Ukusika Iinguqu Zakho Zobunzima Ubomi Bakho | El Paso, TX.

Ukulandela amalungu omzimba aphezulu kunye nokulungiswa kotyando, ezinye izigulana ziphinda zisebenze kakuhle xa ezinye zingenzi njalo. Ukuqonda iipheripherali kunye neendlela eziphambili ezinegalelo ekubuyiseleni kunokuqhuba ukuphuculwa kongenelelo lonyango olutsha. Iplastiki elandela i-peripheral nerve transection ibonakalisiwe kuyo yonke i-neuroaxis kwiimodeli zezilwanyana zokulimala kwentliziyo. Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho lobuchopho olwenzeka emva kwethrafikhi yethambo kunye nokulungiswa kotyando ebantwini khange kuhlolwe. Ngaphaya koko, ubungakanani bokuvuselelwa kwemithambo-luvo kwefuthe kwimpembelelo yokusebenza kunye nolwakhiwo lobuchopho olungakhange lubonakaliswe. Ke ngoko, sibuze ukuba ngaba utshintsho olusebenzayo lukhatshwa ngwevu kunye / okanye imicimbi emhlophe yotshintsho kulwakhiwo nokuba ngaba olu tshintsho lunxulumene nokubuyiselwa kwemvakalelo? Ukujongana nale micimbi iphambili (i) kuvavanywe ukuvuselelwa kwemithambo-luvo; (ii) umlinganiso osebenzayo wokulinganisa ubungakanani bokusebenza kwengqondo (inqanaba le-oksijini yegazi exhomekeke; BOLD) ekuphenduleni isikhuseli se-vibrotactile; (iii) kuvavanye ubume beplastiki obunemibala engwevu namhlophe; kunye (iv) namanyathelo okubuyisela imvakalelo ngokudibeneyo kunye notshintsho lwezinto ezingwevu kwitranssection yemithambo-luvo kunye nezigulana ezilungisa uqhaqho. Xa kuthelekiswa nesigulana ngasinye sempilo ye-contralesional nerve, imithambo-luvo ekhubazekileyo ine-conduction ye-nerve iminyaka eyi-1.5 emva kokulungiswa kunye nokulungiswa, ukuqhuba ngokuncipha kwe-amplitude kunye nokunyuka kwe-latency. Xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni, i-peripheral nerve transection kunye nezigulana zokulungiswa kotyando ziye zatshintsha inqanaba le-oksijeni yegazi exhomekeke kwimisebenzi yesiginali kwindawo yokuqala yasesekondari nakwesekondari, nakwiseti yeendawo zobuchopho ezaziwa njenge- task positive network . Ukongeza, ukuncitshiswa kwemicimbi engwevu kwafunyanwa kwiindawo ezininzi zobuchopho, kubandakanya ne-cortices ezisisiseko kunye nezesekondari ze-somatosensory cortices, kwiindawo ezifanayo apho inqanaba leoksijini yegazi exhomekeke ekunciphiseni uphawu. Ngaphaya koko, ukucekiseka kwento engwevu kwi-gyrus esembindini wombindi kwakudityaniswe kakubi kunye nemilinganiselo yokubuyisela kwimeko yesiqhelo (ukufunyanwa kwemitshini kunye nokungcangcazela) kubonisa unxibelelwano olucacileyo phakathi komsebenzi kunye nolwakhiwo. Okokugqibela, siye safumanisa ukuba kuncitshisiwe into emhlophe ye-anisotropy kwi-insula elungileyo kwingingqi ekwabonisa ukuba kuncitshisiwe okungwevu. Ezi ziphumo zibonelela ngengqondo yeplastiki yobuchopho kunye nolwakhiwo-ubudlelwane bokuziphatha olulandelayo emva kokonzakala kwemithambo-luvo kwaye lubalulekile kunyango.

Amagama abalulekileyo: ukulingana kwe-cortical; fMRI; ukusasazwa kweengcamango; plastiki; yenzalo yengozi
Izifinyezo: BA = Indawo ye-Brodmann; BOLD = i-oxygen level depend dependent; i-FMRI = i-imagination magontic resonance imaging;
I-PNIr = i-artificial nerve transsection kunye nokulungiswa kocwangco; I-S1 = i-cortex ephambili ye-somatosensory; I-S2 = i-cortex yesibili esezantsi

intshayelelo

Ukulandela i-peripheral nerve transection kunye nokulungiswa kokuhlinzwa (PNIr), ?25% yezigulane azizange zibuyele emsebenzini emva kweminyaka eyi-1.5 emva kokuhlinzwa (Jaquet et al., 2001). Ukongeza, i-57% yezigulane ezinokulimala kwe-nerve ziphakathi kwe-16�35 iminyaka yobudala (uMcAllister et al., 1996); ngoko ke, ubomi obude bokukhubazeka kunye nobunzima bezoqoqosho bunokuhamba kunye ne-nerve ye-nerve transection. Ukuqonda i-central and peripheral ramifications yokulimala kwe-nerve ye-peripheral kunokuncedisa ukuphuhliswa kwezicwangciso ezintsha zonyango kunye neenkqubo zokungenelela.

Ayaziwa ukuba ubuchopho buphendula njani kwi-PNIr kubantu. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwezilwanyana luye lwaluqinisekisa ukuba i-plasticity ngaphakathi kwe-cortex ye-somatosensory iqala ngokukhawuleza emva kwendlela yesigxathu se-peripheral, kunye nokuba i-1 ngonyaka emva kokugqitywa kweentsimbi kunye nokulungiswa kocwangco, iimephu ze-cortical ziqulethe, zimelo ezingapheliyo zemizila enesigxina kunye ne-adjacent nervo (Wall et al ., 1986). Iinkqubo eziququzelela iplastiki zisebenzayo zicatshangelwa ukuba zibandakanye ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kweziqendu ezikhoyo ezivela kumanqanaba angama-cortical and subcortical ezikufutshane kunye nokukhula kwexesha elide lama-axon kumanqanaba amaninzi e-neuroaxis, kubandakanywa ne-corrox eyona nto yokuqala (iS1) (iFlorence neKaas , 1995; uHickmott noSteen, 2005).

Ucwaningo lobomi beengqondo luye lwaxhasa iziphumo ezivela kwiimpawu zezilwanyana kunye nokuchongwa kwamaphupha okusebenza okwenziwa kweMRI ngenxa yokulimala kwentambo yomgudu, ukutshitshiswa, ukudluliselwa kwesinye, kunye nezigulane ezine-carpel tunnel syndrome (iLotze et al., I-2001; Manduch et al., 2002; Jurkiewicz et al., 2006; iPadadow et al., 2006). Ukongezelela, izifundo zeMRI ziye zatshintshela utshintsho olumnyama nolumhlophe olutsha emva kokulimala koluhlungu kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo zeentlupheko, kubandakanywa ukutsalwa kwesilungu kunye nentlungu engapheliyo (i-API, 2004; i-2006; i-2008; Geha et al., 2008; Mayi, 2008). Inguqu ebomvu ingacingwa ukuba ihambelana nokutshintshwa kwiseli yeselula, i-atrophy kunye / okanye ukulahleka kwee-neurons okanye i-glia, kanti utshintsho lwenguqu omhlophe luchaphazeleka ngolu hlobo lokulahla kunye nokulahlekelwa kwe-myelin (iBelieulieu, i-2002; Meyi, i-2008).

Indlela enamandla yokucwangcisa iindlela zokukhubazeka kunye neeplastiki iyakudibanisa amashishini asebenzayo kunye namacwecwe amacwecwe omfanekiso. Siye saxela kwangaphambili ukuba izigulane ezine-PLNIr ezipheleleyo zigcinwe ziphulo ezingenamsebenzi ezingapheliyo eziqhubekayo kwi-41.5 iminyaka emva kokuhlinzwa (Taylor et al., 2008a). Ngokusekelwe kwezi ziphumo, sasiqiqa ukuba ezi gulane ziza kubonisa ukuguqulwa kwengqondo kunye nokwakhiwa kwengqondo kwiindawo eziphambili zengqondo. Ngako-ke, kulolu cwaningo, sithemba ukuba izigulane ze-PNIr ziza kuba nazo: (i) ukunciphisa izinga le-oksijini ye-oxygen (BOLD) ekuphenduleni ukufudumala kwintsimi ye-nerve, endaweni ye-S1 emele ilungu eliphezulu elimazileyo nakwimibini yesibini i-cortex yeratosensory (S2); (ii) ukunciphisa okuhambelana nokuqina kwamacandelo kule mimandla yeS1 kunye neS2; (iii) ulungelelaniso phakathi kweenguqu ezinobunzima bee-psychophysical of function somatosensory kunye (iv) nokunciphisa i-anisotropy ye-fraction (umlinganiselo womgca wembambano omhlophe) kumbandela omhlophe ukondla ukuya ngaphandle / ngaphandle kwezi ndawo ze-coral.

tindlela

I zifundo

Siphinde sagaya abaguli abangama-27 abane-nerve epheleleyo ye-median kunye / okanye i-ulnar nerve elandelwa lulungiso lotyando olusuka koogqirha beplastikhi abanxulumene neNkqubo yeYunivesithi yaseToronto phakathi kukaJuni 2006 noMeyi 2008. Ukusuka kweli qela likhulu, izigulana ezili-14 ezingenazintlungu (amabhinqa amathathu , Amadoda angama-11; iminyaka engama-34? Iminyaka eyi-10? (n = 6) ayifakwanga kolu hlalutyo]. Zonke izigulana ziye zalungiswa ngemithambo-luvo encinci ubuncinci iminyaka eyi-7 ngaphambi kokufunda (ixesha lokufumana kwakhona lahluka ukusuka kwi-1.5 ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-1.5). Ukongeza, saqesha i-8 yobudala- kunye nesini ehambelana nolawulo olusempilweni (abantu ababhinqileyo ama-14, abesilisa abali-3; iminyaka engama-11? Zonke izifundo zinike imvume ebhaliweyo enolwazi kwiinkqubo ezamkelweyo yiBhodi yeeNqobo eziseSikweni yezeMpilo kwiYunivesithi. Zonke izifundo zazinikezelwe ngokuchanekileyo (kumiselwe ukusebenzisa i-Edinburgh i-inventory yokunikezela: i-Oldfield, i-34) kwaye yayingenayo imbali yokwenzakala kwe-neurological okanye iintlungu ezingapheliyo (nokuba kungaphambi okanye emva kwetranssection). Jonga iTheyibhile 10 ngeenkcukacha zabantu.

IsiCwangciso soFundo

Zonke izifundo zibandakanyekile kwiseshoni yokucinga ebandakanya: (i) ukucinga ngomfanekiso wamagnetic (fMRI) ngokuphendula kwisicatshulwa se-vibrotactile esetyenziswe kumnxeba wokunene (ngaphakathi kwintsimi ye-median); (ii) ukukhangela kwe-anatomical ephezulu yokuphefumula kwengqondo yonke, ukufumana ukubhaliswa komfanekiso kunye nokuhlalutya kwento ebomvu; kunye (iii) nemiba engabonakaliyo yokucatshulwa kweengcamango zokuhlola iimpawu ezimhlophe. Ngaphambi kokucinga, izifundo zafundiswa kwisakhiwo esisisiseko solu vavanyo kwaye sikhunjuzwa ukuba sihlale sisenako kunokwenzeka ngexesha lonke lokuskena.

Izifundo zazikhululekile ukurhoxisa kwisifundo nanini na. Ukongezelela, uvavanyo lwenzame kunye nokuhlolwa kwemoto lwenziwa kuzo zonke izifundo (Taylor et al., 2008a). Njengoko umgca wokuthintela kunye nokudumala kwamandla okudityaniswa kwakunxulumene nobungqina be-cortical ukuchazwa kwezi ndlela kubandakanywe ngezantsi (ezinye iimvavanyo zengqondo ziza kuxelwa kwenye indawo).

Isikhuselo seVibration

Imigangatho yokubona i-Vibration yayinqunywe ngokusebenzisa isandla esabanjwe yi-Bio-Thesiometer (i-Bio-Medical Instrument Company, eU.SA). Isixhobo sinomseshini we-12-mm owabekwa kwi-phalanx ye-distal ye-index finger finger (D2). Izikhuselo zaziqulunqwe ngokusebenzisa indlela yokukhawulela: i-amplitude (i-voltage) yancinwa ngokukhawuleza kweso sifundo sibonisa ukuba bayayiqonda ukukhutshwa. Izibilini zokubanjelwa zifunyenwe kathathu kwaye inani elilinganiselweyo libalwe. Ngethuba lokuvavanya kwenyundu, izifundo zacelwa ukuba zivale amehlo zazo zize ziphumle emva kwesandla sazo kwi-cushion inkxaso.

UkuThola iMicrosoft Detection

Imilinganiselo yokufumanisa ubuchwephesha yagqitywa kusetyenziswa iseti esemgangathweni yeefilament ze-von Frey (i-OptiHair2 Marstock Nervtest, eJamani) equkethe i-12 ye-logarithmically spaced filaments ehambise imikhosi ukusuka kwi-0.25-512 mN. Ububanzi bomhlaba oqhagamshelwe kuyo yonke imisonto eyi-12 yayiyi- ~ 0.4mm. Izilingo zaqhutywa ngamehlo ezihloko zivaliwe kwaye izandla ziphumle kwikhomishini ethambileyo. Iinkqubo ziye zasetyenziswa kuthotho olunyukayo kwaye izifundo zazifuneka ukuba zenze impendulo ngalo lonke ixesha besiva ukuba iprosesa ichukumisa umnwe wasekunene we-D2. Le nkqubo iphindwe kathathu. Amandla e-filament afunyenwe ubuncinci kwizilingo ezimbini kwezintathu axelwe njengalowo uphantsi komgaqo wokufumanisa ubuchwephesha.

Uvavanyo lweMigudu

Izigulana zithathe inxaxheba kwizifundo zokuqhutywa kweemvakalelo kunye nokuqhutywa kwemithambo-luvo kwikliniki yaseToronto yeNtshona ye-electromyography (EMG). Ukuqhutywa kwemithambo-luvo, i-electrode evuselelayo yabekwa esihlahleni nakwingqiniba (ngokwahlukeneyo) kwaye i-electrode yokurekhoda yabekwa ngaphezulu kwe-abductor pollicis brevis, kuvavanyo lwe-median nerve, okanye i-abductor digiti minimi yovavanyo lwe-ulnar nerve. Ukuvavanywa kwemithambo-luvo kuvavanyo lokurekhoda lwabekwa esihlahleni kwaye i-electrode evuselelayo yabekwa kumanani eD2, D3 kunye ne-D5. Isazi semithambo-luvo esiphakamileyo nesinamava esivela kwiKlinikhi ye-EMG yaseToronto yeNtshona ye-EMG (uGqirha Peter Ashby) uphonononge lonke uvavanyo lweklinikhi ukunqanda ukuba yeyiphi imithambo-luvo ebonisa iimpendulo eziqhelekileyo / ezingaqhelekanga. Njengoko amanyathelo kunye ne-latency amanyathelo ayaziwa ngokwahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundo (ngenxa yezinto ezinje ngobuninzi be-innervation, ubunzulu be-nerve kunye nobungqingqwa besikhumba somntu ngamnye) (Kimura, 2001) Isigulana ngasinye basebenze njengolawulo lwabo xa kuthelekiswa namaxabiso asecaleni. Kwezi zigulana ezineempendulo zokuqhutywa kwe-nerve, i-t-iimvavanyo zenziwa ngambini ukuvavanya umohluko kwi-latency okanye kumanqanaba e-amplitude phakathi kwesigulana ngasinye esixeliweyo kunye nemithambo-luvo engafakwanga.

Ukujonga iParameters

Idatha ye-Brain imaging yafunyanwa kusetyenziswa inkqubo ye-3T GE MRI efakwe kwi-coil yentloko ye-channel esibhozo. Izifundo zabekwa phezu kwetafile ye-MRI kwaye intloko nganye yesifundo yayifakwe i-padded ukunciphisa intshukumo. Idatha ye-fMRI yobuchopho obupheleleyo yafunyanwa kusetyenziswa i-echo planar imaging (28 axial slices, field of view (FOV) = 20 x 20 cm, 64 x 64 matrix, 3.125 x 3.125 x 4mm voxels, ixesha le-echo (TE) = 30 ms, ukuphindaphinda ixesha (TR) = 2000 ms). Ixesha lokuskena laliyi-5 min kunye ne-8 s (iifreyimu ze-154). Ngexesha lokuskena, i-12 Hz i-vibrotactile stimulus engenabuhlungu isetyenziswe kwi-distal phalanx ye-D2 echanekileyo isebenzisa ibhaluni ye-diaphragms eqhutywa ngumoya oxinzelelweyo (Isixhobo senziwe nguGqr Christo Pantev; www.biomag.uni-muenster.de). I-Stimuli ihanjiswe kwiibhloko ze-10 ezidibeneyo kunye ne-20 yokuphumla, kwiibhloko ezili-10 zokuvuselela kunye neebhloko ezili-10 zokuphumla. I-8 yokuqala (i-4 TRs) yedatha efunyenweyo kwi-run nganye yalahlwa ukuvumela ukulinganisa kwesignali ye-fMRI. Izifundo zayalelwa ukuba zigcine amehlo evaliwe ngexesha lokuskena kwaye zigxile kwi-stimuli. Ingqondo epheleleyo ene-dimensional ezintathu (3D) high-resolution anatomical scan (124 sagittal slices, 24 x 24 cm FOV, 256 x� 256 matrix, 1.5 x 0.94 x 0.94 mm iivoxels) yafunyanwa nge-T1-weighted 3D echoiled (i-avareji yomqondiso omnye, i-engile yokujika = 20? , TE ?5 ms). Ukongeza, izikena ezibini ze-diffusion tensor imaging scans (38 axial slices, FOV 24 x 24 cm, 128 x 128 matrix, 1.875 x 1.875 x 3 mm voxels) zafunyanwa kunye nezalathiso ezingama-23 ezinexabiso le-b le-1000smm�2. Ubaleko ngalunye lukwaqulathe imiqulu emibini ngaphandle kobunzima bokusasaza.

Ukuhlalutya kweFMRI

Idatha yahlaziywa usebenzisa i-Brainvoyager QX v1.8 (Ubungqina be-Innovaton, Maastricht, e-Netherlands). Ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kuqukwa: Ukulungiswa kwesikhumbiso se-3D, ukulungiswa kwexesha lokuskena, ukukhishwa kwezinto eziqhelekileyo, ukucoca okuphambili (imijikelezo emihlanu ngomsebenzi ngamnye), kunye nokukhenkceka kwendawo nge-6mm epheleleyo ububanzi kwisiqingatha se-Gaussian. Iifom yedatha ye-fMRI zadibaniswa kwi-3 x 3 x 3 mm voxels, ezibhaliswe kwisithunzi esiphezulu se-image, kunye neendawo eziqhelekileyo kwi-Thalairach space (iTalairach kunye ne-Tournoux, i-1988). I-Voxels ibikwa njenge-1 x 1 x 1 mm. Iinkcukacha zahlaziywa zisebenzisa umzekelo oqhelekileyo; imodeli yafunyanwa ngokugqithisa umsebenzi webhokisi ngexesha lexesha lokuvuselela okuchukumisayo kunye nomsebenzi wokuphendula nge-haemodynamic. Ukuchonga phakathi kweemeko zamaqela kwipateni yokusebenza ukuhlalutya kokuchithwa kwimiba eyenziwe ngokungafaniyo: (i) ukulawula impilo: ukuphumla kwe-4; (ii) I-PNIr: Ukuphumla kwe-4; kunye (iii) nolawulo lwezempilo lwe-4 PNIr. Iimephu zokusebenza zigcinwe kwixabiso elichanekileyo le-P50.05 (elivela kwii-voxels ezingaxilwanga ze-P50.0001 kunye ne-120mm3 ezichazwe ngaphambili: Taylor kunye noDavis, 2009); Oku kwaqinisekiswa ngokuqhuba iMon Carlo Simulation kunye nesicelo se-AlphaSim esiphumelelwe kuHlolo lweNkqubo ye-Neuroimage (AFNI) esebenzayo. Olu hlalutyo lwaluquka kuphela izigulane ze-11 ezazisondeza isigxina se-nerve ye-median (n = 9) okanye i-nerve ye-median ne-ulnar (n = 2). ).

Uhlalutyo lweCortical Thickness

Uhlalutyo lobunzima beCortical lwenziwa kusetyenziswa iFreesurfer (http: // surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu); iindlela zichaziwe ngokweenkcukacha kwenye indawo (UDale et al., 1999; UFischl et al., 1999a, b; UFischl noDale 2000). Ngokufutshane, iiseti zedatha ye-anatomical yesisombululo esiphakamileyo sabhaliswa kwiTalairach atlas (Talairach kunye neTournoux, 1). Oku kwalandelwa kukuqina okuqhelekileyo, ukuhluthuka kwekhayi kunye nokwahlulwa kweehemispheres. Emva koko, umba omhlophe / ongwevu (obizwa umphezulu omhlophe) kunye nengwevu / i-CSF (ebizwa ngokuba ngumda wepial) imida yachongwa yaza yahlulwahlulwa. Umgama phakathi kweendawo ezimhlophe kunye neepial emva koko wabalwa kwindawo nganye kwinqanaba ngalinye lobuchopho. Ukuchonga umahluko weqela phakathi kwezigulana ezili-1988 kunye ne-14 yobudala / ulawulo oluhambelana ngokwesondo, uhlalutyo oluqhelekileyo lomzekelo lwenziwa kwindawo nganye kwingqondo. Njengoko i-cortical topography yomntu ngamnye inemvelo eyahlukileyo, i-14mm ye-FWHM yokuthambisa indawo yekernel yasetyenziswa ngaphambi kohlalutyo lwamanani. Idatha iboniswe kwi-P5 elungisiweyo (ethathwe kwi-P50.05 engalunganga kunye ne-50.0075 ye-vertices); Oku kubalwe ngokuqhuba ukulingisa kweMonte Carlo kunye neAlfaSim. I-vertex imele inqaku kwiphepha elinemilinganiselo emibini, kwaye, kolu phononongo, umgama phakathi kweeveices ezimbini yi-102mm0.80.

Njengoko abaguli bebonisa ukusilela okubonakalayo ekusebenzeni kwesomosensory ngaphakathi kwithambo lendawo ene-transected, siye saqikelela ukuba amanyathelo omsebenzi we-somatosensory (ukungcangcazela kunye nokuchongwa kokuchukumisa) kuya kulungelelana nobukhulu be-cortical kwi-contralesional post-central gyrus (eyokuqala kunye neyesekondari ye-somatosensory cortices). Ke ngoko, senze uhlalutyo lolungelelwaniso kwiqela lesigulana phakathi: (i) ubukhulu be-cortical kunye nomqobo wokufumanisa ukungcangcazela; kwaye (ii) ubukhulu be-cortical kunye nokufunyanwa kokuthinta. Isigulana esinye asilugqibanga uvavanyo lwengqondo; Ke ngoko, olu hlalutyo lubandakanya abaguli be-13 PNIr. Ukongeza, ukumisela ukuba ngaba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kokuqina kwe-cortical kunye nexesha lokubuyisa uhlalutyo lolungelelwaniso lwenziwa phakathi kwala manyathelo mabini. Olu hlalutyo lolungelelwaniso lwaluthintelwe kwi-gyrus esembindini esembindini ngokubandakanya imaski (ethathwe kwiiFreeurfer's ezakhiwe kwiiatlasi) kwimodeli yomgama ngokubanzi. Kwenziwa ulinganiso lweMonte Carlo olwaluthintelwe kwinani lezinto eziphakathi kwegyrus esembindini esembindini; imifanekiso iboniswa nge-P50.05 elungisiweyo (ethathwe kwi-P50.0075 engalunganga kunye nee-vertices ezingama-68).

Uhlalutyo lweTensor Imaging Analysis

Ukucutshungulwa kwemifanekiso eqingqiweyo kwenziwa nge-DTiStudio (www.MriStudio.org) kunye ne-FSLv.4.0 (www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/). Imifanekiso yaqala ukulungiswa kwakhona ngesixhobo sokuBhaliswa kweMifanekiso esiZenzekelayo kwi-DTiStudio, kusetyenziswa umfanekiso wokuqala we-B0 kuthotho lokuqala olufunyenwe njengetemplate. Le nkqubo ilungisa intshukumo yesifundo kunye nokugqwetha okwangoku kwe-eddy. Yonke imifanekiso yavavanywa ngokubonakalayo ukuvavanya umgangatho womfanekiso kunye nolungelelwaniso lokwahlulahlula kwe-imaging tensor imaging. Ukuba i-artefact ifunyenwe, isilayidi sasuswa ngaphambi kokubala umndilili wezinto ezimbini ezahlukileyo zokucinga. Imephu nganye ye-FA ibalwe kusetyenziswa isixhobo se-DTIFIT esenziwe kwi-FSL. Uhlalutyo lwamanani olumke nge-Voxel lwenziwa ukuchonga umahluko weqela kwi-anisotropy ye-fractional yentsingiselo kusetyenziswa i-Tract Based Spatial Statistics; Inkcazo epheleleyo yezi ndlela jonga uSmith et al. (2006). Ngokufutshane, imifanekiso ibingabhaliswanga ngokulandelelana kubhaliso kumfanekiso ekujoliswe kuwo (MNI152), umfanekiso otyunjiweyo emva koko wenziwa kuzo zonke iiseti zedatha kwaye lo mfanekiso wancitshiswa ukumela onke amaphecana aqhelekileyo kuzo zonke izifundo. Isihloko ngasinye esinexabiso eliphantsi le-anisotropy emva koko saqikelelwa kumathambo ngokukhangela kwimiba emhlophe ejonge kwinto nganye kumbandela omhlophe wamathambo. Uhlalutyo lobuchwephesha bobuchwephesha bobuchwephesha emva koko lwenziwa phakathi kwamaqela (i-14PNIr kunye ne-14 yolawulo olusempilweni) kunye nemifanekiso yayilungiswe ngokupheleleyo kwi-P50.05. Ukongeza, ummandla wohlalutyo lomdla wenziwa kwimiba emhlophe amaphecana kufuphi ne-S1, i-thalamus kunye ne-aseta yangaphandle kunye ne-posterior insula. Le mimandla ikhethwe njengokuba ebeyifakwe ngaphambili kwiinkalo zokungahambi kakuhle kwaye kuba zihambelana nemimandla echazwe kwi-FMRI kunye nohlalutyo lwe-cortical thickness (CTA). Iimimandla zenzalo zithathwa kumbandela omhlophe njengendlela elandelayo: (i) Ummandla we-S1 wenzalo ovela kumbindi ophakathi kwimiba emhlophe phakathi kwe-white matter skeleton ye-corona-radiata kunye nesigaba samathambo esondla kwi-gyrus yangaphambili; phelisa ekupheleni kwiphecana kwinqanaba elinikeziweyo.

Kwizikhokelo z umda wenzala wandisiwe ukusuka ku-z = 49 ukuya ku-57; Imicimbi emhlophe ebonelela ngendawo yesandla. (ii) Umda we-thalamus wommandla wenzala wawuthintelwe kwimikhondo emhlophe ejikeleze i-posterior kunye ne-medial thalamic nuclei (i-nuclei ebandakanyeka kumsebenzi we-somatosensory), isuka kwi-z = -1 ukuya kwi-4. (iii) Imimandla engaphakathi yomdla yatsalwa ngaphakathi Umcimbi omhlophe okufuphi nengaphandle nangaphandle kokungeniswa ngokusekwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezazipapashwe ngaphambili yilebhu yethu (UTaylor et al., 2008b). Umda wenzala owandisiweyo ukusuka ku-z = 2 ukuya kwi-8. Amaxabiso e-anisotropy akhutshiweyo akhutshwa kuyo yonke le mimandla inomdla kunye nohlalutyo oluninzi lokwahluka (MANOVA) lwenziwa kusetyenziswa iPhakheji yeenkcukacha manani kwiSayensi yezeNtlalo v13.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago), ebandakanya amaxabiso amaqhekeza anisotropy kuyo yonke imimandla emithandathu enomdla.

iziphumo

Itheyibhile 1 ibonelela ngeenkcukacha zabantu abathathe inxaxheba. Zonke izigulana ze-14 zigcine isigxina esipheleleyo se-median kunye / okanye i-ulnar nerve elandelwa lulungiso lwe-microsurgical ubuncinci iminyaka eyi-1.5 ngaphambi kokubhaliswa kokufunda. Ixesha ukusuka kotyando ukuya kuvavanyo lisusela kwi-1.5 ukuya kwi-8 yeminyaka nge-(SD) ye-4.8? Iminyaka emi-3. Izigulana kunye nolawulo khange (34? Iminyaka eyi-10 omabini amaqela; t = 0.04; P = 0.97).

Psychophysics

Imiqathango yokubaluleka ibalwa ukusuka kuyo yonke imilinganiselo emithathu ukususela kwindlela ephindaphindiweyo yokuhlalutya amanyathelo okuhluka (ANOVA) ibonisa ukuba akukho mvelaphi ephawulekayo phakathi kwezilingo ezintathu (F (25, 1) = 0.227, P = 0.64]. Ukutshintshwa kwezilwanyana kunye nokufunyanwa komatshini ama-restreshs awanakucala kakhulu kwizigulane ze-PNIr xa kuthelekiswa nokulawulwa kwempilo (vibration: t = 4.77, P50.001, Fig. 3A; umatshini: t = 3.10, P = 0.005, umfanekiso 3D).

Uvavanyo lweMigudu

Amplitude kunye nemilinganiselo ye-latency efunyenwe kwisigulana ngasinye ngokuchasene nemithambo-luvo yahlelwa njengesiqhelo yigulologist enamava kwikliniki ye-EMG yaseToronto yeNtshona. Isithoba sezigulana ezili-14 sigqibe kuvavanyo lokuqhutywa kwemithambo-luvo. Itheyibhile 2 ibonisa ukonyuka okuphakathi / ukuncipha kwedatha kunye nedatha yokuma kwamandla ekuqhubeni imithambo-luvo ukusuka kwisikristsi ukuya kwi-abductor pollicis brevis (median) okanye imisipha ye-abductor digiti minimi (ulnar) kunye nokuqhutywa kweemvakalelo ukusuka esihlahleni ukuya kwi-D2 (median) kunye ne-D5 ( ulnar) ngokuthelekiswa nesigulana ngasinye esingenzakaliswanga yimithambo-luvo. Kwisithoba, abaguli abasixhenxe babenamanqwanqwa ebandakanya i-median nerve. Kwezi zisixhenxe, esinye isigulana sasingenayo impendulo ebonakalayo ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwemoto kwaye esinye isigulana sasingenayo impendulo ebonakalayo ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwemvakalelo.

Kwizigulana ezithandathu ezineempendulo ezifumanekayo, iindlela zokuqhuba iimoto zonyuswe nge-43% (t = 6.2; P = 0.002) kunye ne-amplitudes zehla nge-38% (t = -2.6; P = 0.045) xa isiguli ngasinye sine-neran xa kuthelekiswa necala labo elingonzakalanga. Ukuqhutywa kweemvakalelo kwimithambo-luvo kukwaveze ukonyuka kwe-26% kwi-latency (t = 3.9; P = 0.011) kunye nokuhla kwe-73% kwi-amplitude (t = -8.0; P = 0.000) xa kuthelekiswa neentsholongwane eziqhelekileyo ezichaseneyo. Kwizigulana ezine ezinezilonda zemithambo-luvo esinye isigulana besingenayo impendulo ebonakalayo ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwemithambo-luvo. Kwezi zigulana zineempendulo, i-ulnar motor motor latency khange iphakanyiswe kakhulu (t = 2.8; P = 0.070); Nangona kunjalo, ii-amplitudes zazibaluleke kakhulu
yehle nge-41% (t = -5.9; P = 0.010). Uvavanyo lwe-sensory ye-ulnar nerve lubonise ukonyuka kwe-27% kwi-latency (t = 4.3; P = 0.049) kodwa akukho lonyuko lubalulekileyo kubungakanani (t =? 3.5; P = 0.072).

IPlastiki eSebenzayo kwi-Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Umsebenzi weemephu ze-MRI zabalwa ukusuka kwizigulana ze-11 PNIr ezine-nerve median ekunene (izigulana ezine-ulnar nerve transections azifakwanga kolu hlalutyo) kunye ne-11 yobudala- kunye nolawulo lwezempilo oluhambelana ngokwesondo. Ukusuka kumzobo 1A, kuyacaca ukuba abaguli bePNIr bane-activation encinci kakhulu, xa kuthelekiswa nolawulo olusempilweni, kwingingqi ye-S1 ehambelana nendawo yaseBrodmann 2 (BA2) (Talairach kunye neTournoux, 1988) kunye ne-S2 (jonga 3 Table ngeenkcukacha) . Iimpendulo zomndilili ezinxulumene nomsitho ezivela kule mimandla inomdla zibonisa impendulo ye-BOLD efunyenweyo ngaphakathi kwesigulana se-BA2 kunye nokushiya i-S2 (Ikhiwane. 1B kunye no-C, ngokulandelelana). Okumangalisayo kukuba, ukuvuselelwa kwe-vibrotactile kwizigulana kusebenze eyona ndawo iphambili ye-post-central gyrus (mhlawumbi i-BA1 / 3) (iTalairach kunye neTournoux, 1988) (Umzobo 1A kunye neTheyibhile 3). Umndilili onxulumene nomsitho (Ikhiwane. 1D) ibonisa ukuba ulawulo olusempilweni lwalunomsebenzi omncinci kulo mmandla. Ngaphaya koko, abaguli babenokusebenza ngakumbi kwimimandla yobuchopho ngokudibeneyo eyaziwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wenethiwekhi (ii-asterisks kwi Ikhiwane. 1). Jonga iTheyibhile 3 yoluhlu olupheleleyo lomsebenzi weendawo ezifanelekileyo zengqondo ezenziweyo. Uthungelwano lubandakanya ukubekwa phambili kwangaphambi kwexesha, iparietali esecaleni, i-preotor kunye ne-cortices zethutyana ezingaphantsi (Itheyibhile 3): Iindawo zengqondo ezenziwa ngexesha lokusebenza komsebenzi wokufuna ingqalelo kwaye ucinezelwe okanye ungasebenzi ngexesha lokuphumla okanye imisebenzi engaqondakaliyo okanye inika ingqwalaselo (Fox et al., 2005; UDeLuca et al., 2006; uSeminowicz kunye noDavis 2007).

Ukunciphisa iGrey Matter Kwii-Primary Somatosensory Cortex Correlates nge-Recovery Sensory

Uhlalutyo lwe-Cortical ubukhulu kuzo zonke izigulane ze-14 kunye ne-14 yobudala / ukulinganisa ngokwesondo ulawulo olunempilo lubonise ii-loci ezininzi ze-cortical thinning ebalulekileyo kwiqela le-PNIr (umzobo 2 kunye neThebhile 4). Ngokukodwa, izigulana zine-13% yokuncipha kobunzima becortical ngasekhohlo (contralesional) S22, S1, pregenual anterior cingulate gyrus, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex kunye ne-right anterior insula, anterior/posterior mid cingulate gyrus kunye neparacentral lobule. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, iindawo ezingwevu ziyancipha ngaphakathi kwe-post-central gyrus zihambelana nemimandla yokunciphisa i-BOLD elandela i-vibrotactile stimulation (Itheyibhile 2). Ukusukela ukuba besinolwazi lwangaphambili lwezigulana -intsilelo zeemvakalelo kunye nexesha lokubuyisela (oko kukuthi, ixesha ukusukela ekulungisweni kwe-microsurgical), siye sabuza ngokulandelayo ukuba ngaba izigulane-i-cortical thick in the post-central gyrus ihambelana ne-sensory mechanical and vibration thresholds, okanye kunye nokuqonda kwabo. ixesha lokubuyisela. Olu hlalutyo lubonakalise unxulumano olubi phakathi kobukhulu becortical kunye nemithamo yokubona ukungcangcazela kummandla oquka i-BA4/1 kunye ne-S2 (P2, r=?50.001 kunye ne-?0.80, ye-BA0.91/1 kunye ne-S2, ngokulandelelana; Umzobo 2 kunye neThebhile 3) ). Ukongeza, imigangatho yokubona oomatshini nayo yadityaniswa kakubi kunye nobukhulu be-cortical kwingingqi ye-BA5 ephezulu ngakumbi kunye nommandla ofanayo we-S2 (P2, r = ?50.001 kunye ne-?0.83, ye-BA0.85 kunye ne-S2, ngokulandelelana; 2). Nangona kunjalo, asizange sichonge ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo phakathi kwexesha lokubuyisela kunye nobukhulu be-cortical. Ke ngoko, kwi-post-central gyrus cortical thinning yayanyaniswa nokusilela koluvo oluqatha. Nangona kunjalo, asizange sichonge ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo phakathi kwexesha lokubuyisela kunye nobukhulu be-cortical. Kwakhona, bekukho imbalelwano phakathi kwe-cortical thinning kwiindawo ezinxulunyaniswa kakubi ne-vibratory stimuli kunye nemimandla ebonisa iqela le-fMRI kunye ne-CTA engaqhelekanga.

Imba eMhlophe Imiphumo engavumelekanga Ukulandela iNtranance

Ukuvavanya ingqibelelo yento emhlophe sisebenzise ummandla wenzalo ekujongeni uvavanyo lwemiba emhlophe ngokusekelwe kwiingcamango zokuqala. Iimimandla zenzalo zazincitshiswa kumaphepha amaphepha omhlophe azungezile kwaye ezondla kwi-S1 ne-thalamus. Ukongeza koko, senza imimandla enomdla kwimicimbi emhlophe ecaleni kwesigxina kunye nesekunene, i-anperior and posterior insula. I-insula yanyulwa njengoko ifakwe kwi-somatosensory processing kwaye ngenxa yokuba saqaphela inkcenkcesho yamancinci kwindawo efanelekileyo yangaphakathi kunye ne-CTA. Lo mbandela wenzalo ubonisa ukuba izigulane ziye zanciphisa kakhulu umbandela omhlophe we-anisotropy value (MANOVA kuquka yonke imimandla emithandathu yomdla) kufuphi nomgangatho wangaphambili [F (1, 26) = 4.39, P = 0.046; Umzobo 4A] kunye ne-insula yangemva (F (1, 26) = 5.55, P = 0.026; Umzobo we-4B], kodwa kwakungekho nantlukwano yeqela kumbandela omhlophe kufuphi ne-insula yangasekhohlo (i-insula yangaphakathi engasemva: P = 0.51; i-post-post insula: P = 0.26), i-thalamus (P = 0.46) okanye i-S1 (P = 0.46 ).

ingxoxo

Apha, siye sabonisa okokuqala ukuba kukho i-plasticity esebenzayo kunye nemigca emhlophe neyomhlophe into engafanelekanga kwimihlaba emininzi yecorpi elandelayo emlenzeni ophezulu wesigxina se-nervection and repair repair. Le iplastiki ingavela ekuzalweni kwentsholongwane engaphelelanga (i-cell cell death and / okanye i-myelination incomplete), njengoko amanyathelo okuqhuba izigulane kulezi zigulane abonisa ukungaqhelekanga okukhulu. Ukongeza, idatha yethu ibonisa ukuba ukunyuka kweempendulo ze-frotri ze-vibrotactile ezikhutshwe kwe-fMRI kwi-gyrus yangaphakathi-bhokisi zihambelana nombono wegrey otyunayo kwiqela lesigulane. Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba iimpendulo ze-BOLD ezincitshiswayo zingakhokelwa ngokunciphisa umbandela wegreyati kunye / okanye ukuncipha kwigalelo elithintekayo kwi-gyrus yangaphakathi. Ukongezelela, ubukhulu be-cortical phakathi kwezi ndawo ezifanayo ze-gyrus eziphambili zihambelane neendlela zokuziphatha zomsebenzi we-somatosensory. Oko kukuthi, ukunyuka kwee-somatosensory kwandiswe kunye ne-cortex encinci; zombini ezo zinxulumene negalelo elithile. Kuthathwe ndawonye, ​​idata yethu ibonisa ukuba ukuzaliswa kwentsholongwane engaphelelanga kwimizimba engaphelelanga kunomdla wokubangela ukukhubazeka okungafaniyo, i-corrotic grey item atrophy kunye nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-FMRI (jonga i-5 isishwankathelo salezi ziphumo).

Kuyaziwa kakuhle ukuba i-plasticity cortical ilandele i-nerptic nerve transsection kunye nokulungiswa kocwangco kunokwenzeka kwi-CNS kwizibilini ezingabantu (i-Kaas, i-1991). Le iplastiki icatshangelwa kukuba ngenxa yokukhutshwa kwe-synapses yangaphambili okanye i-axonal ehluma kwintsimi eyahlukileyo (Wall et al., 1986; Florence noKaas, 1995). Kwimodeli ye-primate, unyaka we-1 olandelayo emva kwe-nervection traction kunye nokulungiswa kocwangco, i-cortex ekhonjisiweyo ibonakaliswe ngokungaphelelanga nangokungaqondakaliyo kwemimiselo ye-nervered (ne-intact). Ukumelwa oku gxininiso kubangelwa ukuzaliswa kokuzaliswa kwemitha engaphelelanga okubangelwa ukubuyiswa okukodwa kwesikhala esicatshulwayo (Kaas, 1991). Ukuvavanya ubungakanani bendlela yokuhlaziywa kwendlela yomhlaba kwisigulane sethu sabantu senze iiphononongo kunye nezifundo zokuqhutyelwa kweenjini zomhlaba kwiindawo ezixubileyo. Iziphumo zethu zokuqhuba iimbilini zibonisa ukuba izigulane ze-PNIr ziye zanciphisa kakhulu ubukhulu kunye nokwandiswa kwe-latency kwezo zombini kunye neenjini ezisemgangathweni xa kuthelekiswa nelinye icala. Ukunciphisa ukuphakama kwamanani kunye kunye nokunyuka kwe-latency kubonakalisa ukulahleka kwefayibha yomhlaba (oko kukuthi ukufa kweselefu) kunye / okanye okuqhelekanga okanye ukungaphelelanga ukuphindaphinda ngokulandela i-transection (Kimura, 1984). Ukongezelela, kuchanekile ukuba phakathi kwe-20% kunye ne-50% yeengcambu ze-ganglion neurons ziyafa emva kwesigxathu se-nervection (uLiss et al., 1996). Ngaloo ndlela, ukufa kokufa kwesisele kunye nokuhlaziywa okungaphelelanga kungakhokelela ekunciphiseni igalelo le-cortex, enokuthi ilandele ukulahleka kweengqondo kunye nokunciphisa impendulo yeBOLD kwi-BA2 kunye ne-S2. Ukongezelela, le ngongoma echaphazelekayo inokuthi ilandele i-cortical thinning esiyibonayo kwimimandla efanayo ye-cortex. Ukunqongophala okubonakalayo kuboniswe ukudala ukuguqulwa kwe-transnuronal kwimimandla emininzi ye-CNS, kubandakanywa uphondo lwentsimbi emva kwesigaba se-ncium se-sciatic (i-Knyihar-Csillik et al., I-1989), kwaye ingabandakanya i-neurons yesibini kunye neyesithathu (iPowell kunye Erulkar, 1962). Ukutshatyalaliswa kweTransneuronal kubonakaliswe ukutshatyalaliswa kweseli kwaye kucatshangelwa ukuba kunxulumene nokunciphisa, okanye kungabikho, igalelo elithintekayo (Knyihar-Csillik et al., 1989). Ngaloo ndlela, ukulahleka kwe-gray corrosion (okanye i-atrophy) ingadibana ngqo nokunciphisa igalelo elithile.

Siye sabonisa ukunyusa kwenyuso kwi-gyrus yangaphakathi-kummandla ohambelana ne-BA1 / 3 (iTalairach kunye ne-Tournoux, i-1988). I-Electrophysiological, i-anatomical tracing kunye ne-neuroimaging zifundo zenze ukuba ukuba uninzi lwezinto eziphathekayo ezinqamlekileyo zibandakanya izikhundla zokuqala ze-cortical yi-BA1 ne-BA3b. Ezi ndawo zengqondo ze-cytoarchitectonic ziphethe imephu yomzimba we-somatotopic kunye neendawo ezincinci zokuthobela. Ukongezelela, le mimandla iyaphendula kwiinkalo ezininzi zolwazi oluxubileyo, ezifana nokuthungwa kunye nokukhwabanisa, ukunyuka kwexesha kunye nokukhawuleka kwezinto ezinqabileyo (iBodegard et al., 2001). Ucwaningo lwe-FMRI luye lwabonisa ukuba lo msebenzi ngaphakathi kwe-cortex yongqineli ithathwa ngqalelo njengoko iimpendulo ze-FMRI eziya ku-S1 zonyuka xa izifundo ziya kwi-stimulus, kodwa ziphazamiseka xa izifundo ziphazamiseka (Arthurs et al., 2004; Porro et al., 2004). Ngaphezu koko, izigulane zethu zisebenzise inethiwekhi yendawo yengqondo eyaziwayo njengomsebenzi wenethiwekhi enhle (DeLuca et al., 2006) ngaphezu kokulawula okunempilo. Ezi ndawo zengqondo ziqaliswe ngexesha lokufuna ingqalelo iinkqubo (Fox et al., 2005; Seminowicz kunye noDavis, 2007). Ngokubambisana, ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba izigulane kufuneka zihambele ekuvuseleleni ngaphezu kolawulo ngenxa yeengcamango zabo ezinokukhubazeka. Ukuqwalaselwa oku kongeziweyo kungabangela ukuba kusebenze ukwandiswa kwe-BA1 / 3b. Enyanisweni, ukukhushulwa komsebenzi kwi-BA1 / 3b kunokubonakalisa iplastiki engahambelani nomthwalo.

I-BA2 kunye ne-S2 bobabini bafumana iziphumo ezivela kwi-BA1 / 3b kunye nakwezinye iinkalo ezihlukeneyo ze-thalamic complex (Pons et al., 1985; Friedman no Murray, 1986). Zombini kwezi zinto ngengqondo Iindawo zinamabala amakhulu, ahlala eneenombolo ezininzi (BA2) okanye amazwe amabini (S2) (Iipon et al., 1985; Iwamura et al., 2002). Ngokusekwe kuqikelelo lwe-ana- tomical kunye neepropathi zokuphendula ze-neuronal, ukuqhubekeka ngokulandelelana kolwazi oluchukumisayo kubonisiwe ukusuka kwi-BA1 / 3b ukuya kwi-BA 2 (Kaas et al., 2002). Ukongeza, izifundo ze-electrophysioloical-gical in macaques (Pons et al., 1987) kunye nedatha ye-magnetoence- phalografi efunyenwe ebantwini, icebisa ukuba ukuqhubekeka ngokulandelelana kokufaka okuchukumisayo kwenzeka ukusuka kwi-S1 ukuya kwi-S2 kumanqwanqwa aphezulu (I-Frot neMauguiere 1999; Disbrow okqhubekayo. ., 2001). Izifundo ezininzi zibonise ukuba i-BA2 ikhethwe ngokungqalileyo yimilo kunye ne-curvature (Bodegard et al., 2001), ngelixa i-S2 inokuba nenxaxheba ekufundeni okuchukumisayo (URidley kunye no-Ettlinger 1976; uMurray kunye noMishkin, 1984), exhasa umbono wokuba ezi ndawo zobuchopho bayabandakanyeka kulungelelwaniso oluphezulu lwe-somatosensory processing. Uvavanyo lwethu lwe-psychophysical lubonakalise ukuba abaguli babekhubazeke kakhulu ekufumaneni izinto ezilula zokuchukumisa, nakuvavanyo loLwakhiwo loLwakhiwo lweMilo iminyaka eyi-1.5 emva kotyando (Taylor et al., 2008a). Olu vavanyo lokugqibela luvavanya ukubanakho kwesigulana ukuba siqaphele isimilo sento ethile ngelixa sijonga imeko okanye ubume, sifuna ukudityaniswa kolwazi oluvakalayo kwimimandla yomzimba (iRosen kunye neLundborg, 1998). Ithathiwe kunye, ukungeniswa kwedatha yethu kukuba izigulana ze-PNIr ziye ngakumbi kwisishukumisi se-vibrotactile, esikhokelela ekwandeni kokusebenza kwenethiwekhi kunye ne-BA1 / 3. Nangona kunjalo, kwezi zigulana, idatha yethu ichaza ukuba iindawo zokulungiswa okuphezulu, ezinje nge-BA2 kunye ne-S2, azifumananga lwazi luchukumisayo, olunokuthi emva koko lubangele ukuceketheka kwecortical kunye nokunciphisa iimpendulo zeBOLD.

I-insula icingelwa ukuba ibambe iqhaza ekudibaniseni ulwazi olubanzi olubalulekileyo kwiimpawu zengqondo, imvakalelo, i-allostatic / homeostatic kunye nengqiqo (Devinsky et al., 1995; iCritchley, i-2004; i-Craig, i-2008) kwaye ikhethwe njenge-cortex yecalax (Craig) , 2008). Izifundo eziliqela ziye zabika ukusebenza ngokusesikweni ekuphenduleni ukukhuthazwa kwentetho (Gelnar et al., 1998;

I-Downar et al., I-2002) kunye nezifundo zokulandelela i-anatomical in primates zibonise ukuba i-insula ixhunyaniswa ngokusesikweni kumbindi wangaphambili, i-parietal kunye ne-temporal lobes (uAgasine, 1996). Kwizigulane zethu, i-insula ye-anterior yangaphambili yodwa yindawo ekhonkco ebonisa ukuxhamla okukhulu kwe-cortical ngokubambisana nexabiso elincinci le-anisotropy kwimiba emhlophe ecaleni, ebonisa ukuba ukucuthwa kwe-cortical kule ndawo kudibene nokulahleka kweefayili eziza esi sakhiwo. I-insula ye-intanethi yangaphambili ifakwe kwi-interoception njengoko ikhona ukudibanisa i-homeostatic input evela kumzimba eneemeko ezikhuthazayo, zengqondo nezentlalo (Craig, 2008). Ngaphezu koko, uCritchley et al. (I-2004) ibike ukulungelelanisa phakathi kwamakhono okufunda kunye nombono wegrey volume ye-insula yangaphakathi. Ukubonelela kwethu ukuba izigulane ziye zanciphisa into egciniweyo kwi-insula yangaphakathi efanelekileyo, kuya kuba nomdla ukuvavanya ubuchule bokungena ngaphakathi kwintlungu yesigxina kwi-future study.

Kuthathwe ndawonye, ​​sibonakalise okokuqala ukuba izilungiso zokusebenza kunye nezakhiwo zikhoyo kwi-cortex ye-cerebral cortex iminyaka eyi-1.5 emva kwe-transection ephelele yesigxina esiphezulu se-nervalal nervous. Ukongezelela, amanyathelo okuqhuba i-nerve abonisa ukuzaliswa kwe-pipiphelo engaphelelanga kwezi zi gulane. Ukongezelela koko, sibonisa ukuba ubunzima be-cortical buhlobene nemilinganiselo ye-psychophysical yokubuyiswa, kwi-cortex encinci ngaphakathi kwe-BA2 kunye ne-S2 idibaniswe nomsebenzi oswelekileyo wesifo somatosensory. Ezi nkcukacha zibonisa ukuba ukuhlaziywa kwakhona kweemaphu eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza kusebenza ngokukhawuleza nokudibaniswa ngokuphumelelayo kwimiba ye-peripheral.

UKeri S. Taylor, 1,2 Dimitri J. Anastakis2,3,4 noKaren D. Davis1,2,3

ICandelo le-1 leBongo, iMifanekiso kunye nokuziphatha Iinkqubo zeNeuroscience, iZiko loPhando laseNtshona laseToronto, iNethiwekhi yezeMpilo yeYunivesithi, eToronto, Canada M5T258
I-2 Institute of Scientific Science, iYunivesithi yaseToronto, eCanada
I-3 Isebe Lophando, iYunivesithi yaseToronto, eCanada
I-4 Studies Clinic Centre, I-Toronto Western Institute Research, i-University Health Network, iToronto, eKhanada M5T2S8

Unxibelelwano ku: Karen D. Davis, Ph.D.,
Ukwahlulwa kweBongo, ukuCinga nokuZiphatha kwiNkqubo yeeNeuroscience, iZiko loPhando laseNtshona laseToronto
Isibhedlele saseWorld Western,
INyuvesi yezeMpilo,
Igumbi le-MP14-306, i-399 Bathurst Street,
EToronto, eOntario,
I-Canada M5T 2S8
E-mail: kdavis@uhnres.utoronto.ca

Imibulelo

Ababhali bayabonga uMnu Geoff Pope, uDkt. Adrian Crawley, uMnu. Eugene Hlasny kunye noMnu Keith Ta ukulungiselela uncedo lobuchwepheshe. Ababhali bangathanda ukubonga uDkt. Peter Ashby kunye noMnu Freddy Paiz waseKliniki ye-EMG ye-EMG yokuqhuba iimvavanyo zokuqhubela umlenze kunye nokubonelela ngeengcali zokuvavanywa kweziphumo. Ababhali bayabulela noDkt Dvali, uBhamhammer, Fialkov kunye no-Antonyshyn ngokubambisana nale projekthi. UDkt. Davis unguSihlalo woPhando lweCanada kwiBongo kunye nokuziphatha (i-MOP 53304 ye-IRIH).

Inkxaso

IiNkonzo zoGqirha eziHlanganisiweyo kunye nesibonelelo esidibeneyo sembewu kwiDyunivesithi yaseToronto IZiko loFundo lweNtlungu / i-AstraZeneca.

Izinto ezongezelelweyo

Izinto ezongezelelweyo zifumaneka kwiBrain online.