobudlelwane bomzimba. I-polymorphisms ye-Genetic ehambelana nomngcipheko owongeziweyo wokuphuhlisa iimeko ezithile ziphambili ezidityaniswe kwiijene ze-causative. Ubukho bomahluko�methylation kwimimandla enjalo inika ukufaneleka kokusebenza kolu tshintsho lwe-epigenetic ekulawuleni ukubonakaliswa kwe(s). Kukho iziphumo ezinamandla ze-cis-acting zofuzo ezixhasa ukuhluka okukhulu kwe-epigenetic [7, 45], kunye nezifundo ezisekelwe kuluntu, iindlela ezisebenzisa i-surrogates yemfuza ukukhupha indima ebangela okanye yokulamla yokwahlukana kwe-epigenome isetyenzisiwe [7, 46�48] . Ukusetyenziswa kolwazi lwemfuzo yentsapho kunokukhokelela ekuchongweni kwemimandla enokubakho yabaviwa ebonisa i-phenotype-related differential methylation [49].

(ii) Isikhathi seenguqu ze-epigenetic. Ubukho beempawu ze-epigenetic ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kwe-phenotype luphawu olubalulekileyo oluhambelana nobunzima. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubukho bamanqaku ngokubambisana nokukhuluphala, kodwa kungekhona ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kwayo, kunokusetyenziswa ukukhupha ngaphandle kwexesha kodwa akuyi kubandakanywa indima enokuthi inxaxheba kwimeko yokugula enxulumene nokugqithisa.

(iii) Ukwahlula ngokucacileyo kwendlela. Oku kubhekisela kumatshintsho e-epigenetic anxulumene nokutshintshwa kweentlobo zegesi kunye nenxaxheba ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni i-phenotype yomdla. Omnye umzekelo onjalo ngumbutho we-methylation kwiindawo ezimbini zeCpG kwi-genetic CPT1A kunye namazinga e-triglyceride ejikelezayo [50]. I-CPT1A ifake i-carnitine palmitoyltransferase i-1A, i-enzyme eneendima ephambili kwi-fatty metabolism, ibe le nto ibonisa ukuba ukuhlukana kwemithamo ye-methylation yalo mfuzo inokuthi ihambelane neenguqu kwi-plasma triglyceride concentrations.

I-Epigenome-Wide Association Studies: Ukuchonga i-Epigenetic Biomarkers yeMpilo yeMetabolic

Uninzi lophando lwakutsha nje lugxile ekuphononongeni unxulumano phakathi kokutyeba kakhulu/izifo ze-metabolic-kunye ne-DNA methylation kuyo yonke i-genome (iThebhile 2). I-EWAS enkulu epapashiweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kubandakanywa inani labantu be-5465, ichonge iindawo ze-37 ze-methylation egazini eziye zadibaniswa ne-index mass body (BMI), kubandakanywa neziza kwi-CPT1A, ABCG1, kunye ne-SREBF1 [51]. Olunye uphononongo olukhulu lubonise imibutho engaguqukiyo phakathi kwe-BMI kunye ne-methylation kwi-HIF3A kwigazi elipheleleyo kunye nezicubu ze-adipose [52], ukufumanisa okuye kwaphinda kwaphindwa ngokuyinxenye kwezinye izifundo [9, 51]. Olunye unxulumano olusandul’ ukuxelwa phakathi kwemilinganiselo enxulumene nokutyeba kakhulu kunye ne-DNA methylation ibandakanya (i) i-DNA methylation umahluko phakathi kokubhitya kunye ogqithiseleyo abantu abakwi-LY86 kwii-leukocyte zegazi [53]; (ii) imibutho phakathi kwe-PGC1A yokukhuthaza i-methylation kwigazi elipheleleyo labantwana kunye ne-adiposity kwiminyaka emi-5 kamva [54]; (iii) imibutho phakathi kwe-hip-hip ratio kunye ne-ADRB3 methylation egazini [55]; kunye (iv) nemibutho phakathi kwe-BMI, amanyathelo okuhambisa amanqatha, kunye neendawo ezininzi ze-DNA methylation kwizicubu ze-adipose [9, 56]. I-EWAS ikwabonakalise unxibelelwano phakathi kweendawo ze-DNA methylation kunye nee-lipids zegazi [55, 57-59], i-serum metabolites [60], ukumelana ne-insulin [9, 61], kunye ne-T2DM [48, 62, 63] (2 Table).

Itafile 2 contdUkusuka kwezi zifundo, utshintsho lwe-methylation ye-PGC1A, i-HIF3A, i-ABCG1, kunye ne-CPT1A kunye ne-RXRA echazwe ngaphambili [18] sele ivele njengezixhobo ze-biomarkers ezinxulumene nayo, .

Ukusebenzisana Phakathi kweGenotype No-Epigenome

Genotype EpigenomeUkwahluka kwe-Epigenetic kuchaphazeleka kakhulu ngokuhlukahluka kofuzo olusisiseko, kunye ne-genotype eqikelelwa ukuba ichaze ~ 20�40% yenguqu [6, 8]. Kungekudala, inani lezifundo liye laqala ukudibanisa i-methylome kunye nedatha ye-genotype ukuchonga i-methylation quantitative trait loci (meQTL) ehambelana ne-phenotypes yesifo. Ngokomzekelo, kwizicubu ze-adipose, i-meQTL ewelana) ene-BMI yomngcipheko wemfuza ichongiwe kwinto yokuphucula i-ADCY3 [8]. Olunye uphando luye lwachonga ukugqithiswa phakathi kokukhuluphala okwaziwayo kunye ne-T2DM ingozi ye-loci kunye ne-DMRs ehambelana nokukhuluphala kunye ne-T2DM [43, 48, 62]. I-Methylation yenani le-DMRs nayo yatshintshwa ngokutya okunamafutha aphezulu kwiigundane [43] kunye nokulahlekelwa kwesisindo ebantwini [64]. Ezi ziphumo zichonga ikhonkco elithakazelisayo phakathi kweenguqu zofuzo ezidityaniswe nokuchaphazeleka kwesifo kunye nokudibanisa kwabo kunye nemimandla ye-genome eyenza ukuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic ekuphenduleni imingeni yesondlo, ebonisa ubudlelwane be-causal. Uqhagamshelwano olusondeleyo phakathi kofuzo kunye ne-epigenetic ukuhluka kunokubonisa iindima zabo ezibalulekileyo ekuveliseni ukuhluka komntu ngamnye [65, 66]. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-DNA methylation ingaba ngumlamli weziphumo zofuzo, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba zombini iinkqubo zofuzo kunye ne-epigenetic zingenza ngokuzimeleyo kwiijene ezifanayo. Izifundo zamawele [8, 63, 67] zinokunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwaye zibonise ukuba ukungafani phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kumanqanaba e-DNA methylation kuvela ikakhulu kwiindawo ezingabelwanga kunye neempembelelo ze-stochastic, ezincinci kwimiphumo ekwabelwana ngayo yokusingqongileyo, kodwa kunye nempembelelo ebalulekileyo yemfuza. ukwahluka.

Impembelelo Yendawo Yengqondo Yokubeleka Kwangaphambi Kokuzalwa Kwangaphambi Kokuzalwa Kwi-Epigenome

umzekelo wesisuIndawo yokubeleka: Izifundo ezibini ezisandula ukupapashwa zenze ukuba abantu bafumane amava experienced okwemvelo okhoyo kunikezelo lwezondlo ukufunda ifuthe lokondla koomama ngaphambi okanye ngexesha lokukhulelwa kwi-DNA methylation kwinzala [68, 69]. Uphononongo lokuqala lusebenzise iqela lomama nomntwana waseGambia ukubonisa ukuba omabini amaxesha okwahluka koomama abasebenzisa imethyl ngexesha lokukhulelwa kunye ne-BMI yoomama ngaphambi kokukhulelwa inxulunyaniswa nemethylation eguqulweyo kwiintsana [69]. Isifundo sesibini sisebenzise inzala yabantu abadala kwiqela laseDatshi elalilambile ebusika ukuphanda isiphumo sokuvezwa kokubeleka ngaphambi kwexesha elibalulekileyo lokungondleki kakhulu koomama kwi-DNA methylation yemfuza ebandakanyeka ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni komzimba ebudaleni [68]. Iziphumo zaqaqambisa ukubaluleka kwexesha lokuvezwa kwimpembelelo yalo kwi-epigenome, kuba iziphumo ezibonakalayo ze-epigenetic zachongwa kuphela kubantu ababonakaliswe yindlala ngexesha lokumitha kwangoko. Ngokubalulekileyo, utshintsho lwe-epigenetic lwenzeka ngokudibeneyo ne-BMI eyandisiweyo; Nangona kunjalo, khange kwenzeke ukuseka kolu phando ukuba ngaba olu tshintsho lwalukhona ngaphambili ebomini okanye sisiphumo se-BMI ephezulu.

Olunye uphononongo lwamva nje lubonelele ubungqina bokuba ukutya okondlayo kokubeleka ngaphambi kokuzalwa kunye nokutyeba kakhulu okanye imeko yesifo seswekile kunxulunyaniswa notshintsho lwe-DNA methylation kwizakhi zofuzo ezinxulumene nokukhula kombungu, ukukhula, kunye nesifo se-metabolic kwimbewu [70-73].

Nangona iinkcukacha zoluntu zingqongqo, kukho izibonakaliso zokuba ukukhuluphala komntwana kungakhokelela ekuveliseni i-methylation yeengqungquthela zentsholongwane kwi-74], isiphumo esicatshangelwa ukuba sixolelane ngeenguqu ze-epigenetic ezenziwa ngexesha le-spermatogenesis.

umntwana ohamba ngotshani nangotopeIndawo engemva kokuzalwa: I-epigenome isungulwe de novo ngexesha lokukhula kombungu, kwaye ke, imeko yokubeleka kokubeleka inefuthe elibalulekileyo kwi-epigenome. Nangona kunjalo, ngoku kuyacaca ukuba utshintsho lwenzeka kwi-epigenome ye-igenmature phantsi kwefuthe lohlobo lweemeko, kubandakanya ukuguga, ukuvezwa kwityhefu, kunye notshintsho kwindlela otya ngayo. Umzekelo, utshintsho kwi-methylation ye-DNA kwiintlobo ezininzi zofuzo kwimisipha yamathambo kunye ne-PGC1A kwizicubu ze-adipose zibonisiwe ekuphenduleni ukutya okunamafutha aphezulu [75, 76]. Ungenelelo lokuphulukana nobunzima bamanqatha omzimba lukwanxulunyaniswa notshintsho kwi-DNA methylation. Izifundo ziye zaxela ukuba iiprofayili ze-DNA methylation yamathambo e-adipose [43, 64], iiseli zegazi ze-mononuclear [77], kunye nezihlunu zemisipha [78] kwizigulana ebezityebile ngaphambili ziye zifane ngakumbi neeprofayili zezifundo ezibhityileyo ezilandela ukwehla kobunzima. Utyando lokulahleka kobunzima luye lwaphindisela ukutshintsha kwesifo esinamafutha esingesiso isiselo esinxilisayo esinxulumene nesifo se-methylation esibindini [79] kwaye kolunye uphononongo kukhokelele kwi-hypomethylation ye-genes yabagqatswa abatyebe kakhulu, eneziphumo ezibi kakhulu kwi-subcutaneous ngokuthelekiswa ne-omental (visceral) fat [64] . Ubungqina obufumanekayo bucebisa ukuba ungenelelo ngoncedo lunokuchaphazela ne-DNA methylation. Uninzi lwezi zifundo ziqhutyelwe kubantu abanciphileyo [80-82], kodwa isifundo esinye sokufunda kwizifundo ze-T2DM ezityebileyo zikwabonakalise utshintsho kwi-methylation ye-DNA, kubandakanya nejenisi ebandakanyeka kwi-fatty acid kunye nokuhanjiswa kweglucose [83]. Utshintsho lwe-epigenetic luyenzeka ngokuguga, kwaye idatha yakutshanje iphakamisa indima yokutyeba kakhulu ekuyongezeni [9, 84, 85]. Ukutyeba kukhawuleze iminyaka ye-epigenetic yeethishu zesibindi, kodwa ngokuchaseneyo nokufunyenweyo okuchazwe apha ngasentla, esi siphumo asibuyisekanga emva kokulahleka kobunzima [84].

Ngokubambisana, ubungqina bokuxhasa amandla okulungisa i-epigenome kubantu abadala bacebisa ukuba kunokubakho ithuba lokungenelela kwimpilo emva kokubeletha ukulungisa okanye ukuguqula iprogram ye-epigenetic.

Ubungakanani bobukhulu kunye nokwahlukana phakathi kweentlobo zeTishu

izicubuUtshintsho lwe-methylation ye-DNA enxulunyaniswa nokukhuluphala okanye ukubangelwa kukutya okanye iindlela zokungenelela ngoncedo kunye nokwehla kwesisindo ngokubanzi kuthobekile (<15%), nangona oku kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwi-phenotype kunye nezicubu ezifundwayo. Ngokomzekelo, utshintsho olukhulu kune-20% luye lwabikwa kwi-adipose tissue emva kokulahleka kwesisindo [64] kunye nemibutho phakathi kwe-HIF3A methylation kunye ne-BMI kwiisishu ze-adipose zazibhengezwe ngaphezu kwegazi [52].

Ukubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo zenguqu ezincinci zeemethylation kuye kwacelwa. Nangona kunjalo, kwiishubhu ezenziwe ngumxube weentlobo zeeseli, utshintsho oluncinci kwi-DNA methylation lungabonakalisa utshintsho olukhulu kwiqhekeza elithile leseli. Ukuhlanganiswa kweenkcukacha ze-epigenome kunye ne-transcriptome kunye nezinye i-epigenetic idatha, ezifana nokuguqulwa kwe-histone, kubalulekile, ekubeni utshintsho lwe-DNA lwe-methylation lungabonakalisa utshintsho olukhulu kwi-chromatin structure kwaye lunokudityaniswa neenguqu ezibanzi kwimbonakalo yemfuza. Umongo we-genomic kufuneka uqwalaselwe; utshintsho oluncinci ngaphakathi kwento elawulayo efana nomgqugquzeli, umgqugquzeli, okanye umshini wokufaka isilisi unokubaluleka kokusebenza. Kule nkalo, i-DMR yokunyanyisa, kunye nemimandla echaphazelekayo yenkomfa yokubeletha kunye ne-meQTL ye-loci ye-metamic traits i-loci ziye zabonwa ukuba zithintele izinto eziphuculisayo [8, 43, 68]. Kukho ubungqina bokuba i-DNA methylation kwimimandla ejongene nendlala inokuyichaphazela into eyenziwa yintsebenziswano [68], exhasa indima yesondlo-i-methyl

Umda omkhulu kwizifundo ezininzi zabantu kukuba iimpawu ze-epigenetic zivame ukuvavanywa kwigazi le-peripheral, kunokuba kwizicubu ezifanelekileyo ze-metabolically (Umfanekiso 2). I-heterogeneity yegazi ngumba, kuba iiseli ezahlukeneyo zineesignitsha ezahlukeneyo ze-epigenetic, kodwa i-algorithms iphuhlisiwe ukuqikelela ukubunjwa kweeselula ukunqoba le ngxaki [86]. Mhlawumbi okona kubaluleke kakhulu, amanqaku e-epigenetic kwiiseli zegazi asenokungaxeleli imeko yezicubu zomdla ophambili. Nangona kunjalo, uphando olutshanje lunikeze ubungqina obucacileyo bobudlelwane phakathi kwamanqaku e-epigenetic kwiiseli zegazi kunye ne-BMI. Kwimeko ye-HIF3A apho inqanaba le-methylation (i-beta-value) kubantu abafundayo ukusuka kwi-0.14�0.52, i-10% yokunyuka kwe-methylation idibene nokunyuka kwe-BMI ye-7.8% �[52]. Ngokufanayo, umahluko we-10% kwi-PGC1A methylation unokuqikelela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-12% umahluko kubunzima bamafutha [54].

umkhiwane 2izigqibo

Ukufundwa kwendima ye-epigenetics ekugqithiseni nokugqithisa izifo kwandiswe ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka yamuva nje, kwaye ubungqina bubuthelela ukudibanisa phakathi kokuguqulwa kwe-epigenetic kunye neziphumo zempilo ze-metabolic kubantu. Iingxaki ze-epigenetic biomarker ezinxulumene nokukhuluphala kunye nempilo yokuxilonga ziye zavela kwizifundo zamuva. Ukuqinisekiswa kwamagqabha epigenetic kumaqela amaninzi, ukuba amanqaku amaninzi atholakala kwiijethi ezinomsebenzi onobunzima bokuphuhliswa nokuphuhliswa kwe-T2DM, kunye nokugqithwa kwamanqaku epigenetic kunye nokunyameka okwaziwayo kunye ne-T2DM lotic genetic kuqinisa ubungqina bokuba le mibutho ngokwenene. Ubunzima kubunzima ukuseka; Nangona kunjalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iminyano ibangela, amanqaku e-epigenetic achongiweyo anokuthi afanele afaneleke njengama-biomarkers ukunyanya kunye nomngcipheko wesifo somzimba.

Iziphumo zobukhulu kwizicwili ezifikeleleka lula ezifana negazi zincinci kodwa zibonakala ngathi ziyaveliswa ngaphandle kokwahluka kubuzwe, uhlobo lwethishu, kunye neendlela zohlalutyo [51]. Kwanaxa utshintsho lwe-methylation encinci ye-DNA inokubaluleka kwendalo. Indlela yokudibanisa i- omics iya kubaluleka ekuchazeni ngakumbi ukusebenzisana okunzima phakathi kwe-epigenome, umbhalo okhutshelweyo, ufuzo, kunye nempilo ye-metabolic. Izifundo ezide, ezichaphazela izizukulwana ezininzi, zibalulekile ekumiseni ubudlelwane obunobangela. Singalindela ezinye izifundo ezinjalo kwixa elizayo, kodwa oku kuya kuthatha ixesha.

Nangona uphando lwezilwanyana luqhubeka lubonisa umphumo wobomi bokuqala zesondlo Ukuvezwa kwi-epigenome kunye nempilo ye-metabolic yenzala, idatha yomntu isenomda. Nangona kunjalo, uphando olutshanje lunikeze ubungqina obucacileyo bokuthi ukuvezwa kwisondlo esincinci ngexesha elithile lokuphuhliswa kwangaphambi kokubeletha kuhambelana notshintsho lwe-methylation kwinzala kwaye ngoko ke unakho ukuchaphazela i-phenotype yabantu abadala. Izifundo zezilwanyana ziya kubaluleka ukuqinisekisa ukufunyaniswa kwabantu kwindawo elawulwa ngakumbi, kunceda ukufumanisa ukuba utshintsho oluchongiweyo lwe-methylation lunempembelelo kwimpilo ye-metabolic, kunye nokutyhila iindlela eziphantsi komgaqo we-epigenetic phakathi kwezizukulwana / ze-transgenerational. Ukuchongwa kweendlela ze-causal eziphantsi kweempendulo zememori ye-metabolic, indlela yokudluliselwa kweziphumo ze-phenotypic kwizizukulwana ezilandelelanayo, iqondo lempembelelo kunye nokuzinza kweempawu ezidluliswayo, kunye nokuchongwa komxholo obanzi kunye nokumanyanisayo wendaleko kukwahlala kuyimibuzo ebalulekileyo ekufuneka iqwalaselwe. . Le yokugqibela isoloko igqunyelelwe yingqikelelo yempendulo eguqukayo exelwe kwangaphambili, okt, impendulo kwimeko-bume elindelweyo yexesha elizayo eyandisa ukomelela kwabantu. Nangona kunjalo, le ngcamango iye yathandabuza kakhulu njengoko kukho ubungqina obulinganiselweyo bokukhula kokuqina komzimba kamva ebomini [87].

Ngesishwankathelo, iziphumo zithembisa, njengoko utshintsho lwe-epigenetic ludibaniswa nempilo yabantu abadala kunye nokusebenza njengomlamli phakathi kokutya kokubeleka kokubeleka kunye nokwanda komngcipheko weziphumo zempilo ezingekho mzimba. Amatshwa epigenetic amatsha afunyenwe adibene namanyathelo empilo yokuxilonga. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo zolwazi lwe-genomic kuye kwandise inkxaso engakumbi kwiimeko zokubambisana, kwaye kukho izifundo ezongezelelekileyo ezibonisa iziphumo zendalo yangaphambili kunye neyokuzalwa emva kwe-epigenome kunye nempilo. Nangona kukho imibuzo ebalulekileyo ehleliyo, ukuqhubela phambili kwindlela yokwenziwa kwezinto ezikhoyo kwangoku kwenze ukuba iindidi zezifundo ezininzi ezijoliswe ngabantu ziza kufuneka ukuba zijongane nezikhewu zolwazi. Iiminyaka elishumi ezayo ithembisa ukuba yithuba lomsebenzi omkhulu kule ndawo ebalulekileyo yophando.

USusan J. van Dijk1, uRoss L. Tellam2, uJanna L. Morrison3, uBeverly S. Muhlhausler4,5 noPeter L. Molloy1 *

Ukunyanzela umdla

Ababhali bavakalisa ukuba abanalo inxaxheba.

Igalelo lababhali
Bonke ababhali babenegalelo ekuqulunqweni nasekuhlaziyweni okubalulekileyo kwincwadi yesandla, kwaye bonke abalobi bafunde baze bavunywa umbhalo wesigqi wokugqibela.

Ulwazi lwababhali
UBeverly S. Muhlhausler kunye noPeter L. Molloy babambene nabalobi bokugqibela.

Imibulelo

Lo msebenzi usexhaswe yigranti evela kwiNgxowa-mali yeSayensi kunye neNkampani (Grant RP03-064). I-JLM kunye ne-BSM zixhaswa yiNational Health and Medical Research Council (CBL), i-APP1066916; i-BSM, i-APP1004211). Siyabulela uLance Macaulay noSue Mitchell ukuze bafunde ngokubalulekayo kunye namazwana kwi-text.

Iinkcukacha zobhali

I-1CSIRO Ukutya kunye neZondlo zeFlagship, i-PO Box 52, iNorth Ryde, i-NSW 1670, i-Australia. I-2CSIRO I-Flagship yezoLimo, i-306 ye-Carmody Road, i-St Lucia, i-QLD 4067, i-Australia. I-3Imvelaphi yokuqala yeQela loPhando lwezeMpilo yaBadala, iSikolo seKhemesti kunye neSayensi yezoNyango, iSansom Institute yoPhando lwezeMpilo, iYunivesithi yaseMzantsi Australia, i-GPO Box 2471, i-Adelaide, i-SA 5001, i-Australia-4FOODplus Research Centre, i-Waite Campus, iYunivesithi yase-Adelaide, i-PMB 1, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. 5Iziko loPhando ngeMpilo yabasetyhini kunye nabantwana, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia.

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