Neurophysiology Yobuhlungu | El Paso, TX. | Icandelo I

I-Neurophysiology yeentlungu: Intlungu echazwe yintlungu engathandekiyo ehamba kunye nokulimala okanye ukulimala kufuphi nezicubu, nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba kungabikho monakalo onjalo ukuba inkqubo ye-nociception ayisebenzi. I-nociception ithetha inkqubo ephethe izibonakaliso zentlungu yokulimala kwizicubu. Esi sisiganeko somzimba esiza naso intlungu.

I-Neurophysiology yentlungu

iinjongo

• Iziseko zenkqubo ye-nervous
• Umsebenzi weSynaptic
• Iimpembelelo zemithambo-luvo
• Ukutshintshwa kwe-peripheral stimuli ebuhlungu
• Indlela ephakathi
• Sensitization ephakathi
• uSensitization yePeripheral
• Ukulawula okanye ukuguqulwa kweempawu zentlungu
• I-Pathophysiology yendlela yokubonakalisa intlungu

Inkcazo yeentlungu

"Intlungu yintlungu engathandekiyo kunye namava achukumisayo ahambelana nomonakalo wangempela okanye onokuthi ube nomonakalo wezicubu, okanye uchazwe ngokubhekiselele kumonakalo onjalo".

(UMbutho waMazwe ngaMazwe woFundo lweentlungu)

I-System yeNervous

• Kubalulekile ukwazi isakhiwo esisisiseko se-nervous system.
• Oku kuya kunceda kwi:
  � Ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imiqondiso ye-nociceptive.
  � Yazi imimandla eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo yemithambo-luvo ebandakanyekayo ekusetyenzweni kwezi mpawu.
  � Funda ukuba amayeza ahlukeneyo kunye nonyango lokulawula iintlungu asebenza njani.

System nervous

Inkqubo yemithambo-luvo ephakathi (CNS)

• Ubuchopho kunye noMnqonqo

Inkqubo yeNeripheral yeNervous (PNS)

• Imicu yemithambo-luvo iya kuwo onke amalungu omzimba.
• Thumela izibonakaliso kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo kwaye uthumele iimpawu kwi-CNS.

Iiseli zeNerve

• Inkqubo ye-nervous yenziwe ngeeseli zemithambo-luvo ezithumela iinkqubo ezinde (ii-axon) ukuze ziqhagamshelane nezinye iiseli.

Unxibelelwano lweSeli yeNerve ukuya kwiNerve

Iiseli zemithambo-luvo zinxibelelana nezinye iiseli ngokukhupha ikhemikhali kwimithambo-luvo � IiNeurotransmitters

Amanyathelo asisiseko kwi-Synaptic Transmission

Ukuhanjiswa kweSynaptic

Amanyathelo ekugqithiseni umqondiso ukusuka kwiseli yomthambo ukuya kwenye.

• Iziyobisi zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso ukusuka kwiseli yemithambo-luvo ukuya kwenye.

La machiza angasebenza:

1. I-Ca2 + ion ishaneli yokuthintela ukungena kwe-Ca2 + ebalulekileyo ekukhululweni kwe-neurotransmitter (NT), umzekelo, isenzo se-gabapentin.
2. Ukukhutshwa kwe-NT.
3. Thintela i-NT ekubopheleleni kwi-receptor yayo ukuze uyeke ukuhanjiswa komqondiso.

Impulse yoMbane

• Iimpawu zihamba kunye nenkqubo yemithambo-luvo (i-axon) njengamaza e-membrane depolarization ebizwa ngokuba yi- Inyathelo elinokwenzeka.
• Ngaphakathi kuzo zonke iiseli zemithambo-luvo inamandla angalunganga ombane amalunga nama-60 mV.
• Xa uvuselelwe lo mbane ungalunganga ujika ube positive kwaye emva koko ube negative kwakhona kwi milliseconds.
• Isenzo esinokwenzeka sihamba kunye nenkqubo ye-nerve (i-axon) ukuya kwisiphelo se-nerve apho ibangela ukukhululwa kwe-NT.

Inyathelo elinokwenzeka

• Xa kungekho vuselelo i-membrane enokubakho ikwiNdawo yokuphumla.
• Xa ivuselelwe, iziteshi kwi-membrane ye-nerve zivula zivumela ukuhamba kwe-sodium ion (Na +) okanye i-calcium ions (Ca2 +) kwi-nerve okanye iseli. Oku kwenza ukuba ngaphakathi kunganelisi embi kwaye eneneni ilungile -incopho yentshukumo enokwenzeka (+40 mV).
• Ezi tshaneli kunokuba zivale kwaye ngokuvula iziteshi ze-K + i-membrane enokuthi ibuyele kwinqanaba layo lokuphumla.

Ukumisa iZinto ezinokwenzeka zokumisa i-Nociceptive Stimuli

• I-nociceptive stimuli yizo ziza kudala ukuva intlungu emva kokuba zicutshungulwe kwi-CNS.
• Izibonakaliso ze-nociceptive zinokuthintelwa ekufikeleleni kwi-CNS ngokuthintela isenzo seziteshi ezilawula ukuhamba kwee-ion kwi-membrane ye-nerve.
• Inani leejenti zokuthomalalisa ii-anesthetic zimisa ijelo le-Na+ ekusebenzeni kwaye kungoko kumisa ukuveliswa kwezenzo ezinokwenzeka kunye nokuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso kwi-CNS.

Iinkqubo zoluvo

Inkqubo yoluvo inokohlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini:

• A Inkqubo yoluvo ehambisa izinto ezivuselelayo ezinobungozi ezifana nokubamba, uxinzelelo, ukufudumala.
• A isixokelelwano ohambisa i-stimuli ebonisa ukuba izicubu zonakaliswe = i-nociceptive.

Ezi zimbini iinkqubo zinee-receptors ezahlukeneyo kunye neendlela kwi-PNS & CNS

Izamkeli zolusu

Inzululwazi yemithambo-luvo. Uhlelo lwe-2. Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., Abahleli. I-Sunderland (MA): iSinauer Associates; 2001.

Nociceptors

• I-nociceptors ziphelo ze-nerve zamahhala eziphendula kwi-stimuli ezinokubangela umonakalo wezicubu okanye xa umonakalo wezicubu wenzekile.
• Ikhoyo kwi-membrane ye-nerve endings yamahhala i-receptors (i-protein molekyuli) umsebenzi wayo uguqukayo phambi kwe-stimuli ebuhlungu.
• (Qaphela ukusetyenziswa kwegama elifanayo le-receptor lisetyenziselwa iseli okanye amalungu okanye iimolekyuli ezibandakanyekayo ekugqithisweni kwe-stimuli.)

Transduction

• Ukutshintshwa yinkqubo yokuguqula i-stimuli ibe yi-nerve impulse.
• Ukuze oku kwenzeke ukuhamba kwee-ion kwi-membrane yemithambo-luvo kufuneka kutshintshe ukuvumela ukungena nokuba yi-Na+ okanye i-Ca2+ ion ukuze kubangele ukuchithwa kwe-membrane enokwenzeka.
• Oku kubandakanya i-molecule ye-receptor evula ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo iziteshi ze-ion.

Iiarhente zeMichiza...

... enokubangela ukuba i-membrane inokwenzeka kwisiphelo se-nerve yamahhala (i-nociceptor) ukuvelisa isenzo esinokwenzeka.

Imimandla HL. 1987. Iintlungu. ENew York: iMcGraw-Hill.

IsiShwankathelo seNkqubo yoTshintsho kwiPheripheri

Imijelo ye-TRP

• Izivuseleli ezininzi � zomatshini, iikhemikhali kunye ne-thermal � zikhokelela kwimvakalelo ebuhlungu zenza ugqithiso lube yinkqubo entsonkothileyo.
• Kutshanje iimolekyuli ze-receptor zichongiwe�� Imijelo ye-Transient Receptor Potential (TRP). � eziphendula kwinani lezivuseleli ezinamandla.
• I-receptors ye-TRP nayo ibandakanyeka ekusasazeni ukuvutha kwe-chili pepper.
• Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iziyobisi ezisebenza kula ma-receptors ziya kuphuhliswa ukulawula intlungu.

Iziteshi ezahlukeneyo zeTRP

• ICapsasin, isithako esisebenzayo kwipepile yetshili, isetyenziswa kwiziqwenga zokukhulula iintlungu.
• I-Menthol kunye ne-peppermint gel zisetyenziselwa ukukhulula intlungu yemisipha.

Isiphumo seMoto kunye neNgeniso yeSensory kwiSpinal Cord

• Imithambo-luvo inomzimba wayo weseli ngaphandle kwentambo yomqolo Umqolo weengcambu ze ganglia (= I-1st order neurons).
• Enye inkqubo iya kwi-periphery, enye iya kwintambo yomgogodla apho yenza uqhagamshelwano lwe-synaptic kunye neeseli ze-nerve kwi-spinal cord (= 2nd order neurons).
• I-2nd order neuron ithumela iinkqubo kwezinye iiseli ze-nerve kwintambo yomgogodla kunye nengqondo.

2nd Order Nerve Cells Thumela iNerve Fibers kwi Spinal Cord White Matter

Ukuhanjiswa kwemiqondiso ye-Nociceptive ukusuka kwi-Periphery ukuya kwi-Brain

Silverthorn

I-Delta (?) kunye ne-C Nerve Fibers

Iifayibha zeNerve zihlelwa ngokwe:

� (1) ububanzi ye-nerve fiber kunye
� (2) nokuba i-myelinated okanye hayi.

• A? kunye neziphelo ze-C nerve fiber ziphendula kwi-stimuli enamandla.
• A? zi-myelinated kwaye i-C azikho.
• Amandla entshukumo asasazwa amaxesha ali-10 ngokukhawuleza ku-A?
  (20 m/sec) iifibers kune C (2 m/sec).

A? & C imicu

• A? iifibers ziphendula ikakhulu kumatshini kunye ne-mechno-thermal stimuli.
• I-C fibers zi-polymodal, okt i-nerve end isabela kwiindlela ezininzi � thermal, mechanical and chemical.
• Esi sikhundla se-polymodal kungenxa yobukho beeathomu ezahlukeneyo ze-receptor kwi-nerve enye.

Iintlungu ezikhawulezayo kunye nezicothayo

• Uninzi lwabantu xa lubethelwa yinto okanye lukhuhla ulusu lwabo, luziva lubukhali Ekuqaleni iintlungu (epicritic) zilandelwa yi a Isibini buthuntu, ubuhlungu, intlungu ehlala ixesha elide (protopathic).
• Intlungu yokuqala ekhawulezayo ihanjiswa yi-myelinated A? iifibers kunye nentlungu yesibini yi-fibers ye-C engafakwanga.

Iindlela zentlungu ephakathi

Izibonakaliso ze-nociceptive zithunyelwa kwintambo yomgogodla kwaye emva koko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho apho ukuvakalelwa kweentlungu kucutshungulwa.

Kukho iindlela/imimandla yokuvavanya:

1. Indawo, ukuqina, kunye nomgangatho we-stimuli enobungozi
2. Ukungonwabi kunye nokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo (impendulo yokulwa-okanye-indiza, ukudakumba, ukuxhalaba).

UGqr. Sletten exoxa ngeCentral Sensitization Syndrome (CSS)