Indlela yokuCinga ukuThatyathwa kweNgcaciso | El Paso, TX.

Ubume obuninzi be-Anatomy

I-Traumatic Acute

• Ukuxhamla kweFx i-akhawunti ye-4-6% yazo zonke iiFxs. I-Osteoporotic (OSP) Fx kwi> 60 yo kunye ne-traum e-F: M 2: umlinganiselo we-1. Kwizigulane ezincinci, ukugonywa kwamandla aphezulu kwamandla.
• Iingxaki: Intloko ye-AVN, i-Axillary N yokukhubazeka.
• Ulwahlulo lweNeer: ithathela ingqalelo ukwaphuka kwemigca ye-4-anatomical kunye okanye w / o ukufuduka> 1-cm kunye ne-45-degree degree
• Inxalenye enye yeNeer Fx- akukho bhabha okanye ubuncinci kakhulu <1-cm / 45-degree. Inokuchaphazela imigca e-1-4 kunye neM / C kwisifo sephepha esikhulu. I-80% ye-humeral humx Fx eyinxalenye enye yeNeer.
• Iingxenye ezimbini zeFx: Icandelo le-1 lifuduka> 1-cm / 45-degrees. m / c ibandakanya intamo yokugada
• Ingxenye e-Fx: I-2-izingxenye ziyafuduswa> 1-cm / 45-degrees.
• Inxenye ye-Fx: Onke amalungu e-4 anokufuduswa. Okungaqhelekanga <1%
• iMifanekiso: 1st isinyathelo-radiography, i-CT ingasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezinzima. Ukugqithiswa kwama-orthopedic
• Ulawulo: Inxalenye enye inxalenye yeFx iphathwa ngeSling Immobilisation kunye ne-rehab yokuqhubekayo
• Ubuninzi beFx kubantu asebekhulile baphathwa ngokungasebenzi
• Izigulane ezincinci (40-65) zingahle zifune i-hemiarthroplasty ukuba i-3 okanye i-4-nxalenye ye-Neer Fx ikhona. Umngcipheko omkhulu we-AVN

I-Humerus Proracimal Fractures

• Qaphela: Umfanekiso wasekhohlo: Fx ebandakanya i-anatomical neck kunye ne-tuberosity enkulu ngokufuduka okuncinci <1-cm / 45-degree yiyo ke iDx njengenxalenye yeFx. Imifanekiso yasekunene: Ukugxothwa okuncinci kweFx yesifo esikhulu sesifo kunye nokufuduka okubalulekileyo (> iidigri ezingama-45 kunye ne-1-cm) yiyo loo nto iDx njengenxalenye ezimbini zeFx

• Qaphela: iinxalenye ezintathu zeNeer Fx (ngasekhohlo) kunye nenxalenye ezine zeNeer Fx (ngasekunene)> Ulawulo: ukusebenza kwiimeko ezininzi kwizigulana ezincinci (40-65)

Ukuxhatshazwa kwamagxathu aka Glenohumeral Joint dislocation (GHJD)

• Ubhekiselele ukugqiba ukwahlukana kwe-humerus kwi-scapula glenoid. Kwi-20-40s M: F 9: Umlinganiselo we-1, kwi -60-80S M: F 3: 1
• Anatomy: Ngamahlombe ukuzinza kubingelelwa ukuhamba, kwaye iyonke i-GHJD yi-m/c phakathi kwamalungu amakhulu emzimbeni
• Ukuwa okukhuselayo (umz., FOOSH) kunye ne-MVA zizizathu ze-m/c. I-GHJ isengozini kakhulu ekuthinjweni, ukwandiswa kunye nokujikeleza kwangaphandle. Izinto ze-anatomical: i-glenoid engekho nzulu, i-capsule ye-ant-inferior capsule kunye ne-GH ligaments. I-GHJD iya kubangela ukukrazuka okukhulu kwezithintelo ezinkulu ze-GHJ. Ukulimala okunxulumene ne-osseous kunye ne-labral kuqhelekileyo kwaye kunokukhokelela ekungazinzini okungapheliyo, i-DJD, kunye noshintsho olusebenzayo.
• Iifom ze-3: I-GHJD yangaphakathi (95%)
• I-Posterior GHJD (i-4%) ngokukhethekileyo inxulumene nokuthathwa kwe-stroke, i-electrocution kwaye iyakwenzeka b / l
• Ixabiso eliphantsi le-GHJD aka Laxatio Erecta (<1%) enxulunyaniswa noxinzelelo olukhulu
• Klinikhi: I-AGHJD ibonisa intlungu ebuhlungu, ingalo ijikeleze ngaphandle kwaye iyancitshiswa, iyanqanda kakhulu ukuhamba. I-GHJD inokuqhubeka ikhutshwe ngokungapheliyo.
• Ulawulo: ukunciphisa ngokukhawuleza kwe-ED phantsi kwe-anesthesia okanye i-sedation enzima kunye ne-Kocher technique top image (engasetyenziswanga), indlela yokujikeleza yangaphandle (ephakathi) okanye ubuchule be-Milch (bunokusetyenziswa nge-anesthesia) kunye nezinye iindlela ezimbalwa. Ukulibaziseka ekunciphiseni kuhambelana nomngcipheko omkhulu weengxaki zangoko kunye nezexesha elide

Indlela yokuTyekisa yokuThengisa

• Uthotho lwamagxa x-radiography yanele. I-Imaging eyongezelelweyo kunye ne-CT scanning kunye ne-MRI ingaba luncedo kwi-Dx osseous, i-cartilage, i-labral / ligaments pathology
• Interior GHJD (95%). Isikhundla se-subcoracoid (phezulu kwesokudla) se-humerus yi-m / c
• I-Anterior GHJD ingenzeka kwakhona njenge-subglenoid (ngaphantsi kwesobunxele) kwaye ngokungapheliyo njenge-subclavicular
• Isitshixo kukhangelo lweradiographic kukuvavanya ukulimala kweBankart kunye ne-Hill-Sachs

Bankart Lesion

• Yenzeka ngexesha langaphambili le-GHJD d/t impembelelo yentloko kwi-glenoid yangaphambili-ephantsi. Iiyantlukwano zikhona (jonga isilayidi esilandelayo). I-BonyBankart inokubonwa kwi-x-reyi. Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-soft tissue Bankart ifuna i-MRI. Intlala (ethambileyo)Bankart yim/c.
• I-Hill-Sachs aka Hatchet deformity (i-postreduction ye-arrow) kwenzeka ngexesha elifanayo ne-Bankart, okt, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nefuthe le-posterolateral yentloko ngokuchasene ne-glenoid evelisa i-wedge-shape Fx. I-Hill-Sachs isilonda sinokubeka phambili kwi-GHJD eqhubekayo / engapheliyo.
• I-Bankart lesion inokuphilisa, kodwa i-anchor suture esebenzayo iyafuneka ngamanye amaxesha
• I-CT arthrogram kunye ne-MRI inokuba luncedo

Iintlobo zeBhanart Lesion

• Qaphela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesilonda seBankart. I-Bankart kuphela inokubonwa ngeradiographically. Izicubu ezithambileyo I-Bankart ifuna i-MRI kunye nangaphandle kwe-intra-articular gadolinium (arthrogram).

Ukususwa Kwangemva

• Qaphela: i-GHJD yangemva kweempawu kunye nezibonakaliso zayo:
• Uphawu lomkhombe aka reverse Hill-Sachs. Kwenzeka d/t impembelelo yentloko ye-anterolateral Fx
• Uphawu lweRim: lwenzeka kuphela kwi-PGHJD d/t kwindawo yangasemva yentloko kunye ne-anterior glenoid-to-humeral head distance 6-mm okanye ngaphezulu.
• Uphawu lwe-bulb lokukhanya: d / t ukujikeleza kwangaphakathi kwe-humerus (intloko)

GHJD ephantsi

• I-GHJD ephantsi yeLaxatio Erecta
• Ukuxhatshaza kakhulu kunye nokufuduka kwezantsi kwe-humerus. Amathuba amakhulu kakhulu okulimala ngokwegazi kunye ne-acromial Fx
• Ingalo ekhutshiweyo ixhwilwe kakhulu kwaye ilungiswe ingqiniba ijike nengalo ingaphezulu kwentloko.

I-ACJ Ukuchithwa (ACJD)

• ACJD: ukulimala okuqhelekileyo, i-9% yokulimala kombhinqo wamagxa esp. kwiimbaleki zamadoda ngokubethwa ngokuthe ngqo
• Ukwahlula kwe-Rockwood (ngasekhohlo) kuhlola ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-AC kunye ne-CC ligaments kunye nezidumbu zengingqi
• Uhlobo1, 2, 3 phakathi kwe-m/c
• Uhlobo lwe-1: i-ACrain ye-ACL yokukrazula
• Uhlobo lwe-2: iinyembezi ze-ACL kunye ne-CCL
• Uhlobo 3: ukukrazula kwe-AC & CCL. I-clavicle iphakanyisiwe ngaphezu kwe-acromion. Ukuba <2-cm iziphumo ezilungileyo nge-Conservative Rx.
• iMifanekiso: x-radiografi nge b / l iimbono ze-ACJ kunye ne-w / o ubunzima ukuthelekisa zombini ii-ACJ. Kwiimeko ezinzima I-CT scanning esp. ukuba iFx ithathwa
• Ulawulo: Chwetheza 3 (> 2-cm) kunye neentlobo 4-6Operative

Uhlobo lwe-3 ACJ Ukwahlula

• Uhlobo lwe-3 I-ACJ yokwahlula (phezulu ngakwesobunxele)
• I-ACJD ebalulekileyo (imifanekiso engezantsi) kunye nomqondiso weklinikhi we-acromion phantsi kwesikhumba kunye ne-ORIF ephumela

I-Rotator Cuff Muscles (RCM) Pathology

• I-tendinopathy yeRCM: i-collagenous degeneration ye-RCM ngokukodwa i-Supraspinatus M. tendon (SSMT) d/t overuse/degeneration-micro breaking with collagenous replacement. I-Impingement syndrome yimbangela ye-2 yangaphandle. Inikezelwe ngeklinikhi njengentlungu kunye neROM elinganiselweyo
• Ukujonga iDx: I-MSK US ingaba nechanekileyo njenge-MRI kwaye ibhetele kwezinye iimeko d / t ukuvandlakanya okuvakalayo
• Isitshixo se-MRI esiyintloko siqinisiwe kwi-SSMT engafaniyo kunye nomqondiso owandileyo kuko konke ukulandelelana kwe-pulse d / t ukonakala kwamafutha kunye nokudumba (imifanekiso yasekhohlo: T1 & T2 FS)
• Iziphumo ze-MSKUS: ukujiya kwe-SSMTsubstance kunye notshintsho �kwi-echogenicity yesiqhelo.MSKUS ilungile kwi-DDx ngeenyembezi ze-SSMT. Izibonelelo zase-US kukuba ivumela uvandlakanyo oluguquguqukayo lwezakhiwo ezibuhlungu

• Iintlungu ze-SSMT: ngokuyinxenye (okungaphelelanga) ukukrazuka kweSSMT kunokwenzeka kumphezulu we-bursal kunye ne-articular okanye ngaphakathi, okt, intra-substance/noncommunicating. I-Etiology: i-sub-acromial impingement, i-acute strain, kunye ne-microtrauma tendinosis engapheliyo.
• Klinikhi: intlungu kwi-abd kunye ne-painting, iimvavanyo zokufaka impingement, iimvavanyo ze-Hawkins-Kennedy, njl njl. Iiparele: Iinyembezi ezincinci zinokuba buhlungu ngaphezu kweenyembezi ezipheleleyo
• Ukujonga iDx: I-MSKUS ifanelekile njenge-MRI (NBIzifundo ezithile zibonisa ukuba i-MSKUS iphezulu kuneMRI). Iziphumo ze-MRI eziphambili: ikhefu / iingazi ezingaphelelanga ze-SSMT ezizaliswe ngamanqamu ahlangeneyo +/- granulation tissue
• I-MSKUS: iyanciphisa i-echogenicity ye-SSMT, ukunqunyulwa nokukhahlaza ngokukhawuleza okuzaliswe ngamanzi athile (i-anechoic iintolo). Ukugqithiswa kwe-tendon bursal okanye i-articular interface.

• Ubunzima obupheleleyo I-SSMT (i-coff rot) ikhembe: ukutshatyalaliswa / ukutshatyalaliswa kokubola. I-2nd ukuya kutshintshwe nge-acromion ekhonjiweyo, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo okanye ukuxhatshazwa. I-7-25% yeentlungu zentlungu ebantwini bonke. Klinikhi: intlungu kwiimvavanyo zokupasa.
• Ukujonga iDx: I-MSKUS ifana ne-MRI.Ukulinganiselwa: i-Dx embi ye-labral pathology. I-USDx engundoqo: ukuphazamiseka kwe-tendon ekugxilwe kuyo, i-gap ye-anechoic (i-fluid egcweleyo), i-hypoechoic tendon, i-tendon retraction, uphawu lwe-cartilage olungabonakaliyo (ezantsi ngasekhohlo, A: US B: MRI)
• MRI: i-Dx eyintloko: Iinyembezi ezifakiweyo ezidlulela kuyo yonke icrescent ye-SSMT, ukuhlehla ngokuwohloka kwamafutha e-SSMT kunye nezihlunu. Ukuba ukurhoxa ngentsimbi ye-12 okanye ngaphezulu (imifanekiso ephezulu), isenokungamiswa ngokusebenzayo.

• I-Rotator Cuff (RTC) I-Calcific Tendinitis: ngokuqhelekileyo d/t calcium HADD iikristale. Abasetyhini abakubudala obuphakathi bachaphazeleka kakhulu. Uluhlu ukusuka ekufumaneni umfanekiso ongabonakaliyo ukuya kwi-arthropathy eyonakalisayo okanye igxalaba laseMilwaukee (ngokungaqhelekanga)
• I-HADD inezigaba ze-3-pathological: ukubunjwa kokuphumla-resorption.Intlungu ephakathi ukuya kwimodareyitha esp. kwisigaba sokuphumla.
• iMifanekiso: i-x-radiography: i-homogenous ovoid mineralization ngaphakathi kwe-RTCMT, m/c kwi-SSMT. I-MRI: i-ovoid / globular iyancipha isignali kuzo zonke iiseyile ze-pulse rhoqo kunye ne-edema ejikelezileyo (ezantsi ngasekhohlo)
• Rx: ukuziphendulela kwenzeka. Iimeko eziphambili: iinjongo zokusebenza njl.

I-Labrum Ephezulu Kwangaphambili kwi-Posterior (SLAP) Izilonda / Iinyembezi

• Iindleko ze SLAP: I-FOOSH kunye nokuphosa imidlalo okanye ukungazinzi kwegxalaba okungapheliyo aka Ukungazinzi kwegxalaba le-Multidirectional (kwi-20%). Uhlobo 1-9 lukhona kodwa iM/C ziType 1-4
• Kuzo zonke ii-4-iindidi eziphezulu eziphezulu zithinteka okanye i-w / oLHBMT i-anchor isilizi (bona imifanekiso). Klinikhi: intlungu, ukunciphisa i-AROM kunye neemvavanyo zokunyamezela, ngokuqhelekileyo iziphumo ezingafaniyo ezifana ne-RTCpathology
• Ukucinga kubalulekile: ngcamango e bhetele MRI i-arthrography. Iimpawu eziphambili: i-hyperintenselinear linear fluid signal ngaphakathi kwe-labrum ephezulu +/- eyandisa ecaleni kwe-LHBT kwi-fat-suppressed fluid imaging kunye ne-FS T1 arthrogram. Eyona nto ibonwe kakhulu kwizilayi ze-coronal.
• Rx: iinyembezi ezincinci zingaphilisa, kodwa iinyembezi ezingazinzanga zifuna ukhathalelo lotyando.
• I-DDx engundoqo: iinguqu ze-anatomiki ezifana neBuford complex kunye neSub-labral foramen

• Ukukrazuka kwe-SLAP nge-cyst paralabral (ezantsi ekunene)
• Umehluko oqhelekileyo we-DDx: i-sub labral foramen(ezantsi ekhohlo) qaphela: I-MR arthrography kunye nochasaniso olusikwa ngaphantsi kwe-labrum kodwa i-w/o idlulela ngasemva kwi-LHBT

I-Arthritis

• GHJ DJD: ngokuqhelekileyo ihambelana nesizathu se-2: ukuxhwaleka, ukungazinzi, i-AVN, i-CPPD, njl. Ukunikezelwa ngentlungu, i-crepitus kunye nokunciphisa i-ROM / umsebenzi. Isifo se-RTC esinxulumeneyo sinokubakho. Imifanekiso; I-x-radiography yanele kwaye ibonelela ngokucwangcisa / ukunyamekela.Iziphumo eziphambili: ukucutha ngokubambisana, i-osteophytosis esp. kwintloko engaphantsi kwe-medial (utolo lwe-orange), i-subchondral sclerosis / i-cysts. Kusoloko kuqatshelwa ukufuduka kwentloko ephezulu d/t isifo se-RTC.
• ACJ OA: ixhaphakile kwaye iqhelekile ngokuguga. Inika ilahleko ye-ACJ kunye ne-osteophytes. Ii-osteophytes ecaleni komphezulu we-ACJ �keel osteophytes�(utolo olubhlowu) zinokukhokelela ekukrazukeni kwezihlunu ze-RTC. I-regional bursitis lolunye uphawu lweklinikhi lwe-ACJ arthrosis.
• Ulawulo: ngokuqhelekileyo lulondoloza ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zekliniki / iimpawu

• I-Rheumatoid Arthritis GHJ: I-RA yi-multisystem inflammatory disease echaphazela amajoyina amaninzi afakwe yi-synovium. I-GHJ RA iqhelekile (m / c amajoyina amakhulu kwi-RA ngamadolo / amagxa). Klinikhi: intlungu, i-ROM encinci kunye nokungazinzi, ubuthathaka bemisipha / ukuchithwa. Izandla, iinyawo, kunye nezihlahla ziyachaphazeleka m/c. Ukucinga: I-x-radiography ibonisa ukhukuliseko lwe-periarticular, ukulahleka kwendawo yokudibanisa okufanayo, i-juxta-articular osteoporosis, i-subluxation, kunye nokudumba kwezicubu ezithambileyo. I-MRI inokunceda ukufumanisa okuxhaphakileyo ukukrazula kunye nokungazinzi kwe-RTC. Utshintsho lwangoko lunokubonwa nguMSKUS esp. ngokusebenzisa amandla Doppler ebonisa hyperemia / ukudumba.
• Qaphela: I-x-ray yehlombe ebonisa ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-cartilage kunye nokulahleka kwe-symmetrical joint, ukukhukuliseka okuphindaphindiweyo, kunye nokulahlekelwa kwenkxaso ye-RTCM kunye nokufuduka kwentloko ephezulu, i-ST effusion ikhona.
• Qaphela: I-PDFS i-coronal kunye ne-axial MRI izilayi ze-GHJ RA ezibonisa ukuvuvukala kwamalungu, ukukhukuliseka kwamathambo / i-edema, ukwakheka kwe-synovial pannus kunye nokukrazuka kwe-RTC m. Ulawulo: Ukudluliselwa kweRheumatological kunye ne-pharmacotherapy kunye ne-DMARD. Ukhathalelo olusebenzayo njengeRTCM ukulungiswa. I-10% yezigulane zikhubazekile d/t RA

• I-Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy aka igxalaba likaCharcot: d / t neurovascular and neural periarticular umonakalo. Izizathu ezininzi zikhona. / c ikhula kubantu abanesifo seswekile kwi-midfoot. I-Charcot Charcot yi-m / c kwi-Syringomyelia (i-25%), ukukhubazeka, i-MS, njl njl. Dx: iklinikhi (50% ubuhlungu / ukukhukhuma 50% intshabalalo engenakubuhlungu). Ukucinga kubalulekile. I-X-radiografi yanele kwiimeko ezisekwe kakuhle, kodwa ekuqaleni kweDx inzima. I-MRI inokukunceda nge-Dx yokuqala kwaye ibalekele iingxaki. Rad Dx: I-Charc Charcot i-m / c iboniswe njengoluhlobo lwe-atrophic disthroptive arthropathy kunye nekhanda eliqhawulayo elibonakala ngathi unqunywe ngokugqithisileyo kunye ne-intra-articular debris, ukuxininisa, ukuphazamiseka, ukuchithwa, kunye nezinye izinto eziphambili

• I-Septic Shoulder: igxalaba yi 3rd m/c followingknee>hips. Izigulane ezisemngciphekweni: i-diabetics, i-RA pts, i-immunocompromised, abasebenzisi beziyobisi ze-IV, i-catheters yokuhlala, njl. Imizila: i-hematogenous (m / c), inoculation ngqo (iatrogenic, trauma etc.) ukusasazeka okukufutshane (umz. OM). Staph. I-Aureus (>50%) m/c.
• Klinikhi: iintlungu kunye nokudibanisa. I-ROM, ifiva 60% kuphela, toxemia, inc. I-ESR / CRP. I-Dx: ukucinga kunye nokudibana / inkcubeko. I-RadDx: ii-x-ray zakuqala zihlala zingamangalisi ngaphandle kokuchithwa kwe-ST / amanqwanqwa amanqatha, ukudibanisa ngokudibeneyo. Emva kweentsuku ezi-7 ukuya kwezi-12, i-osteopenia ebambekayo, ukutya kwenundu / ukugcwala kwamathambo, ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-articular, ukudityaniswa kwamalungu. Ngamana inkqubela phambili ekutshatyalalisweni ngokudibeneyo kunye nee-ankyloses. Ii-antibiotics zakwangoko ze-Dx & IV zibaluleke nangaphambi kwenkcubeko. Ukunkcenkceshela okusebenzayo kunye nokudityaniswa ngokudibeneyo kwezinye iimeko. Iingxaki zinokwenzeka esp. ukuba i-Rx iyalibaziseka. I-MSKUS nge-aspiration aspiration inokunceda. Qaphela: (umfanekiso ophezulu) ukungadibani ngokudibeneyo ngokudibeneyo kwentloko ye-inferolateral d / t septic A dx: nge-aspiration aspiration Staph. Izifo.

I-Ischemic Osteonecrosis

• I-Ischemic Osteonecrosis yintloko yentloko kungenzeka d/t trauma (Neer four-part Fx), iSteroids, Lupus, Sickle cell, Alcoholism, Diabetes, �kunye nezinye iimeko ezininzi. Ukucinga kubalulekile: I-MRI ifumanisa utshintsho lwakwangoko njenge-edema ye-intraosseous. Iimpawu ze-X-reyi zishiywe kade, ziboniswa njengokuwa kwethambo le-subchondral eline-sclerosis �snow cap� uphawu, ukuqhekeka, kunye ne-DJD eqhubekayo.
• Ulawulo: ukuthunyelwa kwamathambo, ukuchithwa kwengundoqo kwiimeko zokuqala, i-hemiarthroplasty kwi-moderation ethythroplasty.

Iintlobo zeengxowa

• Kubantu abadala> i-40, ithambo i-Mets d / t lung, isifuba, iseli yezintso, i-thyroid CA kunye ne-prostate yim / c ebangela. Ngokonyango: inokulinganisa intlungu efana ne-RTC / utshintsho oludibeneyo. Kufuneka ivavanywe ngononophelo. Isitshixo se-Dx: I-Hx, i-PE kunye ne-Imaging esp.in pts kunye neprayimari eyaziwayo
• Ukucinga: I-1st step x-rays, i-MRI inokunceda, i-Tc99bone scintigraphy inceda ukufumanisa isifo sommandla kunye nokude. Iimpawu ze-X-reyi: utshintsho olutshabalalisayo lwe-lytic ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-prox humerus (umongo obomvu) kunye okanye w / o indlela Fx. DDx: Mets, MM, lymphoma
• Ngoklinikhi: iintlungu zasebusuku, intlungu ekuphumleni, njl. Iimvavanyo zaseLebhu: azinamvuzo, kwiimeko ezinzima, i-hypercalcemia inokuqatshelwa.

• Iiprayimant bone eziphambene namathambo (umxhasi) Abantu abadala: M. Myeloma okanye i-Solitary plasmacytoma, i-Chondrosarcoma inokutshintsha ukusuka kwi-enchondroma kunye nabanye. Ebantwaneni/abafikisayo: OSA vs. Ewing�s
• I-bone primary bone neoplasms (egazini). Abantu abadala: i-Enchondroma (izigulane kwi-20-30s yazo) i-GCT. Kubantwana: I-cyst yangasese elula (i-Unicameral Bone cyst), i-Osteochondroma, i-Aneurysmal I-Bone Cyst, ICondroblastoma (ezingaqhelekanga)
• Ukufanekisa: 1st isinyathelo x-i-radiography
• I-MRI ibalulekile kwiDx. Ngokukodwa kwiziganeko eziphambili zeengxaki zokuziphazamisa Ukujonga ubungakanani, ukuhlaselwa kwezicubu ezithambileyo, ukucwangcisa kwangaphambili, isiteji, njl.