Ukuzila Ukutya Ukutya Ukuchazwa

Ukuqonda ukutya kweProLon Ukuzila ukutya

Ukuzila ukutya kunxulumene neenzuzo ezininzi zezempilo; ukusuka ekutyekeni kwesisindo ukuya kuphila ixesha elide. Zininzi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuzila ukutya, ezifana nokuzila okukhawuleza. Ukuzila ukutya ngokutya kukuvumela ukuba ube neenzuzo zokutya ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokulahla umzimba wakho wokutya. Uhlobo oluphambili lwe-FMD kukuba endaweni yokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ukutya konke iintsuku eziliqela okanye iiveki, uvumela kuphela ikhalori yakho ukuba uyenzele iintsuku ezintlanu ngaphandle kwenyanga. FMD inokusetyenziswa kanye ngenyanga ukwenzela ukukhuthaza impilo.

Nangona nabani na onokulandela i-FMD ngokwabo, i ProLon Ukuzila ukutya ukutshatya ukutya kunika inkqubo ye-5 yosuku lokutya oluye lwaphawulwa ngabanye kwaye lubhalwe usuku ngalunye kwaye lusebenza ukutya okufunayo kwi-FMD ngobungakanani obuchanekileyo kunye nokudibanisa. Iprogram yokutya iqulethwe ngokulungele ukutya okanye ukulungiselela ukulula, ukutya okusezityalo, kubandakanya imivalo, isobho, ukutya, ukutya, ukuxiliswa kwamanzi kunye ne teas. Iimveliso zenzelwe isayensi kwaye zizonambitha kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokuqala Ukuzila ukutya kweProLon yokulinganisa ukutya, inkqubo yeentsuku ezi-5 zokutya, nceda qiniseka ukuthetha nomsebenzi wezonyango ukuze ubone ukuba i-FMD ilungile kuwe. Injongo yocwaningo olungaphantsi apha kukubonisa iindlela zee molecular kunye nezicelo zekliniki zokuzila ukutya kwi-FMD.

Ukuzila: Iinkqubo zeMolcular and Applications Clinical

Ukuzila ukutya kuye kwenzelwa iwaka leminyaka, kodwa kuphela kutshanje Uphando luye lwakhanyisa indima yayo kwiimpendulo zamaselula ezithintekayo ezinciphisa umonakalo ochaphazelekayo kunye nokuvuvukala, ukwandisa umbane wamandla kunye nokukhuselwa kwamaselula. Kwi-eukaryoti esezantsi, ukuzila okungapheliyo kwandisa ixesha elide nge-reprogramming metabolism and stress resistance paths. Ngaphakathi iinduku Ukuzila ukutya kwangaphakathi okanye ngokukhawuleza kukukhusela kwisifo sikashukela, isifo somhlaza, isifo senhliziyo kunye ne-generation generation, ngelixa kubantu kunceda ukunciphisa ukukhuluphala, ukuxinzeleleka kwengqondo, isifo se-asthma kwaye irheumatoid Arthritis. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuzila ukudla kunokulibaziseka ukuguga kwaye kuncede ukukhusela kunye nokunyanga izifo ngelixa ukunciphisa iziphumo ezimbi ezibangelwa ukungenelela okungapheliyo.

intshayelelo

Ebantwini, ukuzila ukutya kufezekiswa ngokungangenisi okanye ubuncinci bokutya kunye neziselo zekhalori zexesha eliqala ukusuka kwiiyure ezili-12 ukuya kwiiveki ezintathu. Amaqela amaninzi enkolo abandakanya ixesha lokuzila kwimikhuba yabo kubandakanya amaSilamsi azila ukutya kwasekuseni kude kube ngorhatya ngenyanga yeRamadan, kunye namaKristu, amaJuda, amaBuddha kunye namaHindu abathi ngokuzila ukutya ngeentsuku ezichaziweyo zeveki okanye zekhalenda. Kwiiklinikhi ezininzi, abaguli ngoku bajongwa ngoogqirha ngelixa befumana amanzi kuphela okanye ikhalori esezantsi kakhulu (engaphantsi kwama-200 kcal / ngosuku) ixesha lokuzila elihlala kwiveki e-1 okanye ixesha elide kulawulo lobunzima, kunye nokukhusela izifo kunye nonyango. Ukuzila ukutya kwahlukile kuthintelo lwekhalori (CR) apho ukutya kweekhalori zemihla ngemihla kuncitshiswa ngokungapheliyo ngama-20-40%, kodwa ukutya rhoqo kugcinwa. Ukulamba ngendlala endaweni yoko kukungabikho kwesondlo esingapheliyo esisetyenziswa njengegama endaweni yokuzila ukutya, ngakumbi kwii-eukaryotes ezisezantsi, kodwa ikwasetyenziselwa ukuchaza iindlela zokuzila kakhulu, ezinokubangela ukonakala kunye nokufa. Ngoku siyazi ukuba ukuzila kubangela i-ketogenesis, ikhuthaza utshintsho olunamandla kwiindlela zemetabolism kunye neenkqubo zeselfowuni ezinje ngoxinzelelo lokumelana noxinzelelo, i-lipolysis kunye ne-autophagy, kwaye zinokuba nezicelo zonyango ezithi kwezinye iimeko zisebenze njengezo zamachiza avunyiweyo njengokuncitshiswa kokubanjwa kunye nomonakalo wobuchopho obunxulumene nokubanjwa kunye nokuphucula i-rheumatoid arthritis (UBruce-Keller et al., 1999; Hartman et al., 2012; Muller et al., 2001). Njengoko kucacisiwe kwintsalela yeli nqaku, iziphumo zophando ezilawulwa kakuhle kwizilwanyana zovavanyo, kunye neziphumo ezivela ebantwini zifundo, bonisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzila ukutya kunokubonelela ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokunciphisa ubunzima, ukulibaziseka ukuguga, nokuphucula impilo. Nantsi sihlaziya iimpembelelo ezithandekayo kunye ezinamandla zokuzila ukutya kuquka ukuzila ukudla ngokukhawuleza (Ukuba kukho, kuquka ukuzila ukudla okunye, okanye ukuzila ukudla kabili, umzekelo) kunye nokuzila ukudla (PF) ihlala ixesha elide okanye ngaphezulu kwe2 okanye kwiiveki ezingaphezulu. Sigxila ekuzileni nasekunciphiseni ingxoxo ye-CR, isihloko sihlaziywe kwenye indawo (Fontana et al., 2010; Masoro, 2005).

Izifundo ezivela kwi-Simple Oiinqununu

Iziphumo ezimangalisayo ze-20 40% CR yokuguga kunye nezifo kwiimpuku kunye neempuku zihlala zijongwa njengeempendulo eziguqulwe kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo ukuze zilungelelane nexesha lokufumaneka kokutya okuncinci (UFontana noKlein, 2007; UFontana et al., 2010; IMasoro, 2005; iWeindruch kunye neWalford, 1988). Nangona kunjalo, iindlela zeselfowuni kunye neemolekyuli ezinoxanduva lokhuselo lweCR kungenzeka ukuba ziguqukele kumawaka ezigidi zeminyaka ngaphambili kwiiprokaryoti ezizama ukuhlala kwindawo enkulu okanye zingenayo kwaphela imithombo yamandla ngelixa zithintela umonakalo oxhomekeke kubudala onokuthi uthintele ukomelela komzimba. Ngapha koko, u-E. Coli utshintshile ukusuka kwi- zityebi Umhluzi kwindawo engenasikhalori uphila amaxesha ama-4 ubude, isiphumo esiguqulwa ngokongezwa kwezondlo ezahlukeneyo kodwa hayi i-acetate, umthombo wekhabhoni onxulunyaniswa neemeko zendlala (Umzobo 1A) (UGonidakis et al., 2010). Iziphumo zesityebi esiphakathi kodwa hayi i-acetate ekunciphiseni ixesha elide iphakamisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba umthombo wekhabhoni ofana nomthombo wekhabhoni onjenge-acetate unokuba yinxalenye yenkqubo ye-metabolic ternalternate metabolic eyavela kwiibhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwizinto ezincinci kwaye ngoku ivumela izilwanyana ukuba ziphile Ngexesha lokunqongophala kokutya ngokufumana amandla amaninzi ngokwenza i-fatty acids kunye nemizimba ye-ketone kubandakanya i-acetoacetate kunye? -hydroxybutyrate (Cahill, 2006).

Kwimvubelo S. cerevisiae, ukutshintsha amangqamuzana ukusuka kwizinga eliqhelekileyo lokukhula ukuya kwamanzi kubangela ukuba ukwanda kwexesha lokuphila kwimizuzu ye-2 kunye nokunyuka okukhulu kokuxhatshazwa kweengxaki ezininzi (Umfanekiso 1B) (Longo et al., 1997; Longo kunye al., 2012). Izindlela zokunyuswa kokutya okuxhomekeke ekudleni kokutya kunokubandakanya ukulawulwa kwe-amino acid-S6K (iSX9) kunye ne- i-glucose iphendula I-Ras-adenylate cyclase-PKA endleleni eya kusebenziselwa i-serine / threonine kinase i-Rim15, i-enzyme ephambili edibanisa iimpendulo zokukhusela (Fontana et al., 2010). Ukungasebenzi kwe-Tor-S6K, i-Ras-AC-PKA kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-Rim15 kwiphulo lokunyuka kwezinto eziphilayo ezibandakanya i-superoxide dismutases kunye neeproteni zokuphazamiseka uxinzelelo uxanduva Izinto zokubhaliselwa uNkskNUMX, uNks2 kwaye I-GIS1, efunekayo kwininzi yeziphumo ezikhuselekileyo ezibangelwa kukunqongophala kokutya (Wei et al., 2008). Ngokuphawulekayo, xa utshintshelwe kwiimeko zokunqongophala kokutya, zombini iibhaktheriya kunye nemvubelo yokungena kwimodi ye-hypometabolic evumela ukuba bancitshiswe ukusetyenziswa kwemithombo ye-carbon reserve kwaye banokuqokelela amanqanaba aphezulu e-ketone-like acetic acid, ngokufanayo nezilwanyana ezincelisayo.

Olunye uhlobo oluthile lomzimba ekuzila ukutya okuqhubekayo kwindlela yokuphila i-nematode C. elegans. Izimo zokunqongophala kokutya ezifezekileyo ngokufumana izilwanyana ezincinci okanye ezingekho bhaktheriya, zikhokelela ekunyuseni okukhulu kwixesha lokuphila (Umfanekiso 1C) (Kaeberlein et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2006), efuna i-AMPK kunye nokunyaniseka kokunyanzelisa I-DAF-16, ngokufanayo nendima yezinto ezibhaliweyo zeNknxNUMX / 2 kunye ne-Gis4 kwimvubelo kunye nee-FOXO kwizimpukane kunye nezilwanyana (uGerer et al., 1). Ukuncishwa kokutya okungapheliyo kwandisa ubomi kwiC. elegans ngeendlela ezibandakanya i-GTPase encinane i-RHEB-1 (Honjoh et al., 2009).

Ngezimpukane, uphando oluninzi lubonisa ukuba ukungabikho kokutya okuphakathi kokuchaphazelekayo akuchaphazeli ubomi (Grandison et al., 2009). Nangona kunjalo, ukunciphisa ukutya okanye ukuhluthwa kokutya kuye kwabonakaliswa ngokuqhubekayo kwandisa i-Drosophila longevity (i-Piper kunye ne-Partridge, i-2007) ebonisa ukuba iimpukane zinokuzuza kwizithintelo zokutya kodwa zinokuthi zivelele nakwixesha elifutshane leendlala.

Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukungabikho kokutya kunokubangela iziphumo ezinobungakanani bexesha elide kwizinto ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo, kodwa kwakhona ugxininise ukuba izilwanyana ezahlukeneyo zineempendulo ezahlukeneyo zokuzila ukutya.

Izimpendulo ezixhasayo zokuzila ukutya kuMizidlo

Kwizilwanyana ezininzi ezincelisayo, isibindi sisebenza njengendawo yokugcina i-glucose, egcinwa ngendlela ye-glycogen. Kubantu, ngokuxhomekeka kwinqanaba lomsebenzi wokwenyama, i-12 kwiiyure ze-24 zokuzila ngokuqhelekileyo iphumela kwi-20% okanye iyancipha ngakumbi kwi-serum glucose kunye nokunciphisa i-glycogen ye-hepatic, ihamba kunye nomtshintshi kwi-metabolic imo apho i-non-hepatic glucose, i-body-derived ketone bodies kwaye iiasidi zamafutha ezisimahla zisetyenziswa njengemithombo yamandla (Amanani 2 kunye 3). Ngelixa uninzi lwezicubu zinokusebenzisa ii-acid ezinamandla, ngexesha lokuzila ixesha elide, ingqondo ixhomekeke kwimizimba ye-ketone? -Hydroxybutyrate kunye ne-acetoacetate ukongeza kwiswekile yokusetyenziswa kwamandla (Umzobo 3B). Imizimba ye-ketone iveliswa kwii-hepatocytes ezivela kwi-acetyl-CoA eveliswe kuyo? i-oxidation ye-fatty acids ekhutshwe kwigazi nge-adipocytes, kunye nokuguqulwa kwee-amino acid ze-ketogenic. Emva kokupheliswa kwe-hepatic glycogen, imizimba ye-ketone, i-glycerol ethathwe ngamafutha, kunye neakhawunti ye-amino acids kwisizukulwana esixhomekeke kwigluconeogenesis esimalunga ne-80 yeegramu / usuku lweswekile, esetyenziswa kakhulu yingqondo. Kuxhomekeke kubunzima bomzimba kunye nokwakheka, imizimba yeketone, iiasidi ezinamafutha asimahla kunye negluconeogenesis zivumela uninzi lwabantu ukuba luphile iintsuku ezingama-30 okanye ngaphezulu ngokungabikho kokutya kwaye luvumele iintlobo ezithile, ezinje ngeenkosi zephengwini, ukuba ziphile ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezi-5. ngaphandle kokutya (U-Eichhorn et al., 2011) (Umzobo 3C). Ebantwini, ngexesha lokuzila ixesha elide, amanqanaba e-plasma ye-3-? - I-hydroxybutyrate imalunga namaxesha ama-5 ezo zii-acid zamahala kunye ne-acetoacetic acid (Umzobo 3A kunye no-3B). Ingqondo kunye namanye amalungu asebenzisa imizimba ye-ketone kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-ketone ketolysis, apho i-acetoacetic acid kunye ne-3 -? - ihydroxybutyrate iguqulwa yenziwa i-acetoacetyl-CoA kunye ne-acetyl-CoA. Olu hlengahlengiso kwimetabolism kukuzila kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo zikhumbuza ezo zichazwe ngaphambili kwi-coli kunye negwele, apho i-acetic acid iqokelela khona ekuphenduleni ukuswela ukutya (UGonidakis et al., 2010; Longo et al., 2012). Kwigwele, iswekile, acetic acid kwaye i-ethanol, kodwa ingeyiyo i-glycerol ekwaveliswa nayo ngexesha lokuzila ukutya ekonakaleni kwamafutha, ukukhawulezisa ukuguga (UFabrizio et al., 2005; Wei et al., 2009). Yiyo ke le nto, imisebenzi ye-glycerol njengomthombo wekhabhoni ongasebenziyo kwindlela yokuguga yesondlo ebonisa umendo kodwa inokwenziwa ikhutshwe ziiseli. Kuya kubaluleka ukuqonda ukuba imithombo eyahlukeneyo yekhabhoni eveliswe ngexesha lokuzila ukutya ichaphazela njani ukhuseleko lweselula kunye nokuguga. kunye nokuchonga ukuba ngaba i-glycerol, imizimba ethile ye-ketone okanye i-fatty acids inokubonelela ngesondlo ngelixa inciphisa ukuguga kwamaselula kwizilwanyana ezincancisayo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuphakanyiswe ziziphumo zendlela yokutya ye-ketone eyandulelayo kwimodeli yegundane yesifo se-Alzheimer's (Kashiwaya et al., 2012) . Kuya kuba kubalulekile ukuba sifunde, kwiimodeli ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo kunye nabantu, indlela ukutya okuphezulu kweentlobo ezithile zamafutha (aphakathi- kunye namaxesha amade e-asidi, njl. Njl.) Endaweni yeecarbohydrate kunye neeproteni ezinefuthe kwigloneonegenesis kunye namanqanaba eswekile ngokunjalo njengokuguga kunye nezifo.

Ukuzila nokuBongo

Kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo, i-CR enkulu / ukunyanzelwa kokutya kubangela ukuncipha ngobukhulu bezitho ezininzi ngaphandle kobuchopho, kunye namathambo kumaduna esilisa (i-Weindruch ne-Sohal, i-1997). Ukususela kwimvelo nembono oku kuthetha ukuba ukugcinwa kwezinga eliphezulu ingqiqo ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko zokunqongophala kokutya kubaluleke kakhulu. Enyanisweni, impawu yokuziphatha ezigcinwe kakhulu kuzo zonke izilwanyana kufuneka zisebenze xa zilambile kwaye zihlala zihlala zithe zanyuka. Kwiintsuku, iintsuku ezitshintshileyo zokutya nokutya okuqhelekileyo (IF) zinokuphucula ukusebenza kobuchopho njengoko kuboniswe yimpumelelo ekusebenzeni kwiimvavanyo zokuziphatha zengqondo kunye nomsebenzi wemoto (Singh et al., 2012) kunye nokufunda kunye nenkumbulo (Fontan-Lozano et al. , 2007). Izimpendulo zendlela yokuziphatha kwi-IF zidibaniswa nokuphuculwa kweplastiki ye-synaptic kunye nokunyuka kwemveliso ye-neurons emitsha kwi-neural stem cells (Lee et al., 2002).

Inomdla umdla ngokubhekiselele kwimpendulo eguquguqukileyo yengqondo ekunciphiseni ukufumaneka kokutya ngexesha lokuziphendukela kwabantu ezivela kwingqondo neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Iigesi ezifakela i-BDNF kunye ne-receptor yayo ye-TrkB yabonakala kwi-genomes ngoku nje ngokuba zikhoyo kwiindawo ezilwanyana, kodwa zingekho kwiimbungu, iimpukane kunye neentlobo eziphantsi (Chao, 2000). Imisebenzi evelele ye-BDNF ekulawuleni ukutya kwamandla kunye nenkcitho kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo is Iqaqanjiswe yinto yokuba ii-receptors zazo zombini i-BDNF kunye ne-insulin zidityaniswe kwi-PI3 kinase-Akt, kunye ne-MAP kinase signaling pathways (Umzobo 4). Izifundo zeempuku kunye neempuku zibonise ukuba ukuqhuba ivili lokuqhuba kunye ne-IF yonyusa ukubonakaliswa kwe-BDNF kwimimandla eliqela yengqondo, nokuba i-BDNF yinxalenye yomlamli wokuzivocavoca- kunye nokuphuculwa kwe-IF-yeplaptic ye-synaptic, neurogeneis kunye ne-neuronal ukumelana nokwenzakala kunye nezifo (jonga amacandelo okuzila ukutya kunye neurodegeneration engezantsi). Ukutyikitywa kwe-BDNF kwingqondo kunokuphindisa indlela yokuziphatha kunye nokuphendula komzimba ekuzileni nasekuzilolongeni kubandakanya umgaqo wokutya, amanqanaba emisebenzi, iswekile yeglucose metabolism kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo lweenkqubo zentliziyo kunye nezesisu (UMattson, 2012a, b; URothman et al., 2012) .

Indlala yempendulo ekuphenduleni ekudleni kokutya okubandakanya utshintsho lwezinto ezinengqondo, ingqiqo kunye neurootocrine ezikhuthaza kwaye zenze ukuziphatha kokufuna ukutya. Kuye kucetyiswa ukuba unxibelelwano lwe-neuronal elambile indlala, i-neuropeptides kwaye iihormoni zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiziphumo eziluncedo kuthintelo lwamandla ekugugeni nakwisifo. Njengobungqina, xa iimpuku apho i-hypothalamic hunger peptide NPY inyanzeliswa ngokukhethekileyo igcinwe kwi-CR yokutya, amandla e-CR okucinezela ukukhula kwethumba ayapheliswa (Shi et al., 2012). Olu phononongo lwamva luqhubekeka lubonisa ukuba ukubanakho kwe-CR yokunyusa ukujikeleza kwamanqanaba e-adiponectin kuye kwachaphazeleka kwiimpuku ezingenanto ze-NPY, iphakamisa indima ephambili kwimpendulo yendlala esembindini kulungelelwaniso lwamandla endocrine kuthintelo lwamandla. Amanqanaba eAdiponectin anyuka ngokuqatha ekuphenduleni ukuzila ukutya; kunye nedatha iphakamisa indima ye-adiponectin kwiziphumo ezilungileyo ze-IF kwinkqubo yentliziyo (Wan et al., 2010). Impendulo yendlala inokuphucula ukusebenza komzimba ngexesha lokuguga njengoko iimpuku ezingenayo i-ghrelin zibonisa ukukhawulezisa ukungasebenzi kwe-thymic ngexesha lokuguga, kunye nonyango lweempuku zobudala obuphakathi kunye ne-ghrelin yonyusa amanani e-thymocyte kwaye iphucula ukwahluka okusebenzayo kweepheripheroli zeeseli zeT T (Peng et al., 2012 ). Ukongeza kwizenzo zayo kwiiseli ze-hypothalamus kunye ne-peripheral endocrine, ukuzila kunokunyusa imisebenzi yenethiwekhi ye-neuronal kwimimandla yobuchopho ebandakanyeka kulwazi, kukhokelela kwimveliso ye-BDNF, iplastiki ye-synaptic eyandisiweyo kunye nokunyamezeleka koxinzelelo (Rothman et al., 2012). Yiyo loo nto indlala inokuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekubandakanyeni iimpendulo eziguqukayo kumbindi nakwipheripherical kumngeni wokuncitshiswa kokutya ixesha elide.

Ukuzila, Ukuguga, kunye Nezifo Kwi-Rodent Models

Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuzila nokuguga

Ulwahluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-IF kunye ne-PF kwiimiceba bubungakanani kunye nobude beendlela zokuzila ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba ii-cycles zihlala zihlala iiyure ze-24 kwaye zihlala zodwa kwiintsuku ezimbalwa, kanti i-PF yimizuzu yokugqibela ye-2 okanye ngaphezulu kweentsuku kwaye ubuncinane ubuncinane beveki ye-1, okuyimfuneko ukuze iigundane ziphinde zibuye ziphinde ziphinde zenzeke. Uhlobo olulodwa kwiinguqu zee molecular ezibangelwa yimigangatho yokuzila ngokugqithisileyo yimpembelelo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zokukhula kunye nabamakishi be-metabolic, kunye ne-IF ebangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho oluthe gqolo ngaphandle kwe-PF. Kuya kuba kubalulekile ukuchonga indlela uguquko oluthile lweenguqu ezinje ezifana nokunciphisa i-IGF-1 kunye ne-glucose kuthintela ukukhuselwa kwamaselula, izifo kwaye ixesha elide. Inkqubo ephandle kakhulu yophando ye-IF ekufundeni kwezilwanyana ukuguga iye yinto yokuzila ukudla okunye (ukutya kuhoxiswa kwiiyure ze-24 kwiintsuku ezongezelelweyo, ngamanzi ahlinzekwa nge-ad libitum) (i-Varady ne-Hellerstein, i-2007). Ubungakanani bemiphumo yokuzila okunye okuqhubekayo kwixesha elide kwiindonga zixhomekeke kwiintlobo kunye nobudala kwi-regimen ku qalisa, kwaye inokuluhlula ukusuka kumphumo ongalunganga ukuya kwi-80 yokwandiswa kwexesha lokuphila (Arum et al., 2009; Goodrick et al., 1990). UKUBA iminye iminye imihla yandisa ixesha lokuphila kwamagundane ngaphezu kokuzila ukudla zonke ii-3rd okanye i-4th ngosuku (uCarlson noHelzel, 1946). Ukuzila ukutya kweeyure ze-24 kabini ngeveki kwimpilo yabantu abadala kwenza kubekho ukwanda okwenziwe kwimihla yokuphila kwamagundane amnyama (iKendrick, 1973). Kwiingqungquthela, ukuhlanganiswa kokutya okunye okunye kunye nokunyathela kwindlela yokunyathela isisombululo kubangele ukugcinwa okukhulu kobutyebi obungaphezu kwe-IF okanye ukusetyenziswa kuphela (Sakamoto noGrunewald, 1987). Kuyathakazelisa ukuba xa amagumbi agcinwa kwii-10 kwiiveki kwi-PF yokutya apho bazila ukutya i-3 iintsuku ezilandelelanayo nganye ngeveki, babengenakuncipha kakhulu kwi-hypoglycemia ngexesha le-2 iiyure zokubhukuda okunzima ngenxa yokuqokelela kwazo izitolo ezinkulu ze-glycogen kunye ne-triglycerides (Favier no Koubi, 1988). Impendulo emininzi yempilo yokuzila ukutya iyafana neyo kubangelwa ukuvuthwa kwe-aerobic rhoqo kuquka ukunyuka kwe-insulin kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwamangqamuzana, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nentliziyo yexabiso, kunye nokunyuka kwezinga lentliziyo ngenxa yethoni ye-parasympathetic eyandisiweyo (Umfanekiso 2) (Anson kunye al., 2003; Mager et al., 2006; Wan et al., 2003). Iziphumo ezivelayo zibonisa ukuba umzimba kunye nokuba unqanda ukuguga kunye nezinye izifo ezinxulumene neminyaka ngokwabelana ngezinto ezibandakanya ukulungiswa koxinzelelo lweselula (iStanahan neMattson, i-2012). Nangona kunjalo, kwimimandla emibili yemfuyo eyahlukileyo, IF ayinakwandisa ubomi bendoda kwaye yanciphisa ubomi xa iqaliswe kwiinyanga ze-10 (Goodrick et al., 1990). Xa kuqaliswe kwiinyanga ze-1.5, ukuba ngaba ikhulile ixesha okanye ayizange ibe nempembelelo (Umfanekiso 1D) (Goodrick et al., 1990). Ezi ziphumo kwiigorantsho zibhekiselele kwimiphumo yokuzila ukutya ngexesha lokuphila, kodwa kwanomfuneko wokuqonda okungcono uhlobo lokuzila okuya kunandisa umonakalo wexesha elide kunye neendlela ezijongene neziphumo ezinobungozi ezinokubambisana nokuguga ziphumo. Ngokomzekelo, enye inokwenzeka ukuba ukuzila kunokuhlala kukhusela kubantwana kwaye ufakwe kwiminyaka ephakathi iigorathri zelabhoratri ezinokufumana okanye ukugcina ubunzima bomzimba, kodwa zingalimaza kwizilwanyana ezindala, ngokufanayo nabantu, ziqala ukulahlekelwa isisindo ngaphambi kokufa kwazo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kanti iibhaktheriya, imvubelo kunye nabantu bangaphila kwiiveki okanye ngaphezulu ngaphandle kwezondlo, ubuninzi beentlanzi abakwazi ukuhlala ngaphezu kweentsuku ze-3 ngaphandle kokutya. Ukulahleka kwexabiso elixhomekeke kwixesha elide kunokwenza ubu bubele kwixesha elide lokuzila ukudla.

Ukuzila ukutya kunye noCi-ancer

Ukuzila ukutya kunokuba nemiphumo emihle in ukukhusela umdlavuza kunye nonyango. Kwiigundane, ukuzila okunye kwangexesha lokubangela kubangela ukunciphisa kakhulu iziganeko ze-lymphomas (Descamps et al., 2005) kunye nokuzila ukudla kwe-1 ngosuku ngeveki kulibaziseka i-tumorigenesis ngokuzenzekelayo kwimicebe ye-P53-deficient (Berrigan et al., 2002). Nangona kunjalo, ukwehla okukhulu kwi-glucose, i-insulin kunye ne-IGF-1 ebangelwa ngokuzila ukudla, ehamba kunye nokufa kwesisele kunye / okanye i-atrophy kwiintlobo ezininzi zezicubu kunye nezitho ezibandakanya isibindi kunye neentso, zilandelwa lixesha elingaphantsi kwamaselula ukwanda kwezi zicubu eziqhutywe yinxalenye ngokuzaliswa kwezinto zokukhula ngexesha lokuphelisa. Xa zidibaniswa ne-carcinogens ngexesha lokuphelisa, lo msebenzi wanda kakhulu unokwandisa i-carcinogenesis kunye / okanye izilonda ezingaphambi komhlaza kwiishubhu ezibandakanya isibindi kunye ne-colon (Tessitore et al., 1996). Nangona ezi zifundo zigxininisa isidingo sokuba bunzulu ukuqonda iindlela zayo zokusebenza, ukuzila ukutya kulindeleke ukuba ube nomhlaza wokukhusela njengoko kuboniswe zifundo ezilapha ngasentla kunye neziphumo ezithi ukuzila ukutya ngokukhawuleza kunokusebenza njengokhemotherapy ekhatywayo kwindlela yokwelashwa kwamanye amagciwane eentlanzi (Lee et al ., 2012).

Kunyango lomhlaza, ukuzila ukutya kuye kwaboniswa ukuba kube neziphumo ezihambelanayo kunye neziphumo ezilungileyo. I-PF yeentsuku ezi-2 3 yaboniswa ukukhusela iimpuku kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamachiza e-chemotherapy, isiphumo esibizwa ngokuba kukunganyangeki koxinzelelo (DSR) ukubonisa ukungabinakho kweeseli zomhlaza ukuba zikhuselwe ngokusekwe kwindima ye-oncogenes ekumiseni kakubi uxinzelelo kuxinzelelo, ngenxa yoko Ukunika iiseli zomhlaza, ngokwenkcazo, azikwazi ukukhuselwa ekuphenduleni iimeko zokuzila (Umzobo 5) (URaffaghello et al., 2008). I-PF ikwabangela uvakalelo olukhulu lweeseli zomhlaza ezahlukeneyo kunyango lwe-chemo, kuba ikhuthaza imeko egqithileyo ngokudibeneyo neemeko zoxinzelelo ezibangelwa yichemotherapy. Ngokuchasene nelizwe elikhuselweyo elingeniswe ziiseli eziqhelekileyo ngexesha lokuzila, iiseli zomhlaza azikwazi ukuziqhelanisa, into ebizwa ngokuba kukwahluka koxinzelelo kuxinzelelo (DSS), esekwe kwimbono yokuba uninzi lotshintsho alunampumelelo kwaye uninzi lotshintsho oluqokelelwe kwiiseli zomhlaza lukhuthaza ukukhula phantsi kweemeko ezisemgangathweni kodwa ukubanikezela kungasebenzi kakuhle ekuziqhelaniseni neemeko ezigabadeleyo (U-Lee et al., 2012). Kwiimodeli zegundane zamathumba e-metastatic, indibaniselwano yokuzila ukutya kunye ne-chemotherapy ebangela i-DSR kunye ne-DSS, kukhokelela kuma-20 ukuya kuma-60% okusinda komhlaza ngaphandle komhlaza xa kuthelekiswa namanqanaba afanayo ekhemotherapy okanye ukuzila ukutya kukodwa, akwanelanga ukubangela ukusinda komhlaza ngaphandle komhlaza. (U-Lee et al., 2012; Shi et al., 2012). Ke, umbono wokuba umhlaza unganyangwa ngeeveki zokuzila wedwa, wenza amashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo, ingayiyo kuphela okwenyaniso, ubuncinane uhlobo oluthile lweekhensi, kodwa kulindeleke ukuba lube lucala kwezinye iindidi zeekhensi. Ukusebenza kwexesha elide lokuzila ukudla (iiveki ze-2 okanye ixesha elide) kunyango lomhlaza kuyakufuneka ihlolwe kwizilingo zeekliniki ezicwangcisiweyo ngokuthe ngqo ukuba iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo zibandakanya ukungondleki kwaye mhlawumbi i-immune system kwaye inokukhuselwa kwamanyathelo athile. Ngokwahlukileyo, idatha yezilwanyana ezivela kwii-laboratories ezininzi zibonisa ukuba ukudibanisa kokujikeleza ngokuchithwa kwe-chemotherapy kusebenza ngokubanzi kwaye kusebenza ngokukhawuleza ekuphuculeni inkcazelo ye-chemotherapeutic kwaye inamandla okuguqulela. Uninzi lwezilingo eziqhubekayo kufuneka ziqalise ngokukhawuleza ukugqiba ukuphumelela kokuzila ukutya ekuphuculeni unyango lomhlaza kwiklinikhi.

Ukuzila ukutya kunye Nyenyuka

Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo lwe-libitum-fed, iigundane kunye neempuku ezigcinwe kwindawo yokutya ye-IF zibonisa ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwe-neuronal kunye nokudodobala, kunye neempawu zeklinikhi ezimbalwa kwiimodeli zesifo i-Alzheimer's (AD), isifo sika-Parkinson's (PD) kunye nesifo sikaHuntington (HD). Ezi modeli zibandakanya iimpuku ze-transgenic ezibonisa uguquko lomntu oguqula i-AD (i-amyloid precursor protein kunye ne-presenilin-1) kunye ne-frontotemporal lobe dementia (Tau) (Halagappa et al., 2007), PD (? -Synuclein) (Griffioen et al. , 2012) kunye ne-HD (Huntingtin) (UDuan et al., 2003), kunye neemodeli ezisekwe kwi-neurotoxin ezifanelekileyo kwi-AD, PD kunye ne-HD (UBruce-Keller et al., 1999; UDuan noMattson, 1999). Izilwanyana ezikukutya kwe-IF nazo zihamba ngcono kune-ad libitum-fed controls emva kokonzakala okuqatha kubandakanya ukuxhuzula okukhulu, ukubetha, kunye nengqondo eyenzakalisayo kunye nokwenzakala kwethambo lomqolo (Arumugam et al., 2010; UBruce-Keller et al., 1999; IPlunet et al., 2008).

Iinkqubo ezininzi zamaseli ezidibeneyo zenza igalelo ekuncedeni i-IF kwiinkqubo zeentlanzi kuquka ukuqokelela okuncitshiswa kwee-molecule ezilimazayo, i-bioenergetics eziphucukisiwe zamandla, ukuphucula i-neurotrophic factor factor, kunye nokunciphisa ukuvutha (Mattson, 2012a). Iindlela zokugqibela ze-neuroprotective zixhaswa zifundo ezibonisa ukuba ukuba ukutya kukunyusa amanqanaba okukhusela i-antioxidant, i-neurotrophic (BDNF kunye neFGF2) kunye neeprotheyini ze-properones (HSP-70 kunye ne-GRP-78), nokunciphisa amanqanaba ezivuthayo ii-cytokines (TNF?, IL-1? kunye ne-IL-6) (Umzobo 4) (Arumugam et al., 2010). Ukuba i-IF inokukhuthaza ukubuyiswa kweesekethe zeseli zemithambo-luvo eyonakalisiweyo ngokukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-synapse kunye nokuveliswa kwee-neurons ezintsha ezivela kwiiseli ezineseli (neurogenesis) (Lee et al., 2002). Into enomdla kukuba, ngelixa iluncedo kwiimodeli zezona meko zininzi ze-neurodegenerative, kukho ubungqina bokuba ukuzila kunokukhawulezisa i-neurodegeneration kwezinye iimodeli ze-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba iimoto zemoto ezichaphazelekayo kwezi modeli azikwazi ukuphendula ngokuchanekileyo kuxinzelelo olulinganisiweyo olubangelwa kukuzila ( UMattson et al., 2007; UPedersen kunye noMattson, 1999).

Ukuzila ukutya kunye neMetabolic Syndrome

I-syndrome ye-Metabolic (MS), echazwe njengendlela yokukhubazeka kwesisu, idibene ne-insulin ukuxhathisa, i-triglycerides ephakamileyo kunye / okanye i-hypertension, yandisa kakhulu ingozi yesifo senhliziyo, isifo sikashukela, isifo kwaye AD. Amathanga kunye neigundlo ezigcinwe phantsi kwesimo sokutya se-libitum eziqhelekileyo zivelisa i-MS-like phenotype njengoko ikhula. I-MS nayo inokunyanzeliswa kwizilwanyana ezincinci ngokubondla ukutya okuninzi kwi-fat and sugars elula (uMartin et al., 2010). Ukuba iyakwazi ukukhusela nokuguqula zonke iinkalo ze-MS kwiindandatho: i-fat fat, inflammation kwaye uxinzelelo lwegazi luyancitshiswa, ukwanda kweemvakalelo ze-insulin, kunye namandla okusebenza kweenkqubo zeemvakalelo, ze-neuromuscular kunye ne-cardiovascular systems ziphuculwe (Castello et al., 2010; Wan et al., 2003). I-Hyperglycemia iyaphuculwa yi-IF kwiimodeli ezinesifo seswekile (I-Pedersen et al., 1999) kwaye intliziyo ikhuselekile ekonzakaleni kwe-ischemic kwiimodeli ze-infyoction ye-myocardial (Ahmet et al., 2005). Iziphumo ezikhuselayo zokuzila ukutya ngokuchasene neschemic renal kunye nokwenzakala kwesibindi kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza, ngeentsuku ezi-1 ukuya kwezi-3 zokuzila ukutya kuphucula ukusebenza kokusebenza kunye nokunciphisa ukwenzakala kwezicubu kunye nokufa (UMitchell et al., 2010). Iintsuku ezintandathu kukutya okungekhoyo kwi-amino acid ebalulekileyo njenge-tryptophan kunokubangela utshintsho kwimetabolism kunye noxinzelelo koxinzelelo, olufana nolo lubangelwa kukuzila ukutya, are xho mekeke kwi-amino acid ekwazi ukubona i-kinase Gcn2 (Peng et al., 2012).

Utshintsho oluninzi lwe-hormonal olubonisa i-MS kubantu. A zi bonwayo kwiigulane ezigcinwe kwiidlo eziphezulu kunye neeshukela ezibandakanya amanqanaba aphezulu e-insulin kunye ne-leptin kunye namazinga aphantsi adiponectin kunye ne-ghrelin. Amanqanaba e-leptin aphakanyisiwe ngokuqhelekileyo abonakalisa i-a ezivuthayo urhulumente, kanti i-adiponectin kunye ne-ghrelin inokukhusela ukuvutha nokunyusa ubuninzi bentulin (Baatar et al., 2011; Yamauchi et al., 2001). Ukuqhawuka kwendawo kwinqanaba le-hypothalamic elilawula ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye nenkcitho kunokuncedisa ukulinganisela kwamandla okuqhubekayo e-MS (iMilanski et al., 2012). Ukuzila ukutya kubangela ukuthotywa kwe-insulin kunye namazinga e-leptin kunye nokuphakama kwe-adiponectin kunye namazinga e-ghrelin. Ngokunyusa i-insulini kunye ne-leptin ukuzwela, ukunqanda ukuvuvukala nokukhuthaza ukuzimela, ukuzila ukutya kuguqula yonke into engafanelekanga ye-MS kwiindandatho (Singh et al., 2009; Wan et al., 2010). Ekugqibeleni, ngaphezu kweempembelelo zayo ezininzi kwiiseli kuwo wonke umzimba kunye nengqondo, UKUBA unokwenza utshintsho kwi-microbiota yegciwane ekhusela i-MS (iTromaroli ne-Backed, 2012). Ngokwemvelo, umngeni wokusebenzisa iindlela zokuzila ukutya ngokubhekiselele ekunakekeleni i-MS kubantu kubaluleke kakhulu, njengokuba abanye abantu abagqithisileyo banokuba nobunzima ekulandeleni i-IF ixesha elide.

Ukuzila ukutya kweProLon yokulinganisa ukutya yinkqubo yokutya yeentsuku ezi-5 equka ukuphuhliswa kwezenzululwazi kunye nokuvavanywa kwezonyango, izithako zendalo "ezikhohlisa" umzimba womntu kwindlela yokuzila. I-FMD iphantsi kwii-carbohydrate kunye neeproteni kwaye iphezulu kumafutha. Ukuzila ukutya kweProLon yokulinganisa ukutya kukhuthaza izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo ezisempilweni, kubandakanya ukunciphisa umzimba kunye nokunciphisa amanqatha esiswini, lonke elixa kugcinwa ubunzima bemizimba ekhokelayo, amanqanaba amandla aphuculweyo, ulusu oluthambileyo nolubukeka lusempilweni, kunye nempilo kunye nokuba sempilweni. FMD no ku khuthaza ixesha elide.

UDkt Alex Jimenez DC, i-CCST Insight

Ukuzila, Ukuguga, kunye Nezifo ku-Humans

Ukuzila ukutya kunye neengxaki ezichaphazelekayo ekuguga

Idatha yeklinikhi kunye ne-epidemiological iyaqhubeka h amandla okuzila ukutya ukuguga inkqubo yokuguga kunye nezifo ezihambelana nazo. Imiba emikhulu echaphazelekayo ekuguga kwayo isizukulwana sayo esiphuthumayo ngeendlela zokuphila ezinobungqingili kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwamandla abantu kubandakanya: i-1) umonakalo ochaphazelekayo kwiiprotheni, i-DNA kunye ne-lipids; 2) ukuvuvukala; 3) ukuqokelela kweeprotheni ezingasebenziyo kunye ne-organelles; kunye ne-4) i-glucose ephezulu, i-insulin kwaye I-IGF-I, nangona i-IGF-1 idinga ngokuguga kunye nokusilela kwayo kakhulu inokudityaniswa neentsholongwane ezithile (i-Bishop et al., I-2010; i-Fontana ne-Klein, i-2007). Abakhonkethi beSerum yomonakalo owenzayo kunye nokuvuvukala kunye neempawu zekliniki ziyancitshiswa kwisithuba seeveki ezi-2 4 kwizigulana zesifo sombefu ezigcinwe kwindlela yokutya yokuzila kwemihla ngemihla (UJohnson et al., 2007). Kwangokunjalo, xa ngeentsuku ezi-2 / ngeveki ukutya ukutya okunesisindo kwabasetyhini abasemngciphekweni womhlaza wamabele kubonisiwe ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative kunye nokudumba (Harvie et al., 2011) kunye namadoda amadala abonisa ukuncipha kubunzima bomzimba kunye namanqatha omzimba, kunye nokuphucula imeko (Teng et al., 2011). Iziphumo ezongezelelekileyo zokuzila ukutya kwiiseli zomntu ezinokuthi zithathelwe ingqalelo njenge- anti-ukuguga ziyathintela indlela ye-mTOR, ukukhuthaza i-autophagy kunye ne-ketogenesis (Harvie et al., 2011; Sengupta et al., 2010).

Phakathi kweziphumo eziphambili zokuzila ukutya ezichaphazelekayo ukuguga nezifo utshintsho kwimigangatho ye-IGF-1, i-IGFBP1, i-glucose, kunye ne-insulin. Ukuzila ukutya kwe-3 okanye iintsuku ezininzi kubangela ukuba i-30% okanye ngaphezulu iyancipha ekujikelezeni i-insulini kunye ne-glucose, kunye nokuhla kwehla ngokukhawuleza kumanqanaba njenge-insulin ukukhula kwe-1 (IGF-1), into ebalulekileyo yokukhula kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo, kunye ne-insulin inxulumene nokuguga kunye nomhlaza (Speedana et al., 2010). Kubantu, iintsuku ezintlanu zokuzila ukutya kubangela ukuhla kwe-60% kwi-IGF-1 kunye ne-5 okanye inyuke ephakamileyo kwenye yeenqununu ezinkulu ze-IGF-1-inhibiting: IGFBP1 (Lesen et al., 1994a). Esi siphumo sokuzila kwi-IGF-1is kakhulu ngenxa yokunyanzelwa kweprotheni, kwaye ngokukodwa ukuthintela i-amino acid ebalulekileyo, kodwa ixhaswa ne-calorie ukuvalwa ngenxa yokunciphisa amazinga e-insulin ngexesha lokuzila ukudla ukunciphisa kwi-IGF-1 (Lesen et al., 1994a). Ngokuphawulekayo, kubantu, ukulungiswa kwekhalori engapheliyo akukho ekuhlalweni kwe-IGF-1unless kunye ne-protein (Restana et al., 2008).

Ukuba i-IF inokufezekiswa ngokuncipha kokuncipha kwekhalori iyonke ukuba ixesha lokuhlaziya apho izifundo zitya kakhulu. Yiyo ke loo nto, imijikelezo yokuzila ukutya ibonelela ngesicwangciso esiliqili sokufezekisa iziphumo ezilungileyo zeCR, kunye neziphumo ezinamandla, ngaphandle komthwalo wokungondleki okungapheliyo kunye nezinye zeziphumo ezinokubakho ezinxulumene nokulahleka kobunzima okanye ii-BMIs eziphantsi kakhulu. Ngapha koko, izifundo ezinesisindo sokutyeba ngokutyebileyo (i-BMI ye-25-30) kubomi bamva zinokuthi zinciphise umngcipheko wokufa xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo ezinobunzima obuqhelekileyo (iFlegal et al., 2013). Nangona ezi ziphumo zinokuchaphazeleka bubukho bezinto ezikhoyo ezikhoyo okanye eziphuhlisayo kwiqela elilawulayo lobunzima, zigxininisa isidingo sokwahlula phakathi kwabantu abancinci kunye nabantu abadala abanokusebenzisa i-CR okanye ukuzila ukutya ukunciphisa ubunzima okanye ukulibazisa ukuguga. Nangona ungenelelo olugqithisileyo lokutya ngexesha lokuguga lusenokuqhubeka nokukhusela kwizifo ezinxulumene nobudala, zinokuba nefuthe elibi kumajoni omzimba kunye nokukwazi ukuphendula kwizifo ezithile ezosulelayo, amanxeba kunye neminye imiceli mngeni (Kristan, 2008; Reed et al., 1996). Nangona kunjalo, i-IF okanye i-PF eyilelwe ukuthintela ukunciphisa umzimba kunye nokwandisa ukondla kunokuba nakho ukuba neziphumo ezihle kwizifo ezosulelayo, amanxeba kwaye ezinye iziqalekiso nangona zidala kakhulu. Ukutya kwezifundo kunokufezekiswa ngokufezekisa i-IF okanye i-PF kunye nezifundo ezincinci kunye nezikhulu ukuvavanya umphumo we-IF okanye i-PF imirhumo kwimpawu zokuguga, umhlaza, ukuqonda kwaye Ukunyamezela kuqhubeka (V. Longo noMn. Mattson).

Ukuzila ukutya kunye noCi-ancer

Ukuzila ukutya kunakho ukufaka izicelo ekukhuselweni komhlaza kunye nonyango. Nangona akukho datha yoluntu ekhoyo kwi-IF okanye iPP ekukhuselweni komhlaza, isiphumo sayo ekunciphiseni i-IGF-1, i-insulin kunye ne-glucose, kunye nokwanda kwamazinga omzimba we-IGFBP1 kunye ne-ketone kungavelisa indawo yokukhusela eyenza umonakalo we-DNA kunye ne-carcinogenesis, ngexesha elifanayo ukudala iimeko ezichasayo zesifo kunye neeseli zangaphambi komhlaza (Umfanekiso 5). Enyanisweni, ukuphakanyiswa kwe-IGF-1 ephakamileyo kuhambelana nomngcipheko okhulayo wokuphuhlisa umdlavuza othile (Chan et al., 2000; Giovannucci et al., 2000) kunye nabantu abane-IGF-1 ekwenzeni ubuchule obukhulu obubangelwa ukulahleka kwe-hormone ye-receptor, Guevara-Aguirre et al., 2011; uShava noLaron, 2007; Steuerman et al., 2011). Ukongezelela, i-serum evela kulezi zihloko ze-IGF-1de ezizikhuselekileyo ezikhuselekileyo ziseli ze-epithelial ezivela kumonakalo we-DNA obangela uxinzelelo. Ukongezelela, xa iDNA yabo yonakaliswe, iiseli zazingenakwenzeka ukuba zifakwe kwiiselfini zokufa (uGuevara-Aguirre et al., 2011). Ngako oko, ukuzila ukutya kunokukhusela kumhlaza ngokunciphisa umonakalo we-cellular kunye ne-DNA kodwa kwakhona ngokuphucula ukufa kweeseli zangaphambi komhlaza.

Kwisifundo sokuqala kwezifundo ze-10 ezineentlobo ezininzi zeentlondi, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-chemotherapy nokuzila ukutya kwaphumela ekunciphiseni kwimiba echaphazelekayo echaphazelekayo ebangelwa yi-chemotherapy xa kuthelekiswa nezifundo ezifanayo zifumana i-chemotherapy ngexesha lokutya okuqhelekileyo (Safdie kunye al., 2009). Impembelelo yokuzila ukutya kwe-chemotherapy kunye nokunyuswa komhlaza ngoku ivavanywa kwizilingo ze-klinikhi kwi-Yurophu nase-US (0S-08-9, 0S-10-3).

Ukuzila ukutya kunye Nyenyuka

Ukuqonda kwethu kwangoku kwimpembelelo ye-IF kwiinkqubo zeentlanzi kunye nemisebenzi yengqiqo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwizifundo zezilwanyana (jonga ngasentla). Uphando lweeNkcazo ukufumana ingqwalasela yokuzila kwi-brain function kunye neenkqubo ze-neurodegeneneral disease.

Emva kwenyanga yesi-3 4, i-CR iphucule ukusebenza kwengqondo (inkumbulo yomlomo) kubafazi abagqithisileyo (UKretsch et al., 1997) nakwizifundo zabantu abadala (Witte et al., 2009). Kwangokunjalo, xa izifundo ezinokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okucothayo zigcinwa kwinyanga e-1 kwisidlo esisezantsi se-glycemic, zibonise imemori ebonakalayo yokulibaziseka, i-cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers ye-A? imetabolism kunye nengqondo ye-bioenergetics (Bayer-Carter et al., 2011). Izifundo apho umsebenzi wokuqonda, ubungakanani bengqondo yengingqi, imisebenzi yenethiwekhi ye-neural, kunye nohlalutyo lwe-biochemical ye-cerebrospinal fluid ilinganiswa kwizifundo zabantu ngaphambi nangexesha elandisiweyo le-IF kufuneka icacise ifuthe le-IF kulwakhiwo lobuchopho bomntu kunye nokusebenza.

Ukuzila ukutya, ukuvutha kwaye Hypertension

Emntwini, omnye weyona miboniso mihle yeziphumo zokuzila ukutya ixesha elide ukuya kwiiveki ezi-3 kunyango lwe-rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Ngokuvumelana neziphumo kwiirandi, akukho mathandabuzo okuba ngexesha lokuzila zombini ukudumba kunye nentlungu ziyancitshiswa kwizigulana zeRA (Muller et al., 2001). Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuba ukutya kwesiqhelo kuqale kwakhona, ukudumba kuyabuya ngaphandle kokuba ixesha lokuzila lilandelwa kukutya kwemifuno (Kjeldsen-Kragh et al., 1991), unyango oludibeneyo oluneziphumo eziluncedo ezihlala iminyaka emibini okanye nangaphezulu (Kjeldsen-Kragh et al., 1994). Ukunyaniseka kwale ndlela kuxhaswa zizifundo ezine ezilawulwa ngokwahlukeneyo, kubandakanya izilingo ezimbini ezingahleliwe (UMuller et al., 2001). Ke ngoko, ukuzila ukutya kudityaniswe nokutya kwemifuno kwaye kunokwenzeka kunye nezinye izidlo eziguqulweyo kunika iziphumo eziluncedo kunyango lwe-RA. Olunye usuku IF ukuba lukhokelele ekunciphiseni okubonakalayo kwi-serum TNF? kunye neekeramide kwizigulana zesifuba ngexesha leenyanga ezi-2 (Johnson et al., 2007). Olu phononongo lwamva luqhubeke lubonakalise ukuba amanqaku oxinzelelo lwe-oxidative ahlala enxulunyaniswa nokudumba (iprotein kunye neepid oxidation) zincitshiswe kakhulu ekuphenduleni i-IF. Ke ngoko, kwizigulana ezininzi ezinakho kwaye zikulungele ukunyamezela ukuzila ukutya ixesha elide kunye nokutshintsha ngokusisigxina ukutya kwabo, imijikelezo yokuzila ukutya ayinakuba nakho ukonyusa kuphela kodwa iphinde ithathe indawo yonyango esele lukhona.

Amanzi kuphela kunye nezinye iindlela zokuzila ukudla kwexesha elide sele zibhalwe ukuba zibe nefuthe elinamandla kwixinzelelo. Umyinge weentsuku ze-13 zamanzi kuphela ukuzilalela ekuphumeleleni systolic uxinzelelo lwegazi (BP) ngezantsi kwe-120 kwi-82% yezifundo ezinomda wexinzelelo lwemida kunye ne-20 mm ye-Hg yokunciphisa kwi-BP (iGoldhamer et al., 2002). I-BP yahlala iphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nesiseko nasemva kokuba izifundo ziphinde zaqala ukutya okuqhelekileyo kwi-avareji yeentsuku ze-6 (IGoldhamer et al., 2002). Isifundo esincinci somqhubi wezigulana ezinexinzelelo (i-140 mm nangaphezulu kwe-systolic BP) ikwabonakalise ukuba iintsuku ezili-10-11 zokuzila ukutya zibangele ukwehla kwe-37-60 mm kwi-systolic BP (Goldhamer et al., 2001). Ezi zifundo zokuqala ziyathembisa kodwa zigxininisa isidingo sophando olukhulu olulawulwayo nolungenamkhethe olugxile kwizicwangciso zokuzila amaxesha ngamaxesha ezinokwenzeka kwinxalenye enkulu yabemi.

Kuzo zombini uxinzelelo lwegazi RA kuya kuba kubalulekile ukuphuhlisa i-PF ukuxelisa ukutya okunokusebenza njengemigangatho yokuzila ukutya echazwe ngasentla kodwa inyanzeleke kakhulu ininzi yezigulane.

Ukuzila ukutya kunye neMetabolic Syndrome

Ukuzila ngokukhawuleza kunokuguqula izixhobo ezininzi ze-syndrome ye-metabolic kubantu: iphakamisa ukuvezwa kwe-insulin, ivuselela i-lipolysis kwaye iyanciphisa uxinzelelo lwegazi. I-fat body kunye negazi zancitshiswa kwaye i-glucose imetabolism ithuthukisiwe kwizifundo ezigqithiseleyo ngokuphendula ngenye imini eguqulelwe ngokukhawuleza (Klempel et al., 2013; Varady et al., 2009). Izifundo ezigqithiseleyo zigcinwe kwiinyanga ze-6 kwi kabini ngeveki Ukuba ukutya apho batya khona kuphela i-500-600 yeekhalori kwiintsuku zokuzila ukutya, ukulahleka kwamafutha esiswini, kubonise ukuphucuka kobuntununtunu be-insulin kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwegazi (Harvie et al., 2011). Iiveki ezintathu zokuzila ukutya kolunye usuku zikhokelele ekunciphiseni amanqanaba omzimba kunye nenqanaba le-insulin ubunzima obuqhelekileyo (i-Heilbronn et al., i-2005) kunye ne-Ramadan yokuzila ukudla (ii-2 zokutya / iintsuku ezihlukeneyo malunga neeyure ze-12) kwizifundo ezine-MS zenze ukuba kunciphise amandla emzi ngemihla, kunciphise amazinga e-glucose we-plasma kunye nokwanda kwe-insulin (u-Shariatpanahi et al., 2008). Izifundo ezithatha i-coronary angiography ezithi zizila ukudla rhoqo zibonise ukusabalala kwesifo sikashukela ngokuthelekiswa nabangabonakaliyo (uHorne et al., 2012). Imiphumo ye-Anti-metabolic syndrome iziphumo ze-IF nazo zibonwa kwintsapho enempilo (i-BMI ye-25) emva kweentsuku ze-15 zokuzila ukudla okunye: i-body-body glucose increase rates yanda kakhulu, amanqanaba e-plasma ketone kunye ne-adiponectin zaphakanyisiwe, zonke kwenzeka ngaphandle kokunciphisa okukhulu ngokomzimba (Halberg et al., 2005). Ezi ziphumo zokugqibela zifana nedatha evela kwizifundo zezilwanyana ezibonisa ukuba i-IF ingakwazi ukuphucula i-glucose metabolism nokuba ingatshintshi okanye ingabi natshintsho (Anson et al., 2003). Kuya kubaluleka ukugqiba ukuba ngaba ixesha lokuzila ixesha elide elikhuthaza ukutshintshwa okunamandla kwi-fat breakdown kunye ne-ketone umzimba-based metabolism, kunokudala ixesha elide kunye nemiphumo enamandla.

Izigqibo kunye neNcomelo

Ngokusekelwe kubungqina obukhoyo bezilwanyana kunye nezifundo zabantu ezichazwe, siphetha ukuba kukho amathuba amakhulu okuphila okubandakanya ukuzila ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokuphila komntu omdala ukukhuthaza impilo efanelekileyo kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko wezifo ezingapheliyo, ngokukodwa kulabo abanomzimba ogqithiseleyo kunye nabahlali. Izifundo zezilwanyana ziye zabonisa iziphumo ezinamandla neziguqukayo zokuzila ukutya kwiinkalo zezempilo kuquka ukukhathazeka okukhulu kwe-insulin, kunye nokunciphisa amanqanaba egazi, i-fat fat, i-IGF-I, i-insulin, i-glucose, i-lipids ye-atherogenic kunye nokuvuvukala. Ukuzila ukutya kuya kuphucula iinkqubo zezifo kwaye kuphuculwe umphumo wokusebenza kwimimiselo yezilwanyana eziphazamisayo ezibandakanya i-myocardial infarction, isifo sikashukela, i-stroke, i-AD kunye ne-PD. Enye indlela esetyenziswayo yokuzila ukutya kukuba kubangela izimpendulo zokuxinwa kwamaseli eziguquguqukayo, okubangela ukuba kube namandla okunyamezela uxinzelelo olunzulu kunye neenkqubo zokulwa nezifo. Ukongezelela, ngokukhusela iiseli ezivela kumonakalo we-DNA, ukunqanda ukukhula kweseli kunye nokuphucula i-apoptosis yeeseli ezilimele, ukuzila ukutya kunokukhawuleza kunye / okanye ukukhusela ukubunjwa nokukhula kweekomhlaza.

Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lweerejimeni zokuzila azange lwenziwe ebantwaneni, abantu abadala kakhulu nabangaphantsi kobunzima, kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba i-IF kunye ne-PF zinokuba yingozi kwaba bantu. Ixesha lokuzila ukutya elihlala ixesha elide kuneeyure ezingama-24 kwaye ngakumbi ezo zihlala iintsuku ezi-3 okanye nangaphezulu kufuneka zenziwe phantsi kweliso likagqirha kwaye ngokukhethekileyo kwiklinikhi. Iindlela ze-IF- kunye ne-PF esekwe ekulweni nezifo zangoku zokutyeba kakhulu, isifo seswekile kunye nezifo ezinxulumene noko kufuneka zilandelwe kwizifundo zophando lomntu kunye nezicwangciso zonyango. Umahluko okhoyo kwimigqaliselo yokuzila ukutya eyamkelweyo kwizifundo ezityebe kakhulu ijikeleza kumxholo oqhelekileyo wokungatyi ukutya kunye neziselo ezinekhalori ubuncinci iiyure eziyi-12 - 24 ngosuku olunye okanye nangaphezulu evekini okanye ngenyanga, kuxhomekeke kubude, kudityanisiwe ngokwenza umthambo rhoqo. Kulabo batyebileyo, oogqirha banokucela abaguli babo ukuba bakhethe ungenelelo olusekwe ekukhuleni abakholelwa ukuba banokuthobela ngokusekwe kwiishedyuli zabo zemihla ngemihla nezeveki. Imizekelo ibandakanya i- 5: 2 IF ukutya (uHarvie et al., 2011), olunye usuku olulungisiweyo lokutya ukutya (Johnson et al., 2007; Varady et al., 2009), usuku lwe-4 5 ngokukhawuleza okanye ikhalori ephantsi kodwa ukutya okuphezulu ukuzila ukutya okulinganisa ukutya kanye kwiinyanga ezi-1 3 kulandelwa kukutsiba kwesona sidlo sikhulu mihla le xa kufuneka (V. Longo, uvavanyo lwezonyango luyaqhubeka). Enye yezinto ezixhalabisayo ngokutya okungalinganiyo okunje ngezi apho ukutya kweekhalori ezisezantsi kujongwa kuphela iintsuku ezi-2 ngeveki ziziphumo ezinokubakho kwisingqisho se-circadian kunye ne-endocrine kunye neenkqubo zesisu, ezaziwayo ukuba ziphenjelelwa yimikhwa yokutya. Ngexesha lokuqala le-4 ukuya kwi-6 iiveki zokuphunyezwa kwerejimeni yokuzila, ugqirha okanye umtyi obhalisiweyo kufuneka abe nonxibelelwano rhoqo nesigulana ukujonga inkqubela phambili kunye nokubonelela ngengcebiso kunye nokujonga.

Iirejimeni zokuzila nazo zinokulungelelaniswa nezifo ezithile njengokuma wedwa okanye unyango olwenziweyo. Iziphumo zovavanyo lokuqala lwe-IF (ukuzila ukutya iintsuku ezi-2 ngeveki okanye ngalo lonke usuku) kwizifundo zabantu zibonisa ukuba kukho ixesha elibalulekileyo lenguqu kwiiveki ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-6 ngelo xesha ingqondo nomzimba ziqhelana nendlela entsha yokutya kunye nomoya ophuculweyo. (UHarvie et al., 2011; uJohnson et al., 2007). Nangona uqikelelo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngeli xesha lokugqibela lokutshintsha kwengqondo kwi-neurochemistry ukuze i-'addiction 'yokutya rhoqo ukutya kuyo yonke imini yoyiswe. Ngokukodwa, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzila ukutya zinokubanomda wokusebenza ngakumbi ekugugeni nakwimeko ngaphandle kokutyeba ngaphandle kokuba kudityaniswe nokutya okunje ngokutya okuphakathi kwekhalori kunye nokutya okusekwe kwizityalo eziseMeditera okanye zaseOkinawa ukutya okuneprotein ephantsi (0.8 g protein / Kg yomzimba ubunzima ), ihlala inxulunyaniswa nempilo kunye nokuphila ixesha elide.

Kwixesha elizayo, kuya kuba kubalulekile ukudibanisa idatha ye-epidemiological, iziphumo zabantu abahlala ixesha elide kunye nezidlo zabo, iziphumo ezivela kwiimpawu zendalo ezidibanisa izixhobo ezithile zokutya kunye nezinto ezinokuguga, kunye nedatha kwizifundo zokuzila ukutya kwabantu , ukuyila iinjongo ezinkulu zekliniki ezidibanisa ukutya ngokutya okunokuthi zikhusele kwaye zizonandipha. Ukuqonda okungcono kweendlela ze-molecular ngokuzila ukutya kuthintela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli kunye neenkqubo zesebe kufuneka zikhokele ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo yokuvelisa i-prophylactic kunye neendlela zokwelapha ezahlukeneyo.

Thatha Umyalezo Wasekhaya

Ukutya okuxelisa ukutya kukunikezela okufanayo kokutya ngokuqhelekileyo ngokunciphisa ikhalori yakho iintsuku ezintlanu ngaphandle kwenyanga kunokuphelisa ngokupheleleyo ukutya konke iintsuku okanye iiveki. I ProLon Ukuzila ukutya ukuxelisa ukutya kunika inkqubo ye-5 yosuku lokutya oluye lwaphawulwa ngabanye kwaye lubhalwe ngobungakanani obuchanekileyo kunye nokudibanisa kwimihla ngemihla. Nangona uphando olusentla luye lwabonisa izibonelelo zezempilo zokuzila ukudla, nceda qiniseka ukuthetha nochwepheshe bezempilo ngaphambi kokuba uqale Ukuzila ukutya kweProLon yokulinganisa ukutya, inkqubo yeentsuku ezi-5 zokutya ukufumanisa ukuba i-FMD, okanye nayiphi na enye yokutya, ilungile.

Ifomu elipapashwe, lokugqibela lokufunda uphando olukhankanywe ngasentla lenziwe kufumaneka kulo I-NIH yoLuntu yokuFinyelela uMbhalo wesandla kwi-PMC ngoFebhuwari 4, 2015. Ubungakanani beenkcukacha zethu zikhawulelwe kwi-chiropractic, imiba yempilo yomgudu, kunye nezihloko zonyango ezisebenzayo. Ukuqhubela phambili ukuxoxa ngale ndaba, nceda ukhululeke ukubuza uDkt Alex Jimenez okanye uqhagamshelane nathi 915-850-0900 .

Ikhutshwe nguDkt. Alex Jimenez

U khankanywe kwi: Nih.gov

Ingxoxo eyongezelelweyo yesihloko: Ubuhlungu obuBuya buhlungu

Umqolo obuhlungu enye yezona zizathu ezibangeleko zokukhubazeka kunye neentsuku eziphosakeleyo emsebenzini jikelele. Iintlungu ezibuhlungu emva kwesizathu sesibini esivakalayo sokutyelela iofisi yee-dokotela, zibalwa kuphela ngezifo eziphezulu zokuphefumula. Phantse i-80 ipesenti yoluntu iya kubakho ubuhlungu ubuncinane kanye kanye ebomini babo. Umgudu wakho uyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esakhiwa ngamathambo, amajoyina, iigaments, kunye nezihlunu, phakathi kwezinye iifomthi ezithambileyo. Ukulimala kunye / okanye imeko ekhutshweyo, njengaye disni, ekugqibeleni unokukhokelela kwiimpawu zentlungu. Ukulimala kwezemidlalo okanye ukulimala kwengozi yeemoto ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa yintlungu yokubuhlungu, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ukuhamba kwezinto ezilula kunokuba neziphumo ezibuhlungu. Ngethamsanqa, ezinye iindlela zokhathalela unyango, ezifana nokunyamekelwa kwe-chiropractic, kunokunceda ukubuyisela intlungu emva kokusetyenziswa kwemilenze kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo, ekugqibeleni ukuphucula intlungu.

XYMOGEN's Iifomula zeeNgqungquthela zodwa zifumaneka ngokukhetha abaqeqeshi bezempilo abanemvume. Intengiso ye-intanethi kunye nokuhlaziywa kwamafomula e-XYMOGEN ayinqatshelwe.

Iqhayiya, UDkt. Alexander Jimenez yenza i-XYMOGEN ifomula ifumaneka kuphela kwizigulane ezingaphantsi kwethu.

Nceda ufonele iofisi yethu ukuze sikwazi ukudlulisela udokotela ngokubonisana nokufikelela ngokukhawuleza.

Ukuba uyigulane Iiklinikhi zoNyango kunye neKliniki yeChiropractic, unokubuza malunga ne-XYMOGEN ngokubiza 915-850-0900.

Ukuze ube lula kwaye uhlaziywe XYMOGEN mveliso nceda uhlolisise le nxu lumene. *I-XYMOGEN-Inkcazo-umxokozelo

* Zonke iipolisi ze-XYMOGEN ezingentla zihlala zisebenza ngokuthe ngqo.

***