Ukuxhatshazwa kweNtloko kunye nezinye iindlela zokucinga ze-Intra-Cranial Pathology

Intlekele yeNtloko: i-Skull Fractures

• I-SKULL FX: OKUQHELEKILEYO KWIINTLOKO ZEZINTLOKO ZEZINTLOKO. I-SKULL FX OFTEN POINT KWAMANYE AMAZIKO OKUZIPHUMA: INTRA-CRANIALHEHING, UKUQHUBA OKUQHELEKILEYO KWEZIXHOBO NEMINYE IMIBUZO EYINTLOKO
• I-X-RAYS YOKHAKHA LUPHATHELELE UKUVAVANYA UKWENZAKALA ENTLOKO. I-CT SCANNING W/O CONTRAST LELONA NYATHELO LOKUQALA liBALULEKILEYO WOVAVANYO LWENTLOKO EBUCHULE TRAUMA. I-MRI HASA AMAKHONA OKUMNTU WOKUBONISA UKWAKHIPHA KUKAKHAKHA, KWAYE AYIQHELEKILEYO UKUSETYENZISWA KWI-DX YOKUQALA YENTLOKO TRAUMA.
• I-SKULL FX IYAZISWA NJENGOBA I-FXS YE-VAULT SKULT, ISIKHAKATHI SOKUKHAKHA NOKUBA NGEZIKHONO ZONYAKA ZONKE EZIKHENZEKILEYO NEZIXHUMA EZIMISEBENZI KUNYE NOKUNCEDA UKUTHETHA I-PREDICT.
• I-LINEAR SKULL FX: I-VAULT SKULT. M / C FX. ISICWANGCISO SOKUPHILA UKUHLOLA I-ARTERIALEXTRADURAL HEMORRAGING
• X-RAY DDX: SUTURES VS. UKHAKHA LWEMPILO FX. I-FX THINNER, �BLACKER� oko kukuthi, I-LUCENT ENGAKUMBI, IZIXHOBO EZIPHELAYO, KUNYE NEZIGCAWU ZEVASCULAR, UKULACKSSERATIONS
• I-RX: UKUBA KUNYE UKUVUNYWA KWE-INTRACRANIAL THAT NO TREATMENT. UKUQHALWA KWENKQUBO YENKQUBO NOKUBHALISWA KWE-SC SCING

• IFX SKX DEPRESSED: 75% KWI-VAULT. UNGAKWAZI. UFUNYELEYO NGOKWENZA I-FX. IINKCUKACHA EZINTSHONA KUNYE I-NEUROSURGICALEXPLORATION EZIQHELEKILEYO IMICWANGCISO EYAFUTSHANE> I-1-CM.I-APPLICATIONS: UKUPHATHWA KWE-VASCULAR / HEMATOMAS, I-PNEUMOCEPHALUS, IMENINGITIS, I-TBI, i-CSF LEAK, UKUQHUBA UKUBHALA ETC.
• IMAGING: ISICWANGCISO SESICWANGCISO SE-W / O

• BASILAR SKULL FX: INGABULALA. RHOQO KUNYE OKUNYE OKUNENTLOKO OMKHULU WE-VAULT KUNYE NE-FACIALSKELETON, OKUQHILEYO KUNE-TBI KUNYE NE-HEMORRHAGING OMKHULU. KUQHALA KWENZEKA NJENGENTLOKO � IMPUMELELO YEMPEMBELELO KUNYE NOXINISEKISO LWEMCHWEPHEKO NGENXA YOMSEBENZI NAMATHAMBO ETHUTYANA NGESPHENOID KUNYE NEZINYE IZISEKO ZAMATHAMBO OKHAKHA. EKLINIKI: I-RACCOON EYES, UMQONDISO WE-BATTEL, CFRHINO/OTORRHEA.

IFractures Facial

• IZIMBONO ZEMISEBENZI: I-45% YE-ALLFACEFXM / I-IMPACT YI-LATERAL (I-FIST BLOW ETC.) UKUBA UKUBHALISWA KWE-UNDISPLACEDNO, UKUBA KUFANELE UKUFAKA UKUPHATHA KWE-AIR NE-RESPIRATORY PASSAGE, KUBAQHUBANISWA NAMANYE OKUQHELEKILEYO / OKUQHELEKILEYO. X-RAYS I-80% INTSHINTSHELO, YELANDELWE NGOKWENZA KWI-CT INCOMPLEX.
• UKUBHALA OKUQHELEKILEYO FX: UKWENZAKALA OKUQHELEKILEYO I-D/T IMPEMBELELO KWI-GLOBU KUNYE/OKANYE NE-ORBITAL THAMBO. FX yoMgangatho we-ORBITAL INTOMAXILLARY SINUS VS. UDONGA LWEETHMOID SINUS. IINGXAKI: ENTRAPPEDINFERIOR RECTUS M, PROLAPSEORBITAL FAT, � NEZISHUMI ezithambileyo, I-HEMORRHAGING AND OPTIC NERVE UMONAKALO. I-RX: IINGXAKI NGOKWENZAKALA KWE-GLOBU KUBALULEKILE, NGOKUBANZI KUNYANWA NGOKUQHELEKILEYO UKUBA AKUKHO NGXAKI EZIKHOYO

• I-TRIPOD FX: I-2ND M / C I-FACIAL FX#EMVA kwe-NASAL (i-40% ye-MIDFACEFX) I-3-POINT FX-ZYGOMATICARCH, INKQUBO YE-ORBITAL YE-ZYGOMATIC BONE & NE-SIDE OF MAXILLARY SINUS WALL, INKQUBO MAXILLARY YE-ZYGOMATIC BONE.COMPLICATED INTCIVERATED NERPOTED YI-NERPOMATIC. I-CT SCANNING INGAKUMBI ENGAKUMBI UKUBA X-RAYS (UMBONO WAMANZI).
• UKUSEBENZA FX: IZINDAWO ZEMFUSHANE EZIFUNKILEYO ZIQONDA IIPHEYIDIDI ZE-PTERYGOID, UKUPHATHISWA KWENKQUBO YOKUPHATHA KWENKQUBO NENKQUBO YO-ALVEOLAR NE-TEETH FROM SKULL. IINKCUKACHA: I-AIRWAYS, HEMOSTASIS, AMAKHUNGA OKUSEBENZA. ISICWANGCISO SESICWANGCISO SICELO. I-RISK YENKQUBO YENKQUBO YOKUSEBENZA KWI-BASXAR SKX FX

• I-PING-PONG FX:�KUPHELELEYO KWIINTSANE. I-FX D/T FOCALDEPRESSION ENGAPHELELEYO: UKUNYANZELEKA UKUNIKEZELWA, OKUNZIMA KWEMISEBENZI ETC. I-FOCALTRABECULAR MICROFRACTURIINGLEAVING UXINEKO LUFANA NE-APING-PONG. I-DX IBONAKALA KAKHULU NJENGESIFO ESIQINISEKILEYO �UKUXINEZELEKA� KUKHAKHA. NGOKUQHELEKILEYO NEUROLOGICAL INTACT. I-CT INGAKUNCEDA UKUBA KUCELEKELELWA ukuba UKWENZAKALA KOBUCHOPHO. RX: UKUQWALASELWA VS. UTYANDO KWINGOZI EZINGCACISIWEYO. SPONTANEOUSREMODELING INGXELO

• I-CYST (UKUKHULA ISIKHAKATHI ESIKHULULEKILEYO) - KUNYE UKUHLOLA OKUQHELEKILEYO OKUTHUTHUKISWA KWE-POSTTRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOMALACIA
• AYINYE I-CYST, KUNYE NOKUPHUMA KWESENCEPHALOMALACIA EBONA IINYANGA EZINYE I-POST-TRAUMA NEZINDLELA ZOKUPHILA KWEENKQUBO ZOKUBHALWA KWEENKQUBO ZENKQUBO YENKQUBO YOKUBHALA KWEENKQUBO ZENKQUBO YOKWENZA I-CSF. I-CT INTSHA YOKUPHAKATHI KWE-PATHOLOGY. IXHUMA: UKUKHULULELA KWI-FX NOKWENZA I-ENCEPHALOMALACIA NJENGOBAWO ABASEBENZINI.
• ICLINICALLY: UKWENZISWA KWEKHARITYHULAM, UKUPHILA, IIMPAWU ZEZINGQUBO / IZINZUZO. I-RX: UKUQHUBA KWE-NEUROSURGICAL KUNYE
• I-DDX: IINKCWADI ZOKUXHALISA / I-METS / EZINYE IZINDLELA ZE-NEOPLASMSINTO, EG, ETC INFECTION.

• MANDIBULAR FXS: OKUQHUBILEYO. I-POTENTIALLYCONSIDERED FX D / V I-INTRA-ORALEXTENSION. I-40% INKQUBO YENKQUBO YENKQUBO YOKUBA I-RING. IMPACT DIRECT (ASSAULT) I-M / C I-MECHANISM
• I-PXOLOGICAL FX D / T BONE NEOPLASS, I-ETC INFECTION. I-IATROGENIC NGOKUSETSHENZISWA KWE-ORAL (UKWENZISWA KWE-TOOTH)
• IMAGING: IMINYAKA E-X-RAYS, IPANOREX, CT SCANNING ESP. KWIINKCUKACHA ZE-ASSOCIATEDFACE / KWI-TRAUMA
• UKUZIPHATHA: I-AIRWAY STRSTRUCTION, I-HEMOSTASIS YINXAQOQOQO, UKUPHUMA KWAMANDIDAR N, I-OSTEOMYELITIS / I-CELLULITIS NOKUPHUMA KWENKQUBO NGOKUPHUMA KWEMITHETHO (LUDWIGANGINA) NE-NECK FASCIAL SOFT TISSUES INTOMEDIASTINAM. AWAKHO UKUBA UKUQHUBEKA I-D / T EZIKHULUMENTE ZEMATRIKI.
• RX: I-VS. EPHAKATHI

I-Hemorrhage eyi-Intracranial

• I-EPI AKA ENGAPHEZULU: (EDH) UKUxhwilwa NGOKUXOXAYO KWEMISHIYA YE-MENINGEAL (MMA CLASSIC) EYENZA NGOKUKHAWUZIYO I-HEMATOMA PHAKATHI KOKHAKHA LWANGANGAPHAKATHI KUNYE NE-DURA NGAPHANDLE. I-CT SCANNING LISISITSHIXO KWI-DX: IBONISA NJENGOKO �LENTIFORM� Okt. I-BICONVEX UKUQOKELELWA KWEGAZI ELI-ACUTE (HYPERDENSE) ELINGENZI INGQUNGQWESHO KWAYE UNCEDA NGE-DDX YE-HEMATOMA ENGAPHAMBILI. EKLINIKI: HA, LUCID EPISODE EKUQALENI FUTHI SIYAHLELA KWIIYURE EZIMBALWA.IINGXAKI: I-BRAIN HERNIATION, CN PALSY. O/ INKCAZELO ELUNGILEYO UKUBA UKHUSILE NGOKUKHAWULEZA.
• HEMATOMA (SDH): UKUxhwilwa KWEBridgeGINGVEINS PHAKATHI KWE-DURA YANGANGAPHAKATHI NE-ARACHNOID.I-COCOY KODWA I-PROGRESSIVE ABLEED. INOKUCHAPHAZELA KAKHULU ABATSHA NABANTU ABADALA KAKHULU KUYO YONKE IMINYAKA (MVA, FALLS ETC.) BUNOKUPHUHLISA KWI-SYNDROME YOMNTWANA �. I-DX IYA KULIBAZISWA YAYE AYIQHELE INKCAZELO NGOKUBULAWAYO OKUPHEZULU. KWINTLOKO YABANTU ABADALAYO KUSENOKUBA NCINANE OKANYE UNGAKHUMBULWA. UKUQWALASELA NGE-CT KUBALULEKILE. BONAKALA NJENGQOKELELWANO LOKUCRESCENTSHAPED ELINOKUWENZA IZIXHOBO KODWA ZIMYEKE KWISIBONAKALISO ESIDILI. UMEHLUKO KWI-CT D/T AMABANGA AHLUKENEYO OKWEGAZI: ACUTE, SUBACUTE, � AND CHRONIC. EKLINIKI: INKCAZELO EYAHLUKENEYO, 45-60% IKHO NGEMEKO YE-CNS EXINWE KAKHULU, UKUNGALINGANI KOMNTU. NGOKUQHILEYO NGOKUQHUBEKA OKUQALA KOBUCHOPHO, KUZE KUBE ISIQEPHU ESILUCID PHAMBI KOKUWOHLELA KAKHULU. KWI-30% IMIBUZO YOKWENZAKALA KOBUCHOPHO OKUFANELEKILEYO IZIGULI ZINE-SDH. I-RX: I-NEUROSURGICAL EXAMISEKILEYO.

• I-SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE (SAH): IGAZI KWI-SUB-ARACHNOID SPACE NJENGESIPHUMO SE-TRAUMATIC OR NOT-TRAUMATIC ETIOLOGY: BERRY ANEURYSMS AROUND CIRCLE OF WILLIS.SAH 3% OF STOKES, 5% OF FETLESCNDERTHUS: IINTLOKO� ICHAZWE � NJENGEYONA INGXESHA ENGAPHILAYO�. I-PT IGQIBELEKA OKANYE ANGABUYELI SIYAZI. I-PATHOGY: I-DIFFUSE BLOOD INSA SPACE 1)SUPRASELLAR CISTERN ENOKWANISWA KOMPHANDO, 2)�PERIMESENEPHALIC, 3) BASAL CISTERNS. IGAZI ELICHAPHAZELEKILEYO KWISITHUBA SASE-SA UXINEZELEKO LWE-UNDERARTERIAL LUYENZA UKUNYUKA KWEHLABATHI LONKE KUXINZEKELO LWE-INTRACRANIAL, I-ACUTE GLOBAL ISCHEMIA IYANGENZIWA YI-VASOSPASM NONYE UTSHINTSHO.
• DX: IMAGING: URGENT CT SCANNING W / O UKUPHATHA, I-CT I-ANGIOGRAPHY INCEDA UKUNCEDA UKUSETSHENZA I-99% YE-SAH. I-LUMBAR PUNCTUREMAY INCEDO NGOKWENZISWA KWEENKQUBO. NGEMVA KWEMISEBENZI YE-DX: INGXELO YENKQUBO YENKQUBO YENKQUBO YONYAKA YOKUNCEDA UKUFUNA UKUQHUBEKA KUNYE NEMINYE IMIBUZO EVALU
• IIMPAWU ZOKWENZA UMFANEKISO: IGAZI ELIQHELEKILEYO LIYAQHUBEKA KWI-CT. IFUMANEKA KWI-DIFFERENTCYSTERNS: I-PERIMESENEPHALIC, SUPRASELLA, BASAL, VENTRICLES,
• I-RX: I-MEDS I-ANTHIYEMERTENSIVE MEDS, AMAGENCI OSMOTIC (MANNITOL) UKUQHUBA ISICELO. UKUQALA KWE-NEUROSURGICAL NAKWANYE AMAKHONO.

I-CNS Neoplasms: iBenign kunye neMalignant

• ZOKUBHALA I-2% YONYAKA YONKE YAMANCERS. UMTHETHO OMTHETHO UNYE MALIGNAN, YOKUBA IZIHLOKO ZEMATASTATIC IZIHLOKO ZIKHULU
• NGOKUPHELELEYO NGOKWEZINTLOKO KUNYE NEZINXIBELELWANE ZE-CNS ZASEKUHLALENI, UKWANDISWA KWE-ICP, UKOPHELWA KWE-INTRACEREBRAL NJL. IINTSAPHO ZOSAPHO: I-VON-HIPPEL-LANDAU, I-TUBEROUS SCLEROSIS, I-TURCOT SYNDROME, i-NF1 kunye ne-NF2 YENZA UMNGCIPHEKO. KWABANTWANA: M / C ASTROCYTOMAS, EPENDYMOMAS, PNETNEOPLASMS (EG MEDULLOBLASTOMA) NJL. I-DX: ISEKELWE KUHLELO LWABO.
• ABADALA: M/C BENIGN NEOPLASM: MENINGIOMA. M/C PRIMARY: GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME (GBM)METSE NGOKUKHOLWA UKUSUKA KULUNG, MELANOMA,�KUNYE NEBELE.EZINYE: CNS LYMPHOMA
• UKUPHILA KUNYE OKUQHUBILEYO: IMICIMBI YEMIQESHO YOKUBA YENZEKA NJENGOBUHLOBO, IMIBUZO YE-ICP HA. I-EVALUATED BY CT NOMRIYA NE-IV GADOLINIUM.
• IMAGING IQINISELA: INTRA-AXIAL VS. I-EXTRA-AXIALNEOPLASMS. IINKCUKACHA EZIPHUMA ZAMASIPALA EZIPRAYIMARI MAYO CCUR VIA CSF NAKWIINTLOKO ZEZEMVELO
• QAPHELA I-AXIAL CT SLICE OF MENINGIOMA NE-AVIDCONTRAST ENHANCEMENT.
• I-AXIAL MRI KWI-SEXENCE YENKQUBO YOKUPHELEKILEYO YOKUPHILA I-NEOPLASM NE-CYEMOTOXIC EDEMA YE-BRAIN I-PARENCHYMA INKCAZELO YEZIBAKALA IV IGLIOMA (GBM) NE-PROGNOSIS EZIHLEKILEYO. ISITHOMBE SENKQUBO YOKWENZEKA KWEMFARU: UMHLABA WEMIHLALO YOMHLABA: UKUQALA UMETASTASIS KWI-CANCER YEBREAST. I-MELANOMA YI-METASTASIZESTO OKUQHELEKILEYO (FUNDA UKUPHATHA KWEMIHLOKO) IMRI YAKHO YIKHULUMENTE I-DIAGNOSTIC D / T ISIHLOKO ESIKHONKILEYO KWI-T1 NE-CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT.
• I-RX: I-NEUROSURGICAL, I-RADIATION, I-CHEMOTHERAPY, � IIINDLELA ZOKUGCINA EZINGAPHAMBILI ZIYASUKA

I-CNS Pathology evuthayo

Izifo zeNCS

• KWABANTU
• KWI-MYCOBACTERIAL
• FUNGAL
• VIRAL
• IPASASI