Ukutshintshwa kweSini: Ukuvakalisa kunye nokuQinisekisa ukuSaziswa kweSini

Utshintsho lwesini yinkqubo yokuqinisekisa kunye nokuvakalisa imvakalelo yangaphakathi yomntu ngokwesini kuneyo eyabelwe ekuzalweni. Ukufunda imiba yesini kunye nenguqu yesini kunokunceda njani ukuxhasa LGBTQ + uluntu?

Ukutshintshwa ngokwesini

Utshintsho ngokwesini okanye uqinisekiso lwesini yinkqubo apho abantu abatshintshe isini kunye nabantu abangahambelaniyo nesini balungelelanisa ubuni babo bangaphakathi kunye nembonakalo yabo yesini yangaphandle. Inokuchazwa njengeyesibini - indoda okanye ibhinqa - kodwa isenokungabi yeyabini, okuthetha ukuba umntu akangomntu oyindoda okanye umfazi kuphela.

• The Inkqubo inokubandakanya inkangeleko yobuhle, utshintsho kwiindima zentlalo, ukwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni, kunye / okanye imiba yomzimba..
• Isiqinisekiso soluntu - ukunxiba ngokwahlukileyo okanye ukuphuma kubahlobo kunye nosapho.
• Isiqinisekiso somthetho – ukutshintsha igama nesini kumaxwebhu asemthethweni.
• Uqinisekiso lwezonyango - ukusebenzisa amahomoni kunye / okanye utyando ukutshintsha imiba ethile yomzimba wabo.
• Abantu abatshintshe isini banokulandela ezinye okanye zonke ezi.

Izithintelo

Ukutshintshwa ngokwesini kunokuthintelwa yimiqobo eyahlukeneyo enokubandakanya:

• ixabiso
• Ukunqongophala kwe-inshurensi
• Ukunqongophala kosapho, abahlobo, okanye inkxaso yeqabane.
• Ulwahlulo
• bempilo

Ukujongana nayo yonke imiba

Inkqubo ayinalo ixesha elithile kwaye ayisoloko inomgca.

• Uninzi lwabantu abatshintshe isini kunye nabantu abangahambelani nesini bakhetha ukuqinisekiswa ngokwesini kunotshintsho lwesini kuba utshintsho luhlala luthathwa luthetha inkqubo yokuguqula umzimba ngokwezonyango.
• Umntu akunyanzelekanga ukuba afumane unyango ukuze aqinisekise ukuba ungubani, kwaye abanye abantu abatshintshe isini bayawaphepha amahomoni okanye utyando oluqinisekisa isini.
• Utshintsho yinkqubo epheleleyo ejongene nayo yonke imiba yokuba umntu ungubani na ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
• Imiba ethile yotshintsho inokubaluleka ngakumbi kunabanye, njengokutshintsha igama lomntu kunye nesini kwisatifikethi sabo sokuzalwa.
• Ukuphononongwa kwakhona kunye nohlaziyo lwesazisi sesini kunokuba yinto eqhubekayo kunokuba inyathelo ngenyathelo, inkqubo yendlela enye.

Ukuphonononga ubuni besini

Utshintsho lwesini luhlala luqala ukuphendula kwi-dysphoria yesini echaza ukuziva ungakhululekanga okwenzekayo xa isini esabelwe umntu ekuzalweni singahambelani nendlela abafumana ngayo okanye baveze isini sabo ngaphakathi.

• Abanye abantu baye bafumana iimpawu ze-dysphoria yesini ekuqaleni kweminyaka emi-3 okanye emi-4 ubudala. (Selin Gülgöz, et al., 2019)
• I-dysphoria yesini inokwaziswa ubukhulu becala yinkcubeko ejikeleze umntu, ngokukodwa kwiinkcubeko apho iikhowudi ezingqongqo zigqiba ukuba yintoni indoda / indoda kunye nomfazi / umfazi.

Ukunganeliseki Kubonakaliswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo

• Ukungayithandi indalo yomntu yezesondo.
• Ukukhethwa kwempahla edla ngokunxitywa sesinye isini.
• Ukungafuni ukunxiba iimpahla ezinxitywa ngokwesini sabo.
• Ukukhethwa kweendima zesini kumdlalo wefantasy.
• Ukhetho olumandla lokuzibandakanya kwimisebenzi eyenziwa ngokwesiqhelo sesinye isini.

Dysphoria

• I-dysphoria yesini inokuvela ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lokufikisa xa ukuqonda malunga nendlela umzimba womntu ozichaza ngayo kudala uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi.
• Iimvakalelo zinokwandiswa xa umntu echazwa njenge-tomboy, okanye i-sissy, okanye ugxekwa kwaye uhlaselwe ukwenza njengentombazana okanye ukwenza okwenkwenkwe.
• Ngexesha lokufikisa, utshintsho lomzimba lunokubangela iimvakalelo ezihlala ixesha elide zokungangeni kwaye zinokuvela kwiimvakalelo zokungafaneleki emzimbeni wabo.
• Kuxa abantu benokuthi bangene kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yinguqu yangaphakathi kwaye baqale ukutshintsha indlela abazibona ngayo.

Utshintsho ngokwesini/uqinisekiso iba linyathelo elilandelayo. Utshintsho alukho malunga nokutshintsha okanye ukuzidala kwakhona kodwa malunga nokuvakalisa ubuntu babo bokwenyani kwaye baziqinisekise ukuba bangoobani ngokwentlalo, ngokusemthethweni, kunye/okanye ngokwezonyango.

Social

Inguqu kwezentlalo ibandakanya indlela umntu abonakalisa ngayo isini sakhe esidlangalaleni. Utshintsho lunokubandakanya:

• Ukutshintsha izimelabizo.
• Ukusebenzisa igama elikhethiweyo.
• Ukuphuma kubahlobo, usapho, osebenza nabo, njl.
• Ukunxiba iimpahla ezintsha.
• Ukusika okanye ukuhombisa iinwele ngokwahlukileyo.
• Ukutshintsha indlela yokuziphatha njengokuhamba, ukuhlala, njl.
• Ukutshintsha ilizwi.
• Ukubopha - ukubopha isifuba ukufihla amabele.
• Ukunxiba iiprosthetics zebele kunye nehip ukugxininisa ukugoba kwabasetyhini.
• Ukupakisha - ukunxiba i-penile prosthesis ukwenza i-penile bulge.
• Ukuqhobosha – ukuqhobosha ilungu lobudoda ukufihla iqhubu.
• Ukudlala imidlalo ethile
• Ukulandela imigca eyahlukeneyo yomsebenzi.
• Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi enokuthi ibonakale njengendoda okanye ibhinqa.

Legal

Utshintsho olusemthethweni lubandakanya ukutshintsha amaxwebhu asemthethweni ukuze abonise igama elikhethiweyo lomntu, isini, kunye nezimelabizo. Oku kuquka amaxwebhu karhulumente nangekho phantsi kukarhulumente anokuquka:

• Izatifikethi zokuzalwa
• I-ID yoKhuseleko lweNtlalo
• Iimpepha zokuqhuba
• Iipaspoti
• Iirekhodi zebhanki
• Iirekhodi zonyango kunye namazinyo
• Ubhaliso lwabavoti
• I-ID yesikolo
• Izibonelelo ezivumela utshintsho zinokwahluka ngokwelizwe.
• Amanye amazwe avumela utshintsho kuphela ukuba utyando olusezantsi - ukwakhiwa ngokutsha kwamalungu angasese kuyenziwa.
• Abanye baya kuvumela utshintsho ngaphandle naluphi na uhlobo lotyando oluqinisekisa isini.
• Amanye amazwe aqalise ukubonelela ngokhetho lwesini se-X kubantu abangengowombini. (UWesley M King, uKristi E Gamarel. 2021)

Medical

Utshintsho lwezonyango lubandakanya unyango lwehomoni ukuphuhlisa ezinye zeempawu zesini zamadoda okanye abasetyhini. Isenokubandakanya utyando ukutshintsha imiba ethile yomzimba edityaniswe nonyango lwehomoni.

• Unyango lweHormone lunceda abantu ukuba bajongeke ngokwasemzimbeni njengesini abachonga ngaso.
• Zingasetyenziswa ngokwazo kwaye zingasetyenziswa phambi kotyando oluqinisekisa isini.

Unyango lweHormone luthatha iindlela ezimbini:

Amadoda atshintshe isini

• I-Testosterone ithathwa ukukunceda ukujula ilizwi, ukwandisa ubunzima bemisipha, ukukhuthaza umzimba kunye neenwele zobuso, kunye nokwandisa i-clitoris. (MS Irwig, K Childs, AB Hancock. 2017)

Transgender Women

• I-Estrogen ithathwa kunye ne-testosterone blockers ukusasaza amanqatha omzimba kwakhona, ukwandisa ubukhulu bebele, ukunciphisa impandla yamadoda, kunye nokunciphisa ubukhulu besende. (UVin Tangpricha 1, uMartin den Heijer. 2017)

Ukuhlinzwa

Utyando oluqinisekisa isini lulungelelanisa inkangeleko yomntu ngokwasemzimbeni kwisazisi sakhe sesini. Izibhedlele ezininzi zibonelela ngotyando oluqinisekisa isini ngokusebenzisa isebe lamayeza atshintshe isini. Iinkqubo zonyango ziquka:

• Utyando lobuso - utyando loBuso lobufazi.
• Ukunyuswa kwebele - Ukwandisa ubukhulu besifuba kunye nokufakelwa.
• Ukwenziwa budoda kwesifuba - Kususa iicontours zezicubu zamabele.
• Ukucheba uqhoqhoqho – Yehlisa iapile lika-Adam.
• Phalloplasty – Ukwakhiwa kwelungu lobudoda.
• Orchiectomy - Ukususwa kwamasende.
• IScrotoplasty – Ukwakhiwa kwesingxobo sesingxobo.
• Vaginoplasty – Ukwakhiwa komjelo welungu lobufazi.
• Vulvoplasty – Ukwakhiwa kwelungu lobufazi elingaphandle.

Ukuvalwa kweendlela

• Abantu abaguqulelwe kwisini bakhuselwe kucalucalulo lweinshurensi yoluntu neyabucala phantsi kwemithetho yomanyano kunye norhulumente, kubandakanya iMedicare kunye neMedicaid. (Iziko leSizwe lokuLingana ngokwesini. 2021)
• Iinkqubo zeMedicaid kumazwe alithoba azikhuphi unyango oluqinisekisa isini, kwaye yi-Illinois neMaine kuphela enikezela ngokhathalelo olukumgangatho obanzi olucetyiswa yiWorld Professional Association for Transgender Health/WPATH. (Kaiser Family Foundation. 2022)
• I-Medicare ayinawo umgaqo-nkqubo ongaguqukiyo malunga nokuvunywa kotyando oluqinisekisa isini.
• Ixhomekeke kwimizekelo engaphambili kumazwe ngamanye ekwalathiseni ukuba unyango luvunyiwe na okanye hayi. (Iziko leeNkonzo zeMedicare kunye neMedicaid. 2016)
• Kwi-inshurensi yabucala, uninzi lwababoneleli baye basusa izithintelo kukhathalelo lokuqinisekisa ngokwesini.
• Ii-inshurensi ezinkulu ezifana ne-Aetna kunye neCigna zihlala zibandakanya uluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo, ngokupheleleyo okanye inxalenye.
• Abanini be-inshurensi abancinci banokungalugqumi utyando kwaye bahlawule kuphela izinto ezifana nonyango lwehomoni. (Transgender Legal Defense and Education Fund. 2023)
• Omnye umqobo wendlela libala nocalucalulo.
• Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabantu abatshintshe isini baxela ukuba bayaxhatshazwa okanye baxhatshazwa esidlangalaleni. (Iziko leSizwe loLingano lweTransgender kunye neNational Gay kunye neLesbian Task Force. 2011)
• Abanye baxela ukungamkelwa kosapho okanye iqabane njengesona sizathu sibangela ukuba bayeke ukuqinisekiswa ngokwesini. (UJack L. Turban, et al., 2021)

Ukuba uyazi umntu ogqithise isini okanye ocinga ngenguqu, ukufunda malunga nesini kunye nokutshintshwa kwesini kunye nendlela yokuxhasana yindlela enhle yokuba ngumhlobo.

---

Ukuphucula indlela yakho yokuphila

---

Ucaphulo

UGülgöz, S., Glazier, JJ, Enright, EA, Alonso, DJ, Durwood, LJ, Fast, AA, Lowe, R., Ji, C., Heer, J., Martin, CL, & Olson, KR (2019) ). Ukufana kwi-transgender kunye ne-cisgender yophuhliso lwesini sabantwana. Iinkqubo zeNational Academy of Sciences yaseUnited States of America, 116 (49), 24480-24485. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909367116

Irwig, MS, Childs, K., & Hancock, AB (2017). Iziphumo ze testosterone kwi-transgender izwi lendoda. Andrology, 5(1), 107-112. doi.org/10.1111/andr.12278

Tangpricha, V., & den Heijer, M. (2017). Unyango lwe-Estrogen kunye ne-anti-androgen kubafazi be-transgender. ILancet. Isifo sikashukela kunye ne-endocrinology, i-5 (4), i-291-300. doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30319-9

Iziko leSizwe lokuLingana ngokwesini. Wazi Amalungelo Akho kukhathalelo lwezeMpilo.

Kaiser Family Foundation. Uhlaziyo malunga nokhuseleko lweMedicaid lweenkonzo zempilo eziqinisekisa isini.

Iziko leeNkonzo zeMedicare kunye neMedicaid. I-dysphoria yesini kunye noqhaqho lokwabiwa ngokutsha ngokwesini.

Transgender Legal Defense and Education Fund. Iipolisi zonyango ze-inshorensi yezempilo.

Iziko leSizwe loLingano lweTransgender kunye neNational Gay kunye neLesbian Task Force. Ukungabikho kobulungisa ngalo lonke ixesha: INgxelo yoPhando lweSizwe loCalucalulo ngokweSini.

Turban, JL, Loo, SS, Almazan, AN, & Keuroghlian, AS (2021). Izinto eziKhokelela “Kwi-Detransition” Phakathi kwe-Transgender kunye neSini sabantu abahlukeneyo e-United States: Uhlalutyo lweendlela ezixubeneyo. LGBT impilo, 8(4), 273-280. doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437