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I-Clinical Neurophysiology

INkxaso yeKlinikhi yeNeurophysiology yangasemva. El Paso, TX. I-Chiropractor, uDkt. Alexander Jimenez uxoxa I-neurophysiology yeklinikhi. UDkt Jimenez uya kuhlolisisa ukubaluleka kweklinikhi kunye nemisebenzi esebenzayo ye-peripheral nerve fibers, intambo yomgogodla, i-brainstem, kunye nengqondo kwimeko ye-visceral kunye ne-musculoskeletal disorders. Izigulane ziya kufumana ukuqonda okuphambili kwe-anatomy, i-genetics, i-biochemistry, kunye ne-physiology yeentlungu ngokubhekiselele kwii-syndromes zeklinikhi ezahlukeneyo. I-biochemistry yesondlo enxulumene ne-nociception kunye nentlungu iya kufakwa. Kwaye ukuphunyezwa kolu lwazi kwiinkqubo zonyango kuya kugxininiswa.

Iqela lethu liyazingca ngokuzisa iintsapho zethu kunye nezigulane ezonzakeleyo kuphela kwiiprothokholi zonyango eziqinisekisiweyo. Ngokufundisa impilo entle epheleleyo njengendlela yokuphila, sikwatshintsha hayi ubomi bezigulana zethu kuphela kodwa neentsapho zabo ngokunjalo. Senza oku ukuze sifikelele kuninzi lwe-El Pasoans abasidingayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imiba yokufikeleleka. Ukuze ufumane iimpendulo kuyo nayiphi na imibuzo onokuba nayo nceda ufowunele uDkt Jimenez kwi-915-850-0900.


Ubume bePathophysiology ye-Pauropathic Pain

Ubume bePathophysiology ye-Pauropathic Pain

Iintlungu ze-Neuropathic ziimeko ezinzima, ezingapheliyo zentlungu zihlala zihamba kunye nokulimala kwezicubu ezithambileyo. Intlungu ye-Neuropathic ixhaphake kuqhelaniso lweklinikhi kwaye ikwabangela ucelomngeni kwizigulana nakwabahlengikazi ngokufanayo. Ngeentlungu ze-neuropathic, imithambo ngokwayo inokuba yonakele, ingasebenzi okanye ilimele. Intlungu ye-Neuropathic sisiphumo somonakalo ovela kwintlungu yesifo okanye kwisifo ukuya kwipripalal or central system system, apho lesion inokuthi ivele nakweyiphi na indawo. Ngenxa yoko, le micu ye-nerve eyonakalisiweyo ingathumela imiqondiso engalunganga kwamanye amaziko entlungu. Iziphumo zokulimala kwentsinga ye-nerve kubandakanya ukutshintsha kokusebenza kwe-neural, zombini kwindawo yokulimala kunye nokujikeleza ukulimala. Iimpawu zeklinikhi zentlungu ye-neuropathic ihlala iquka imvakalelo yenzwa, ezinje ngeentlungu ezizenzekelayo, i-paresthesias kunye ne-hyperalgesia.

 

Intlungu ye-Neuropathic, njengoko ichazwe yi-International Association of the Study of Pain okanye i-IASP, yintlungu eqaliswe okanye ibangelwa sisilonda esentloko okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo yethambo. Isiphumo sisiphumo somonakalo naphi na kwi-neuraxis: inkqubo ye-peripheral nervous, ye-spinal okanye ye-supraspinal system. Iimpawu ezihlukanisa iintlungu ze-neuropathic kwezinye iintlobo zentlungu zibandakanya iintlungu kunye neempawu zenzwa ezihlala zingaphaya kwexesha lokufumana. Luphawulwa ebantwini ziintlungu ezenzekelayo, i-allodynia, okanye amava okukhuthaza un-noxious njengentlungu, kunye ne-causalgia, okanye intlungu eqhubekayo evutha. Iintlungu ezizenzekelayo zibandakanya ukuziva "ngeepini kunye neenaliti", ukutshisa, ukudubula, ukugwaza kunye nentlungu yeparoxysmal, okanye ukungcangcazela kombane njengentlungu, edla ngokunxulunyaniswa ne-dysesthesias kunye ne-paresthesias. Ezi mvakalelo azitshintshi kuphela izixhobo zokwenza iimvakalelo zesigulana, kodwa kwimpilo-ntle yesigulana, imvakalelo, ingqalelo kunye nokucinga. Iintlungu ze-Neuropathic zenziwa zimpawu zombini “ezingalunganga”, ezinje ngokuphulukana nemvakalelo kunye nokuziva uthandabuza, kunye neempawu "ezintle"

 

Iimeko ezihlala zihambelana nentlungu ye-neuropathic inokuhlelwa ibe ngamaqela amabini aphambili: iintlungu ngenxa yomonakalo kwinkqubo ye-nerve yangaphakathi kunye nentlungu ngenxa yomonakalo kwinkqubo ye-peripheral system. Imivimbo ye-cortical and sub-cortical stroke, i-traumatic spinal cord, i-syringo-myelia kunye ne-syringobulbia, i-negegias ye-trigeminal kunye ne-glossopharyngeal neuralgias, i-neoplastic kunye nezinye izilonda ezithatha indawo yimo yeemeko zeklinikhi zeqela langaphambili. Ukunyanzelwa kwengqondo okanye ukubamba imithambo-luvo, ischemic neuropathy, i-polyipur ye-peripheral, i-plexopathies, ukunyanzeliswa kweengcingo, isiphumlisi sasemva kokuphuma kunye nentlungu ye-phantom, isifo se-postherpetic neuralgia kunye ne-neuropathies ezinxulumene nomhlaza.

 

I-pathophysiology ye-Neuropathic Pain

 

Iinkqubo ze-pathophysiologic kunye neengqondo ezingaphantsi kweentlungu ze-neuropathic zininzi. Ngaphambi kokugubungela ezi nkqubo, ukuphononongwa kwezinto ezijikelezayo zentlungu kubalulekile. Ukujikeleza kwentlungu rhoqo kubandakanya ukubandakanyeka kwe-nociceptor, ekwabizwa ngokuba sisamkeli seentlungu, ekuphenduleni ekukhuthazeni kabuhlungu. Amaza okuhanjiswa kwesidumbu ahanjiswa kwii-neurons zodidi lokuqala, kunye nokuhamba ngokungxamisekileyo kwe-sodium kwiindlela zesodium kunye nokuphuma ngokukhawuleza kwe potaziyamu. I-Neurons iphela kwi-stem yobuchopho kwi-nucleus ye-trigeminal okanye kwi-dorsal uphondo lomgogodla. Kulapha apho umqondiso uvula iitshaneli ze-calcium-gated calcium kwimolela yangaphambili ye-synaptic, ivumela i-calcium ukuba ingene. I-calcium ivumela i-glutamate, i-neurotransmitter evuthayo, ukuba ikhutshwe kwindawo ye-synaptic. I-glutamate ibophelela kwii-receptors ze-NMDA kwii-neurons ze-oda yesibini, ebangela ukudodobala.

 

Ezi zi-neurons zinqumla kwintambo yomgogodla kwaye zihambe de kube yi-thalamus, apho zihlala kunye ne-neurons ye-oda yesithathu. Ezi ke ziqhagamshela kwinkqubo ye-limbic kunye ne-cortex yecereal. Kukho indlela yokuthintela engathinteli ukuhanjiswa kwesiginali yeentlungu ukusuka kwiphondo le-dorsal. I-anti-nociceptive neurons isuka kwingqondo yengqondo kwaye ihambe iyehla kumqolo wentambo apho ihambelana khona kunye ne-interneurons emfutshane kwiphondo le-dorsal ngokukhulula i-dopamine kunye ne-norepinephrine. I-Intneurons ziguqula ukuvumelanisa phakathi kwe-neuron ye-oda yokuqala kunye ne-neuron ye-odolo yesibini ngokukhupha i-gamma amino butyric acid, okanye i-GABA, i-inhibitory neurotransmitter. Ngenxa yoko, ukupheliswa kwentlungu sisiphumo sothintelo lwee-synapses phakathi kwee-neurons zokuqala kunye ne-oda ezimbini, ngelixa ukuphuculwa kwentlungu kunokuba sisiphumo sokucinezelela kokunxibelelana kwe-inhibitory synaptic.

 

I-Pathophysiology ye-Neuropathic Pain Diagram | El Paso, TX Chiropractor

 

Amachiza asisiseko se-neuropathic pain, nangona kunjalo, awacacanga. Izifundo ezininzi zezilwanyana zatyhile ukuba iindlela ezininzi zinokubandakanyeka. Nangona kunjalo, umntu kufuneka akhumbule ukuba oko kusebenza kwizidalwa akunakuhlala kusebenza kubantu. I-neurons yoku-oda yokuqala inokunyusa ukudubula kwabo ukuba yonakaliswe ngokwengxenye kwaye yonyuse inani leendlela zesodium. Ukukhutshelwa kwe-Ectopic sisiphumo sokonyusa amandla kwiindawo ezithile kwifibre, okukhokelela kwintlungu engazinzanga kunye nentlungu ehambelana nokushukuma. Imijikelezo ye-inhibitory inokuncitshiswa kwinqanaba lempondo ye-dorsal okanye iiseli zengqondo, kunye zombini, ukuvumela ukunyanzeliswa kwentlungu ukuhamba kungavalwanga.

 

Ukongeza, kunokubakho inguqu kulungelelwaniso oluphambili lweentlungu xa, ngenxa yentlungu engapheliyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwesiyobisi esithile kunye / okanye amayeza, i-neurons yesibini kunye neyesithathu inokudala "inkumbulo" yentlungu kwaye ibe novakalelo. Kukho ukuphakama kokuziva kwe-neurons yomgogodla kunye nemibandela yokunciphisa ukusebenza. Enye ithiyori ibonakalisa umba wentlungu egcinwe ngovelwano. Olu luvo lubonakaliswe yi-analgesia kulandela ukulandela uvelwano kwizilwanyana nakubantu. Nangona kunjalo, umxube we-mechanics ungabandakanyeka kwiimeko ezininzi ze-neuropathic ezingapheliyo okanye umxube we-somatic kunye ne-neuropathic. Phakathi kwemiceli mngeni kwintlungu, kwaye kakhulu ngakumbi ngokubhekisele kwintlungu ye-neuropathic, kukukwazi ukuyijonga. Kukho icandelo eliza kubakho koku: okokuqala, kuvavanyo lomgangatho, ubukhulu kunye nokuqhubela phambili; kwaye okwesibini, ukufumanisa ngokuchanekileyo iintlungu ze-neuropathic.

 

Kukho, nangona kunjalo, ezinye izixhobo zokuxilonga ezinokunceda abagqirha ekuvavanyeni iintlungu ze-neuropathic. Kwabaqalayo, izifundo zenzululwazi yokuveliswa kwemithambo luvo kunye nezinto ezinokubangela ukuba babe namandla okuchonga kunye nokuchaphazela ubungakanani bomonakalo kwiimvakalelo, kodwa kungabi njalo, iindlela ngokujonga iimpendulo ze-neurophysiological kukhuthazo lombane. Ukongeza, amanyathelo okuvavanya uvakalelo lokubona kwindlela ekuphendula ngayo isikhuthazo sangaphandle samandla ahlukeneyo ngokusebenza okukhuthaza ulusu. Uvakalelo lobuxhakaxhaka bokuvuselela okubonakalayo lilinganiswa ngezixhobo ezikhethekileyo, ezinje ngeenwele ze-V Frey, ipinki ngenaliti zokunxibelelana, kunye nokuva kokuhamba kunye nokudibana kunye ne-vibrameter kunye nentlungu eshushu ene-thermode.

 

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwenza uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwe-neurological ukuchonga ukungasebenzi kwemoto, imvakalelo kunye nokungasebenzi kakuhle. Ekugqibeleni, kukho imibuzo emininzi esetyenziselwa ukwahlula intlungu ye-neuropathic kwintlungu ye-nocicepts. Ezinye zazo zibandakanya imibuzo yodliwano-ndlebe kuphela (umzekelo, i-Neuropathic Questionnaire kunye ne-ID Pain), ngelixa ezinye ziqulathe imibuzo yodliwanondlebe kunye novavanyo lomzimba (umz., Uvavanyo lweLeeds of Neuropathic Symbols and Signs wadogo) kunye nesixhobo esikhethekileyo senoveli Intlungu, edibanisa imibuzo emithandathu yodliwanondlebe kunye novavanyo lweshumi lomzimba.

 

Umzobo weNhlungu ye-Neuropathic | El Paso, TX Chiropractor

 

Iindlela zoNyango kwiNhlungu ye-Neuropathic

 

Iirejimeni zonyango ezijolise kwiindlela zentlungu ye-neuropathic. Nangona kunjalo, zombini unyango lwe-pharmacologic kunye nolwe-non-pharmacologic lunika isiqabu esipheleleyo okanye isahlulo nje kwisiqingatha sezigulana. Ubungqina obuninzi obusekelwe kubungqina bucebisa ukusebenzisa umxube wamachiza kunye / okanye amayeza ukusebenza ngeendlela ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Uninzi lwezifundo ziphande kakhulu kwi-post-herpetic neuralgia kunye ne-neuropathies yesifo seswekile kodwa iziphumo zinokungasebenzi kuzo zonke iimeko zentlungu ye-neuropathic.

 

Ukuxhatshazwa

 

Ii-Antidepressants zonyusa i-syaptonin ye-synaptic kunye namanqanaba e-norepinephrine, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe umphumo wehla we-analgesic system ehambelana nentlungu ye-neuropathic. Bayeyona nto iphambili kunyango lwentlungu ye-neuropathic. Izenzo zohlalutyo zinokuthi zibekho ngenxa ye-ad -alrenaline kunye ne-dopamine ukuphinda i-blockade, ekhuthaza ngakumbi ukuthintela, i-NMDA-receptor antagonism kunye ne-sodium-channel blockade. I-Tricyclic antidepressant, ezinje ngee-TCAs; Umzekelo, i-amitriptyline, imipramine, inortriptyline kunye ne-doxepine, zinamandla ngokuchasana nokuqaqanjelwa okungapheliyo okanye ukutsha kwentlungu kunye nentlungu ezenzekelayo.

 

I-Tricyclic antidepressants iye yangqinwa inempumelelo kakhulu kwintlungu ye-neuropathic kune-serotonin reuptake inhibitors, okanye ii-SSRIs, ezinje ngeFluoxetine, iparoxetine, isertraline kunye ne-citalopram. Isizathu kukuba banokuthi baphinde baphinde baphinde bathathe i-serotonin kunye ne-epinephrine, ngelixa i-SSRIs inhibitake i-serotonin. I-Tricyclic antidepressants inokuba neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezimbi, kubandakanya isicaphucaphu, ukudideka, iibhlokhi zentliziyo zokuhambisa, i-tachycardia kunye ne-ventricular arrhythmias. Zinokubangela ukuzuza kwesisindo, isithsaba esinciphileyo kunye ne-orthostatic hypotension. Ii-Tricyclics kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngononophelo kubantu abadala, abasesichengeni ikakhulu kwiziphumo zabo ezimbi. Uxinzelelo lwechiza kwigazi kufuneka lubekwe esweni ukuze kugwetywe ubuthi kwizigulana ezisebenzisa amayeza okucoca umzimba ngokukhawuleza.

 

I-Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, okanye i-SNRIs, iklasi entsha ye-antidepressants. Njengee-TCA, zibonakala ngathi zisebenza ngakumbi kunee-SSRIs zokunyanga iintlungu ze-neuropathic ngenxa yokuba zikwathintela ukuphinda zibuye zombini i-nor-epinephrine kunye ne-dopamine. I-venlafaxine iyasebenza ngokuchasene ne-polyneuropathies eyonakalisayo, efana ne-neuropathy yesifo seswekile, njenge-imipramine, xa kukhankanywa i-TCA, kwaye zombini zikhulu kakhulu kune-placebo. Njengee-TCAs, ii-SNRIs zibonakala ngathi zibonelela izibonelelo ezizimeleyo kwiziphumo zabo zokungahambi kakuhle. Iziphumo ezibi zibandakanya ukudumba, ukudideka, uxinzelelo lwegazi kunye nesifo sokurhoxa.

 

Iziyobisi zeAntiepileptic

 

Amachiza e-antiepileptic anokusetyenziswa njengonyango lomgca wokuqala ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezithile zentlungu ye-neuropathic. Basebenza ngokumodareyitha i-voltage-gated calcium kunye neesodium sodium, ngokuphucula iimpembelelo ze-GABA kunye nokuthintela ukuhanjiswa kwe-glutaminergic transmit. Amayeza okulwa ne-epileptic awakhange abonakaliswe ukuba asebenza kwintlungu eqaqambileyo. Kwiimeko zentlungu engapheliyo, iziyobisi ze-antiepileptic zibonakala zisebenza kuphela kwi-neuralgia ye-trigeminal. I-Carbamazepine iqashwa rhoqo le meko. UGabapentin, osebenza ngokuthintela umsebenzi we-calcium channel ngokusebenzisa iintshukumo ze-agonist kwi-alpha-2 delta subunit yesitayile se-calcium, ikwabizwa ngokuba isebenza kwintlungu ye-neuropathic. Nangona kunjalo, i-gabapentin isebenza ngokuthe ngqo kwaye inokubangela ukukhathala, ukudideka kunye nokuzonwabisa.

 

Uhlalutyo lwe-non-Opioid

 

Kukho ukunqongophala kwedatha eyomeleleyo exhasa ukusebenzisa amayeza okunyanga angekhoyo kwi-steroidal, okanye i-NSAIDs, ekukhululeni kwintlungu ye-neuropathic. Oku kungabangelwa kukunqongophala kwento edakumbisayo ekunciphiseni iintlungu. Kodwa zisetyenziswe ngokuchaseneyo kunye nee-opioids njengee-adjuvants ekunyangeni iintlungu zomhlaza. Kuxelwe iingxaki, nangona kunjalo, ngakumbi kwizigulana ezinengxaki kakhulu.

 

Uhlalutyo lweOpioid

 

Ii-analgesics ze-Opioid zingumxholo wengxoxo enkulu yokuphelisa iintlungu ze-neuropathic. Benza ngokungathinteli kwintloko ukunyuka kweempembelelo zentlungu. Ngokwemveli, iintlungu ze-neuropathic ziye zabonwa ngaphambili ukuba zinganyangeki i-opioid, apho ii-opioids ziindlela ezifanelekileyo ngakumbi kwiintlobo ezithile zentlungu e-coronary kunye ne-somatic. Oogqirha abaninzi bathintela ukusebenzisa ii-opioids ukunyanga iintlungu ze-neuropathic, kwinxalenye enkulu ngenxa yokuxhalaba malunga nokusebenzisa iziyobisi, iziyobisi kunye nemicimbi elawulayo. Kodwa, zininzi iimvavanyo eziye zafumana i-opioid analgesics ukuba iphumelele. I-Oxecodone yayinamandla kune-placebo yokunciphisa iintlungu, i-allodynia, ukuphucula ukulala kunye nokukhubazeka. I-opioids ezikhutshiweyo ezikhutshiweyo, ngokwesiseko esicwangcisiweyo, ziyacetyiswa kwizigulana ezinentlungu engapheliyo ukukhuthaza amanqanaba e-analgesia rhoqo, thintela ukuguquguquka kwiglucose yegazi kunye nokukhusela izigulo ezichasene ne-dosing ephezulu. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo, amalungiselelo omlomo asetyenziswa ngenxa yokusebenzisa lula kunye nokusebenzisa iindleko. Amalungiselelo e-trans-dermal, parenteral and rectal asetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizigulana ezingakwaziyo ukunyamezela iziyobisi zomlomo.

 

I-Anesthetics yendawo

 

I-anesthetics esondeleyo iyabukeka kuba, ngenxa yesenzo sabo sengingqi, baneziphumo ebezingalindelekanga ezincinci. Basebenza ngokuzinzisa amashaneli e-sodium kwi-axons ye-neurons yecala lokuqala loku-odola. Basebenza ngcono ukuba kukho kuphela ukulimala kwenxalenye yenzalo kunye neziteshi ze-sodium ezigqithisileyo eziqokelelweyo. I-lidocaine yodidi oluphezulu lolona mmeli ufundwayo obalaseleyo wezifundo zentlungu ye-neuropathic. Ngokukhethekileyo ukusetyenziswa kwale 5 yepesenti ye-lidocaine patch ye-post-herpetic neuralgia kubangele ukuvunywa kwayo yi-FDA. I patch ibonakala isebenza kakuhle xa yonakele, kodwa igcinwe, umsebenzi we-nociceptor we-neripheror ovela kwimithambo echaphazelekayo ebonakalisa njenge-allodynia. Kufuneka isethwe ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo enophawu kwiiyure ze-12 kwaye isuswe kwenye iiyure ze-12 kwaye inokusetyenziswa iminyaka ngale ndlela. Ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kolusu lwengingqi, ihlala inyamezeleka kakuhle kwizigulana ezininzi ezinentlungu ye-neuropathic.

 

Iziyobisi ezichanekileyo

 

I-Clonidine, i-alpha-2-agonist, yaboniswa ukuba iyasebenza kwi-subset yezigulana ezine-diabetesic peripheral neuropathy. I-Cannabinoids ifunyenwe idlala indima yokuvavanywa kweentlungu kwiimodeli zezilwanyana kunye nobungqina bokusebenza ngokuqokelelwa. Ii-agonists ezikhethiweyo ze-CB2 zanyanzela i-hyperalgesia kunye ne-allodynia kwaye zilungelelanise nemibandela ye-nocicilos ngaphandle kokuphembelela i-analgesia.

 

Ulawulo lobuhlungu oluqhubekayo

 

Unyango olungenakunyangwa lungathathelwa ingqalelo kwizigulana ezinentlungu engenakuphazamiseka. Olu nyango lubandakanya inaliti yokuqunjelwa sisifo okanye i-perineural ye-anesthetics yendawo okanye i-corticosteroids, ukufakwa kweendlela zokuhanjiswa kwamachiza okubulala intsholongwane kunye nokufakelwa kwezixhobo zokunyusa umgogodla. Ezi ndlela zigcinelwe izigulana ezineentlungu ezinganyangekiyo ze-neuropathic ziye zangaphumeleli kulawulo lwezonyango olongeziweyo kwaye ziye zafumana uvavanyo olupheleleyo lwengqondo. Kuphononongo olwenziwa nguKim et al, kwaboniswa ukuba i-spinal intambo yokunyusa intsholongwane yayisebenza kakuhle kunyango lwentlungu ye-neuropathic yemvelaphi ye-nerve.

 

UDkt-Jimenez_White-Coat_01.png

Insight of Dr. Alex Jimenez

Ngeentlungu ze-neuropathic, iimpawu zentlungu ezingapheliyo zenzeka ngenxa ye-nerve fibers ngokwazo eyonakalisiweyo, engasebenziyo okanye eyenzakeleyo, ngokubanzi ehamba kunye nokulimala kwezicubu okanye ukwenzakala. Ngenxa yoko, le micu yemithambo-luvo inokuqalisa ukuthumela imiqondiso engalunganga yentlungu kwezinye iindawo zomzimba. Iziphumo zentlungu ye-neuropathic ebangelwa kukulimala kwentsholongwane ye-nerve kubandakanya ukulungiswa komsebenzi we-nerve zombini kwindawo yokulimala kunye nakwiindawo ezijikeleze ukulimala. Ukuqonda i-pathophysiology ye-neuropathic pain ibe yinjongo yabaninzi bezonyango, ukuze kumiselwe ngokufanelekileyo indlela efanelekileyo yokunyanga ukunceda ukuphatha kunye nokuphucula iimpawu zayo. Ukusuka ekusetyenzisweni kweziyobisi kunye / okanye amayeza, ukuya kukhathalelo lwe-chiropractic, ukuzivocavoca, ukwenza umthambo kunye nesondlo, iindlela ngeendlela zonyango zinokusetyenziselwa ukunceda ukunciphisa intlungu ye-neuropathic kwiimfuno zomntu ngamnye.

 

Ungenelelo olongezelelweyo lweNeuropathic Pain

 

Uninzi lwezigulana ezinentlungu ye-neuropathic zigcina zilungiselelwe kunye nezinye iindlela zonyango zokunyanga iintlungu ze-neuropathic. Ezinye iirejimeni ezaziwayo ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga iintlungu ze-neuropathic zibandakanya ukunyanzelwa, ukukhuthazeka kombane, ukunyusa isimilo sentsimbi yombane, unyango lokuziphatha okubonakalayo, imifanekiso eqingqiweyo yeemoto kunye nonyango oluxhasayo, kunye nokuzivocavoca. Phakathi kwezi, nangona kunjalo, ukhathalelo lwe-chiropractic yindlela eyaziwayo yonyango esetyenziselwa ukunceda ukunyanga iintlungu ze-neuropathic. Ukunyamekelwa kwe-Chiropractic, kunye nonyango lomzimba, ukuzivocavoca, ukondla kunye nokuguqulwa kwendlela yokuphila kunokubonelela ngokuphumla kwiimpawu zentlungu ye-neuropathic.

 

Ukhathalelo lweChiropractic

 

Yintoni eyaziwayo kukuba isicelo esipheleleyo sokuphatha sibalulekile ukulwa nefuthe leentlungu ze-neuropathic. Ngale ndlela, ukhathalelo lwe-chiropractic yonyango olupheleleyo olunokusebenza ngempumelelo ekuthinteleni imiba yezempilo enxulumene nomonakalo wezinyo. Ukunyangwa kwe-Chiropractic kubonelela ngoncedo kwizigulana ezineemeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya nezo zinentlungu ye-neuropathic. Iintlungu zentlungu ye-neuropathic ihlala isebenzisa amayeza angenayo i-steroidal-anti-immune, okanye i-NSAIDs, njenge-ibuprofen, okanye i-painkillers enzima yokufumana unyango ukunceda ukunciphisa intlungu ye-neuropathic. Oku kunokubonelela ngokulungiswa okwethutyana kodwa kufuna ukusetyenziswa rhoqo ukulawula intlungu. Oku kungenisa njalo kwimiphumo emibi nakwiimeko ezixhalabisayo, ukuxhomekeka kugqirha ngamachiza.

 

Ukunyamekelwa kwe-Chiropractic kunokunceda ukuphucula iimpawu zentlungu ye-neuropathic kunye nokuphucula ukuzinza ngaphandle kwezi zihla. Indlela efana nokhathalelo lwe-chiropractic inikezela ngenkqubo eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ukukhangela ingcambu yomba. Ngokusebenzisa uhlengahlengiso lomgogodla kunye nokuxhaphaka ngesandla, i-chiropractor inokulungisa ngononophelo naluphi na ugwenxa lomgogodla, okanye ukuthambeka, okufunyanwa kunye nobude bomgogodla, onokuthi unciphise iziphumo zokulimala kwemithambo-luvo ngokulungelelanisa umqolo. Ukubuyisela ingqibelelo yomgogodla kubalulekile ekugcineni inkqubo yokusebenza yovalo oluphezulu.

 

I-chiropractor inokuba lonyango lwexesha elide ekwenzeni ngcono impilo yakho iyonke. Ngaphandle kohlengahlengiso lomgogodla kunye nokuxhaphaka ngesandla, i-chiropractor inokubonelela ngengcebiso yesondlo, njengokuchonga ukutya okutyebileyo kwi-antioxidants, okanye banokuyila unyango lomzimba okanye inkqubo yokuzivocavoca ukulwa nentlungu ye-nerve flair-ups. Imeko yexesha elide ifuna unyango lwexesha elide, kwaye kule nqanaba, ochwepheshe bezempilo abagxile ekulimaleni kunye / okanye iimeko ezichaphazela inkqubo ye-musculoskeletal and system, efana nogqirha we-chiropractic okanye i-chiropractor, banokubaluleka njengoko besebenza ukulinganisa utshintsho olufanelekileyo ngokuhamba kwexesha.

 

Unyango ngokwasemzimbeni, ukuzivocavoca kunye neendlela zokumela intshukumo zibonakalisiwe ziluncedo kunyango lwentlungu ye-neuropathic. Unonophelo lweChiropractic lubonelela kwezinye iindlela zonyango ezinokuba luncedo kulawulo okanye ukuphuculwa kwentlungu ye-neuropathic. Unyango lwe-laser olukumgangatho ophantsi, okanye i-LLLT, umzekelo, luye lwafumana ukuvelela okukhulu njengonyango lweentlungu ze-neuropathic. Ngokwezifundo ezahlukeneyo zophando, kwagqitywa ekubeni i-LLLT ineempembelelo ezilungileyo kulawulo lwe-analgesia kwintlungu ye-neuropathic, nangona kunjalo, uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukuchaza iiprotocol zonyango ezishwankathela imiphumo yonyango lwe-laser ephantsi kunyango lwentlungu ye-neuropathic.

 

Ukunyamekelwa kwe-Chiropractic kukwabandakanya nengcebiso yesondlo, enokunceda ukulawula iimpawu ezinxulumene neswekile yengqondo. Ngexesha lophando, isityalo esisezantsi esisekwe emafutheni saboniswa ukuba siphucule ulawulo lweglycemic kwizigulana ezinesifo seswekile se2. Emva kweeveki ze-20 zesifundo somqhubi, abantu ababandakanyekayo baxela utshintsho kwimilinganiselo yomzimba kunye nokuziphatha kwesikhumba ezinyaweni kuye kwathiwa kuphuculwe ngongenelelo. Isifundo sophando siphakamise ixabiso elinokubakho kungenelelo lokutya olusekwe ngamafutha asezantsi kwisifo seswekile yengqondo. Ngaphezu koko, izifundo zeklinikhi zifumanise ukuba ukusetyenziswa komlomo we-magnesium L-threonate iyakwazi ukuthintela kunye nokubuyisela ukukhubazeka kwenkumbulo okunxulumene nentlungu ye-neuropathic.

 

Ukunyamekelwa kwe-Chiropractic kunokubonelela ngeendlela ezongezelelweyo zonyango lokukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwe-nerve. Ngomzekelo, ukuphucula ngokutsha kwe-axons kuye kwacetyiswa ukunceda ukuphucula ukubuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo emva kokulimala kwemithambo yengozi. Ukuvuselelwa kombane, kunye nokuzivocavoca okanye imisebenzi yomzimba, kwafunyanwa ukukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwemithambo-luvo emva kokulibaziseka kolungiso lwezinyo ebantwini nasezirheni, ngophando lwamva nje. Zombini zokuvuselelwa kombane kunye nokuzivocavoca okokugqibela zazimisele ukuthembisa unyango lokunyanga ukulimala kwemithambo yegazi okubonakala kulungele ukuhanjiswa kusetyenziso lweklinikhi. Izifundo ezongezelelweyo zophando zingadingeka ukufumanisa ngokupheleleyo iziphumo zezi zigulana ezineentlungu ze-neuropathic.

 

isiphelo

 

Intlungu ye-neuropathic liqumrhu elineenkalo ezininzi elingenazikhokelo ezithile zokunyamekela. Ilawulwa ngcono kusetyenziswa indlela yee-multidisciplinary. Ukulawulwa kweentlungu kufuna ukuvavanywa okuqhubekayo, imfundo yesigulane, ukuqinisekisa ukulandelwa kwesigulane kunye nokuqinisekiswa. Intlungu ye-neuropathic yimeko engapheliyo eyenza ukuba ukhetho lonyango olungcono lube ngumngeni. Unyango lomntu ngamnye lubandakanya ukuqwalaselwa kwempembelelo yentlungu kwintlalontle yomntu, ukudakumba kunye nokukhubazeka kunye nemfundo eqhubekayo kunye novavanyo. Izifundo zeentlungu ze-neuropathic, zombini kwinqanaba le-molecular kunye nemodeli yezilwanyana, zintsha kodwa zithembisa kakhulu. Uphuculo oluninzi lulindelwe kwiinkalo ezisisiseko kunye neekliniki zeentlungu ze-neuropathic kungoko kuvula iingcango zokuphucula okanye iindlela zonyango olutsha lwale meko yokukhubaza. Ububanzi bolwazi lwethu bukhawulelwe kwi-chiropractic kunye nokulimala komgogodla kunye neemeko. Ukuxoxa ngalo mbandela, nceda uzive ukhululekile ukubuza uGqr. Jimenez okanye uqhagamshelane nathi apha915-850-0900 .

 

Ikhutshwe nguDkt. Alex Jimenez

 

Green-Call-Now-Button-24H-150x150-2-3.png

 

Imixholo eyongezelelweyo: Ubunzima bokubuyisela

 

Umqolo obuhlungu enye yezona zizathu ezibangeleko zokukhubazeka kunye neentsuku eziphosakeleyo emhlabeni wonke. Njengokuba kunjalo, iintlungu zenziwa emva kweyona sibini isizathu esivakalayo sokutyelela iofisi yee-dkt. Ngokumalunga neepesenti ze-80 zabemi ziya kuba nolunye uhlobo lweentlungu zentlungu ubuncinane kanye kanye ebomini babo. Umgudu uyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esakhiwa ngamathambo, amajoyina, iigaments kunye nezihlunu, phakathi kwezinye iifomthi ezithambileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukulimala kunye / okanye iimeko ezihlaziyiweyo, ezifana disni, ekugqibeleni unokukhokelela kwiimpawu zentlungu. Ukulimala kwezemidlalo okanye ukulimala kwengozi yeemoto ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa yintlungu yokubuhlungu, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ukuhamba kwezinto ezilula kunokuba neziphumo ezibuhlungu. Ngethamsanqa, ezinye iindlela zokhathalela unyango, ezifana nokunyamekelwa kwe-chiropractic, kunokunceda ukubuyisela intlungu emva kokusetyenziswa kwemilenze kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo, ekugqibeleni ukuphucula intlungu.

 

 

 

umfanekiso webhlogi weendaba eziphambili zephepha lephepha

 

ISIHLOKO ESIBALULEKILEYO: Ulawulo oluPhantsi lwePain Pain

 

IINKCUKACHA NGOKUGQITHISILEYO: UKONGEZA KWEZINTLOKO: PainUbuhlungu obungapheliyo kunye nonyango

 

Ubuhlungu Ukuxhalabisa E-El Paso, TX.

Ubuhlungu Ukuxhalabisa E-El Paso, TX.

Intlungu yokuxhalaba Ukudakumba�Wonke umntu ukhe weva iintlungu, nangona kunjalo, kukho abo banoxinzelelo, ukuxhalaba, okanye zombini. Dibanisa oku kunye neentlungu kwaye kunokuba bukhali kwaye kube nzima ukunyanga. Abantu abanengxaki yokudakumba, ukuxhalaba okanye bobabini badla ngokufumana iintlungu eziqatha nezexesha elide kunabanye abantu.

Indlela ixhala, ukudakumba, kunye neentlungu ezidlulanayo zibonwa kwii-syndromes ezingapheliyo kunye nezinye ezikhubazayo, oko kukuthi iintlungu ezisezantsi, intloko, intlungu ye-nerve kunye ne-fibromyalgia. Izigulo zengqondo zinegalelo ekuqaqambeni kokuqina kwaye zinyusa umngcipheko wokukhubazeka.

Uxinzelelo:�A (ingxaki enkulu yokudakumba okanye ukudakumba ngokwezonyango) sisifo esixhaphakileyo kodwa esimandundu ngokweemvakalelo. Ibangela iimpawu ezinzima ezichaphazela indlela umntu aziva ngayo, acinga ngayo, kunye nendlela yokuphatha imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, oko kukuthi, ukulala, ukutya nokusebenza. Ukuze kufunyaniswe ukuba unokudakumba, iimpawu kufuneka zibekho ubuncinci iiveki ezimbini.

  • Unxunguphalo, unxunguphalo, okanye �ukungabi nangxaki.
  • Iimvakalelo zokungabi nathemba, ukungabi nathemba.
  • Ukutshatyalaliswa.
  • Ukuziva unetyala, ukungabi nantoni okanye ukungenakunceda.
  • Ukulahlekelwa ngumdla okanye ukuzonwabisa kwimisebenzi.
  • Ukunciphisa amandla okanye ukukhathala.
  • Ukuhamba okanye ukuthetha kancane.
  • Ukuziva ungonwabanga kwaye unengxaki yokuhlala.
  • Unzima ukugxila, ukukhumbula okanye ukwenza izigqibo.
  • Kunzima ukulala, ukuvuka kwasekuseni kunye nokulala.
  • Umdla kunye notshintsho kubunzima.
  • Iingcinga zokufa okanye ukuzibulala okanye ukuzama ukuzibulala.
  • Iintlungu okanye iintlungu, iintlungu ezibuhlungu, iintlungu, okanye iingxaki zokugaya ukutya ngaphandle kwesizathu esicacileyo somzimba kunye / okanye ukuba akukho lula ngonyango.

Asinguye wonke umntu odandathekileyo ofumana zonke iimpawu. Abanye baba neempawu ezimbalwa kuphela ngelixa abanye benokufumana ezininzi. Iimpawu ezininzi ezithe gqolo ukongezelela kwimo ephantsiefunekayo�ukufunyaniswa koxinzelelo olukhulu. Ubunzima kunye nokuphindaphinda kweempawu kunye nobude bexesha kuya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumntu kunye nesigulo sakhe. Iimpawu zinokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lesigulo.

IINTLUNGU ZOXINEZELEKO

Iinjongo:

  • Ulwalamano olunjani?
  • Yintoni i-neurophysiology emva kwayo?
  • Zeziphi iziphumo eziphambili?

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

Ukutshintsha kwengqondo kwiintlungu

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

Umzobo we-1 Iindlela zobuchopho, imimandla kunye nothungelwano olubandakanyekayo kwiintlungu ezibuhlungu kunye nezingapheliyo

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

Davis, KD et al. (2017) Iimvavanyo ze-Brain imaging yentlungu engapheliyo: imiba yonyango, yomthetho kunye neyokuziphatha kunye neengcebiso uNat. Umfundisi Neurol. doi: 10.1038 / nrneurol.2017.122

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

intlungu ixhala ukudakumba el paso tx.

IINTLUNGU, INXAXA NOXINEZELEKO

Isiphelo:

  • Intlungu, ingakumbi engapheliyo inxulumene nokudakumba kunye nokuxhalaba
  • Iinkqubo zefiziyoloji ezikhokelela kunxunguphalo kunye nokudakumba zinokuba zizinto ezininzi kwindalo
  • Iintlungu zibangela utshintsho kwi ngengqondo isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi
  • Olu tshintsho kwisakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi unokuguqula amandla engqondo ukulungelelanisa intlungu kunye nokulawula isimo sengqondo.

Yabelana nge-Ebook yamahhala

 

Iyintoni Intlungu ye-Neuropathic?

Iyintoni Intlungu ye-Neuropathic?

Xa i-sensory ichaphazelekayo ngenxa yokulimala okanye isifo, iimbilini ngaphakathi kweso simiso azikwazi ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo ukuhambisa iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo kwingqondo. Oku kusoloko kubangela ukuvakalelwa, okanye ukungahambi kakuhle. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezithile, xa le nkqubo inobungozi, abantu banokuva ubunzima kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo.

 

Intlungu ye-neuropathic ayiqali ngokukhawuleza okanye isombulula ngokukhawuleza; yi Ubuhlungu obungapheliyo imeko ekhokelela kwiimpawu eziqhubekayo zentlungu. Kwabaninzi abantu, ubunzima beempawu zabo banokuxhoma kwaye baxhamle yonke imini. Nangona ubuhlungu be-neuropathic bufanele ukuba buhlobene nemibandela yempilo yesifo se-nerve, njenge-neuropathy ebangelwa isifo sikashukela okanye isisu somgudu, ukulimala kwengqondo okanye umthambo womgudu kunokukhokelela kwintlungu engapheliyo ye-neuropathic. Intlungu ye-neuropathic ikwabizwa ngokuba yintlungu.

 

Intlungu ye-neuropathic inokungafani neentlungu zesifo. Intlungu ye-neuropathic ayihlakuli nayiphi na imeko okanye i-external stimulus, kodwa kunoko, iimpawu zivela nje ngenxa yokuba inkqubo ye-nervous mayingasebenzi ngokufanelekileyo. Njengokuba kunjalo, abantu ngabanye banokuva iintlungu zentswelo nangona xa inxalenye yomzimba ekhusekileyo okanye eyonakele ingekho apho. Le meko ibizwa ubuhlungu bentlungu ye-phantom, enokuthi ivele kubantu emva kokuba bexoshe.

 

Ubuhlungu be-nociceptive bubunzima kwaye bukhula ekuphenduleni imeko ethile, njengokuba umntu efumana ukulimala ngokukhawuleza, njengokungena ngomunwe ngesinyundo okanye ukunyathela inzwane xa uhamba ngeengubo zokuhamba. Ngaphezu koko, intlungu ye-nociceptive ihamba ngokukhawuleza xa isayithi elichaphazelekayo liphilisa. Umzimba uqulethe iisensi ze-nerve ezikhethekileyo, ezaziwa ngokuba yi-nociceptors, ezifumanisa umonakalo onobungozi obonakalisa umzimba, njengobushushu obushushu okanye ubanda, uxinzelelo, ukuququzelela kunye nokuchithwa kweekhemikhali. Ezi zibonakaliso ezilumkiso zigqitywa kunye nenkqubo yeentlanzi ukuya kwingqondo, okubangelwa intlungu ye-nociceptive.

 

Iintlungu zeNeuropathic vs Nociceptive Pain Diagram | El Paso, TX Chiropractor

 

Ziziphi iingozi zobungozi be-Neuropathic Pain?

 

Nantoni na egalela ukungabikho komsebenzi ngaphakathi kwenkqubo ye-nervous sensory ingakhokelela kubuhlungu be-neuropathic. Ngaloo ndlela, imiba yempilo yengqondo evela kwi-carpal tunnel syndrome, okanye iimeko ezifanayo, ekugqibeleni zingabangela intlungu e-neuropathic. I-trauma, eyabangela ukulimala kwentsholongwane, kunokukhokelela ekubuhlungu kwentlungu. Ezinye iimeko ezinokubangela ukuba abantu bavelise ubuhlungu be-neuropathic zibandakanya: isifo sikashukela, ukusilela kwe-vitamin, umhlaza, i-HIV, isifo, isifo se-sclerosis, i-shingles, kunye neyonyango lomhlaza.

 

Ziziphi iimeko ezibangelwa ubuhlungu be-neuropathic?

 

Kukho izimbangela ezininzi apho abantu bahlakulela khona ubuhlungu be-neuropathic. Kodwa kwinqanaba leselula, enye inkcazo yenyusa ukukhululwa kweemvume ezithile ezibonisa intlungu, kunye nekhono elinciphileyo leemisipha ukuze ilandelelanise le miqondiso, iholele ekuveleleni kwentlungu evela kummandla ochaphazelekayo. Ukongezelela, kwintambo yomthambo, ummandla onempawu ezibuhlungu uphinde ulungelelaniswe neenguqu ezihambelana nama-hormone kunye nokulahlekelwa kwamalungu omzimba asebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. Ezi zinguqu ziphumela ekubonweni kwentlungu ngenxa yokungabikho kwangaphandle. Kwingqondo, ukukwazi ukukhusela intlungu kunokuchaphazeleka emva kokulimala, njengokubetha okanye ukuphazamiseka ngenxa yokulimala. Njengoko kudlula ixesha, umonakalo olongezelelweyo lweseli luya kwenzeka kwaye intlungu yesifo iyaqhubeka. Intlungu ye-neuropathic idibene nesifo sikashukela, isifo esingasigxina sotywala, izifo ezithile zomshukela, ubunqongophe be-vitamin B, izifo, ezinye izifo ezinxulumene nesifo, iibisi, kunye neziyobisi ezithile.

 

Ziziphi iimpawu zoPhando lwe-Neuropathic?

 

Ngokuchasene nezinye iimeko ze-neurological, ukubonakaliswa kweentlungu zesifo se-neuropathic kunokuba nzima. Nangona kunjalo, ezininzi, ukuba zikhona, iimpawu zephambili zikhona. Abaqeqeshi bempilo kufuneka baqaphele kwaye baguqule ukuxhaswa kwamazwi asebenzisa izigulane ukuchaza intlungu. Izigulane zingachaza iimpawu zabo njengezibukhali, ezinotshani, ezitshisa, ezibandayo, ezinobunzima, ezinobunzima, ezinzulu, ezitshitshisayo, ezitshisayo, phakathi kwezinye iindidi ezichazayo. Ukongezelela, ezinye izigulane zinokuva iintlungu ngenxa yokuchukumisa ukukhanya okanye uxinzelelo.

 

Ngomgudu wokunceda ukufumanisa ukuba ziphi izigulana ezibuhlungu ezibangelwayo, izikali ezahlukeneyo zisetyenziswa rhoqo. Izigulane zicelwa ukuba zilinganise intlungu yazo ngokwezinga elibonakalayo okanye igrafu yamanani. Imimandla emininzi yeentlungu ezikhoyo, njengaleyo iboniswe ngezantsi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imifanekiso yobuso ebonisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zentlungu inokuba luncedo xa abantu bexesha elinzima bachaza ubuninzi beentlungu abahlangabezana nazo.

 

ISIKHASELO SOMSEBENZI WOBUGUFU | El Paso, TX I-Chiropractor

 

Ubuhlungu obungapheliyo kunye neMpilo yengqondo

 

Kwabaninzi, impembelelo yobuhlungu obungapheliyo ayinakuphelelwa kwintlungu; kusenokuchaphazela kakubi isimo sabo sengqondo. Ucwaningo olutsha olwenziwa ngabaososayensi kwiYunivesithi yaseNorweswestern e Chicago lungachaza ukuba kutheni abantu abaneentlungu ezingapheliyo banenkxalabo enempilo, njengokudandatheka, ukuxinezeleka, ukungabikho kokulala kunye nobunzima bokugxila.

 

Uvavanyo lwabonisa ukuba abantu abaneentlungu ezingapheliyo babonisa imimandla eyahlukeneyo yengqondo ehlala ikhuthele, ngokukodwa, indawo ehambelana nomoya kunye nokuqwalaselwa. Le ntshukumo eqhubekayo ibuyisela kwakhona uxhumano lweentambo ezisuka kwingqondo kwaye ishiya iintlungu ezingapheliyo ezinobungozi obukhulu kwimingcipheko yengqondo. Abaphandi bacetyisa ukuba ukubonakaliswa kweentlungu rhoqo kunokubangela ukuguqulwa kwengqondo okuphazamisa ingqondo. Ukukhwabanisa kuphoqa ubulumko babo ukuba banikezele izixhobo zengqondo ngokwahlukileyo ukujongana nemisebenzi yansuku zonke, ukusuka kwimathematika, ukukhumbula uluhlu lokuthengwa, ukuvuyisa.

 

Ukuxhamla kwengqondo-ubuchopho sele kubhalwe kakuhle, ubuncinci, kunye nabaninzi beengcali zokunakekelwa kwezempilo bathi babone isandla sokuqala ngendlela yengqondo yengqondo yesigulane ingahlahla ngayo xa ixinzezelekile intlungu. Iingcamango ezinzulu malunga nokuxhamla kwengqondo-intlungu zingabonakala ngenxa yokungabikho kobubungqina bokuba intlungu inomlinganiselo onokulinganisa, ohlala njalo kwingqondo. Abaphengululi balindele ukuba uphando olongezelelweyo malunga nendlela yokwenza ubuhlungu obungapheliyo bangela ukuba abantu baninzi banenkinga yokukhathazeka kwemizwelo, abantu baya kuba nokukwazi ukulawula kakuhle impilo yabo yonke.

 

Inkcubeko kunye nobuhlungu obungapheliyo

 

Zininzi izinto ezenza ukuba sibone indlela ethetha ngayo kwaye siveze intlungu, nangona kunjalo, kwakhona kuphakanyiswe ngabaphandi ukuba inkcubeko ibhekise ngqo kwiintlungu. Imilinganiselo yethu yokukhulisa kunye neentlalo zichaphazela indlela esibonisa ngayo intlungu kunye nobume bayo, ubunzulu nobude. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zintlukwano azibonakali njengemilinganiselo yentlalo-yengqondo, njengeminyaka yobudala kunye nesondo.

 

Uphando lubonisa ukuba intlungu engapheliyo yinkqubo eninzi kunye nokusebenzisana okufanayo phakathi kwe-pathophysiology, ingqiqo, ukuziphatha, kunye neenkcubeko kunye nezimo zenkcubeko kunye neziganeko zentlalo. Kuye kwavela ukuba intlungu engapheliyo yahluke ngokuhlukileyo phakathi kwezigulane zenkcubeko kunye noluntu.

 

Ezinye iinkcubeko zikhuthaza ukubonakalisa intlungu, ngakumbi kwi-Méditerali naseMpumalanga Mpuma. Abanye abantu bayayicima, njengokuba kukho ezininzi izifundo kwizingane zethu ngokuziphatha ngokuzibindi kwaye singakhange sikhale. Ubuhlungu buyabonwa njengenxalenye yamava abantu. Siyakwazi ukucinga ukuba ukunxibelelana malunga nentlungu kuya kuhamba imida yenkcubeko. Kodwa abantu beentlungu baxhomekeke kwimimiselo yabo impucuko baye baqeqesha ukuba baveze kwaye baveze intlungu.

 

Bobabini abantu beentlungu kunye nabaqeqeshi bezempilo bafumana ubunzima bokuthetha intlungu kwimida yonxulumene neentlanga. Kwimiba enjengeentlungu, apho unxibelelwano olufanelekileyo lunokuba nefuthe elide ekunakekeleni unyango, umgangatho wobomi kunye nokuba usaphila, indima yenkcubeko kwiintlungu zokunxibelelana ihlala ingaphononongwa. Intlungu eqhubekayo yimiba emininzi, ukudibanisa okudibeneyo eyenziwe ngokubambisana kunye nokuchaphazela ngokubambisana izinto eziphilayo kunye nengqondo. Ukukwazi ukuphela kwezi zinto kubalulekile ukuqonda ukungafani kokubonakaliswa nokuphathwa kwayo.

 

Ngaba i-Neuropathic Pain Diagnosed?

 

Ukuxilongwa kweentlungu ze-neuropathic kuxhomekeke ekuhloleni okongeziweyo kwimbali yomntu. Ukuba isalathiso se-nervous is suspected, ngoko uhlalutyo lweentlungu kunye nokuvavanywa lunokugwetyelwa. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuvavanya ukuba ingekho inzwa yenzalo eyalimalayo usebenzisa i-electrodiagnostic medicine. I-subspecialty yonyango isebenzisa ubuchule bokuqhutyelwa kwezifundo zesondlo nge-electromyelography (NCS / EMG). Ukuvavanywa kwezonyango kunokubonisa ubungqina bokulahlekelwa komsebenzi, kwaye kunokubandakanya uvavanyo lokuthintela ukukhanya, amandla okuhlukanisa ubuhlungu obubuhlungu kunye nokukwazi ukuqonda ukushisa, kwakunye nokuvavanya kokutshintsha.

 

Emva kokuba uvavanyo olupheleleyo lweklinikhi lugqityiwe, uhlalutyo lwe-electrodiagnostic lungacwangciswa. Ezi zifundo ziqhutywa yi-neurologist ne-physiatrists. Ukuba i-neuropathy ikhunjulwa, ukuzingela izizathu ezibuyiselwayo kufuneka kufezekiswe. Oku kunokubandakanya umsebenzi wegazi ngenxa yokusilela kwevithamini okanye iingxaki ze-thyroid, kunye nezifundo zokucinga ukuba ungabandakanyi i-lesion yesakhiwo echaphazela intambo yomgogodla. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiziphumo zolu vavanyo, kunokuba neendlela zokunciphisa ubunzima be-neuropathy kwaye mhlawumbi unciphise intlungu eyenziwa isigulane.

 

Ngokudabukisayo, kwiimeko ezininzi, ukulawulwa kakuhle kweyona nto ebangela ukuba i-neuropathy ingakwazi ukuguqula ubuhlungu be-neuropathic. Oku kubonakala ngokuqhelekileyo kwizigulane ezinentsholongwane yesifo sikashukela. Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, kunokukho iimpawu zenguqu kwimizekelo yokukhula kwesikhumba kunye neenwele kwindawo echaphazelekayo. Ezi zinguqu zinokudityaniswa neenguqu zokufuma. Ukuba kukho, olu tshintsho lunokukunceda ukufumanisa ukuba kukho ubuhlungu beentlungu ezihlobene neemeko ezibizwa ngokuba yintlungu yesifo seengingqi.

 

UDkt-Jimenez_White-Coat_01.png

Insight of Dr. Alex Jimenez

Intlungu ye-neuropathic yimeko yokubuhlungu engapheliyo ngokuqhelekileyo inxulumene nomonakalo othe ngqo okanye ukulimala kwinkqubo yesantya okanye kwiisondlo. Olu hlobo lentlungu luhluke kwiintlungu zesifo se-nociceptive, okanye uvakalelo oluqhelekileyo lweentlungu. Intlungu ye-nociceptive yintlungu okanye ivakalelwa ngokukhawuleza intlungu eyenza inkqubo ye-nervous ithumele iimpawu zentlungu kamva emva kokuxhwaleka. Noko ke, ngenxa yentlungu, iigulane zinokubuhlungu, ukuvutha kwentlungu ngaphandle kokulimala okanye ukulimala ngqo. Ukuqonda izizathu ezibangelwa yintlungu yesifo sengqondo kunye naluphi na uhlobo lwentlungu, lunokunceda abaqeqeshi bezempilo ukuba bafumane iindlela ezingcono zokuphatha iimeko ezibuhlungu ezingapheliyo.

 

Iyintoni iNyango yePauropathic Pain?

 

Amayeza ahlukeneyo asetyenziselwa ukuzama ukunyanga iintlungu. Uninzi lwala machiza lusetyenziswa kwi-ileyile, oko kuthetha ukuba iyeza lavunywa yi-FDA ukuphatha izimo ezahlukileyo kwaye kwaye kwabonakala njengenzuzo yokuphatha intlungu e-neuropathic. I-tricyclic antidepressants, efana ne-amitriptyline, i-nortriptyline kunye ne-desipramine, imiselwe ukuba ilawulwe intlungu ye-neuropathic iminyaka emininzi.

 

Abanye abantu bafumanisa ukuba oku kunokuba luncedo kakhulu ekubancedeni. Ezinye iintlobo ze-antidepressants ziye zaboniswa ukuba zinike inkxaso. I-serotonin i-reuptake inhibitors, okanye ii-SSRI, ezifana ne-paroxetine kunye ne-citalopram, kunye nezinye izidakamizwa, ezifana ne-venlafaxine kunye ne-bupropion, ziye zasebenziswa kwizigulane ezithile. Olunye unyango oluqhelekileyo lweentlungu zesifo se-neuropathic luquka imishanguzo yokuxhatshazwa, kuquka ne-carbamazepine, i-phenytoin, i-gabapentin, i-lamotrigine kunye nabanye.

 

Kwiimeko ezinzima ze-neuropathy ezibuhlungu ezingaphenduliyo kubathengi bokuqala, amachiza asetyenziswa ngokusesikweni ukulawula i-arrhythmias yenhliziyo ingaba yinzuzo ethile; nangona kunjalo, oku kungakhokelela kwimiphumo ebalulekileyo kwaye kufuneka ukuba ihlolwe ngokukhawuleza. Imichiza esetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwesikhumba inokunikela ngokuthobeka ukufumana inzuzo kwizigulane ezithile. Iifom ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ziquka i-lidocaine (kwipaki okanye uhlobo lwe-gel) okanye i-capsaicin.

 

Ukunyanga ubuhlungu be-neuropathic kuxhomekeke kwisizathu esiyintloko. Ukuba isisombululo sibuyiselwa, ngoko iimbilini ze-peripheral ziyakwazi ukuhlaziywa kwaye intlungu iya kuphelisa; Nangona kunjalo, ukunciphisa intlungu kunokuthatha inyanga eziliqela ukuya kwiminyaka. Ezinye iindlela zokwenza unyango, ezinokuquka ukunakekelwa kwe-chiropractic kunye nonyango, zingasetyenziselwa ukunceda ukuxhatshazwa nokuxinezeleka kunye neentlungu, ekugqibeleni kunceda ukuphucula iimpawu ezibuhlungu.

 

Yintoni i-Prognosis ye-Pauro ne-Neuropathic Pain?

 

Abantu abaninzi abaneentlungu zesifo se-neuropathic bayakwazi ukufumana uncedo olunjalo, nangona intlungu yabo iqhubeka. Nangona ubuhlungu be-neuropathic abuyingozi kwisigulane, ubukho bentlungu engapheliyo lunokuchaphazela kakubi ubomi bomgangatho. Izigulane ezinentlungu engapheliyo zingabandezeleka ngenxa yobunzima bokulala okanye ukukhathazeka kwemizwelo, kuquka ukuxinezeleka, uxhalaba kunye nokuxinezeleka, njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla. Ngenxa ye-alopecia ebonakalayo kunye nokuntula kwengxelo engqondweni, izigulane zisengozini yokuhlaselwa okanye ukusuleleka okanye ukungazi ngokukrakra ukulimala okwangoku. Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukufumana unyango olusisiseko kwaye ulandele izikhokelo ezithile ezilawulwa ngunyango lwezempilo ukuze ukhusele kwaye uqaphele.

 

Ngaba ubuhlungu be-Neuropathic buya kuthinteka?

 

Indlela efanelekileyo yokuthintela intlungu ye-neuropathic kukuphepha ukuphuhliswa okanye ukuqhubela phambili kwe-neuropathy. Ukubeka iliso kunye nokutshintsha iindlela zokuphila, kubandakanywa nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kotywala kunye necuba; ukugcina ubunzima obunempilo ukunciphisa amathuba okuba nesifo seswekile, isifo se-joint degenerative, okanye i-stroke; kunye nokuba nefomu enkulu ye-ergonomic emsebenzini okanye xa uqhuba izinto zokuzilibazisa ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokulimala okuphindaphindiweyo koxinzelelo zizicwangciso zokunciphisa amathuba okuphuhlisa i-neuropathy kunye neentlungu ezinokuthi zibe ne-neuropathic. Qinisekisa ukuba ufune unyango olukhawulezileyo kwimeko yazo naziphi na iimpawu ezinxulumene neentlungu ze-neuropathic ukwenzela ukuba uqhubeke neyona ndlela yonyango efanelekileyo. Ukuxoxa ngalo mbandela, nceda uzive ukhululekile ukubuza uGqr. Jimenez okanye uqhagamshelane nathi apha915-850-0900 .

 

Ikhutshwe nguDkt. Alex Jimenez

 

Green-Call-Now-Button-24H-150x150-2-3.png

 

Imixholo eyongezelelweyo: Ubunzima bokubuyisela

 

Umqolo obuhlungu enye yezona zizathu ezibangeleko zokukhubazeka kunye neentsuku eziphosakeleyo emhlabeni wonke. Njengokuba kunjalo, iintlungu zenziwa emva kweyona sibini isizathu esivakalayo sokutyelela iofisi yee-dkt. Ngokumalunga neepesenti ze-80 zabemi ziya kuba nolunye uhlobo lweentlungu zentlungu ubuncinane kanye kanye ebomini babo. Umgudu uyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esakhiwa ngamathambo, amajoyina, iigaments kunye nezihlunu, phakathi kwezinye iifomthi ezithambileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukulimala kunye / okanye iimeko ezihlaziyiweyo, ezifana disni, ekugqibeleni unokukhokelela kwiimpawu zentlungu. Ukulimala kwezemidlalo okanye ukulimala kwengozi yeemoto ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa yintlungu yokubuhlungu, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ukuhamba kwezinto ezilula kunokuba neziphumo ezibuhlungu. Ngethamsanqa, ezinye iindlela zokhathalela unyango, ezifana nokunyamekelwa kwe-chiropractic, kunokunceda ukubuyisela intlungu emva kokusetyenziswa kwemilenze kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo, ekugqibeleni ukuphucula intlungu.

 

 

 

umfanekiso webhlogi weendaba eziphambili zephepha lephepha

 

ISIHLOKO ESIBALULEKILEYO: Ulawulo oluPhantsi lwePain Pain

 

IINKCUKACHA NGOKUGQITHISILEYO: UKONGEZA KWEZINTLOKO: PainUbuhlungu obungapheliyo kunye nonyango

 

Ubuhlungu be-Neuropathic ne-Neurogenic Inflammation | El Paso, TX.

Ubuhlungu be-Neuropathic ne-Neurogenic Inflammation | El Paso, TX.

Ukuba inkqubo yezoluvo ichaphazeleka kukwenzakala okanye isifo, imithambo-luvo ekuloo nkqubo ayinakusebenza ekusasazeni imvakalelo ebuchotsheni. Oku kunokukhokelela ekubeni ube ndindisholo, okanye ungabi namvakalelo. Kwezinye iimeko xa i-sensory system yenzakele, abantu ngabanye banokufumana intlungu kummandla ochaphazelekayo. Intlungu ye-neuropathic ayiqali ngokukhawuleza okanye iphele ngokukhawuleza. Yimeko engapheliyo ekhokelela kwiimpawu ze intlungu eqhubekayo. Kwabaninzi, ubunzima beempawu ziza kwaye zihambe yonke imihla. Iintlungu ze-neuropathic zicingelwa ukuba zidibene neengxaki zentsholongwane yentsholongwane, oko kukuthi ingxaki yokuguquka kwesifo sikashukela, isisu somgulane, ukulimala kwengqondo okanye umthambo womgudu kunokukhokelela kwintlungu engapheliyo ye-neuropathic.

I-PAUROPATHIC PAIN

Iinjongo:

  • Yintoni?
  • Iyiphi ipathophysiology emva kwayo?
  • Ziziphi izizathu
  • Ziziphi ezinye zeendlela
  • Sinokuyilungisa njani?

I-PAUROPATHIC PAIN

  • Ubunzima buqaliswe okanye bubangelwa lilonda eliphambili okanye ukungasebenzi kwiinkqubo ze-nervosensory system.
  • Iintlungu ze-neuropathic zihlala zingapheliyo, zinzima ukunyanga kwaye zisoloko zixhatshazwa kwi-analgesic management management.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.I-PATHOGENESIS YENKQUBO YENKQUBO

  • AMANCHANISMS OKUSEBENZA
  • Emva kwentsholongwane yentsholongwane yomzimba, i-neurons ibe nefuthe ngakumbi kwaye ivelise ukukhupha okungavamile kunye nobuzwe obuphakamileyo ekuvuseleleni
  • Oku kwaziwa ngokuba ... Ukwaziswa kwe-Peripheral Sensitization!

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

  • AMANCHANISMS EMFUNDO
  • Ngenxa yesenzo esenziwa ngokuqhubekayo esivela kwi-periphery, i-neurons yakha imisebenzi eyimvelaphi eyongeziweyo, iindawo ezandisiweyo zokuthobela kunye nezimpendulo ezongeziweyo kwiimpembelelo ezingafaniyo, kubandakanywa nesicatshulwa esiqhelekileyo
  • Oku kwaziwa njenge…Sensitization ephakathi!

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.IINKCUKACHA EZIMALI

Izilonda okanye izifo zesistim se-somatosensory system zingakhokelela ekutshintshiseni nokutshatyalaliswa kwezibonakaliso zengqondo kwintambo yomgogodla kunye nengqondo; Iimeko eziqhelekileyo ezinxulumene nobuhlungu be-neuropathic ziquka:

  • Postherpetic neuralgia
  • I-neuralgia yamaTrigeminal
  • I-radiculopathy ebuhlungu
  • I-diabetes neuropathy
  • Usulelo lweHIV
  • Neqhenqa
  • Ukukhutshwa
  • Intlungu yomonakalo weentlungu
  • Isibetho (ngesimo seentlungu eziphambili kwintlungu)

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.IINTLUNGU ZEMILIMBO YEPHANTOM & NOKWENZEKA NGOKWENZEKILEYO

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

  • I-Phantom Limb Pain kunye ne-AR

INUROGENIC INFLAMMATION

Iinjongo:

  • Yintoni?
  • Iyiphi ipathophysiology emva kwayo?
  • Ziziphi izizathu
  • Sinokuyilungisa njani?

INUROGENIC INFLAMMATION

  • Ukuvutha kwe-Neurogenic iyimfuneko eyenziwe ngokwemvelo, impendulo yendawo yokuvuvukala yendawo eyenziwa yi-vasodilation, ukunyuka kwe-vascular cell, i-cell cell degranulation kunye nokukhululwa kwama-neuropeptides kuquka i-SP ne-calcitonin echaphazelekayo ye-peptide (i-CGRP)
  • Kubonakala kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-pathogenesis yezifo ezininzi kuquka i-migraine, i-psoriasis, i-asthma, i-fibromyalgia, i-eczema, i-rosacea, i-dystonia kunye ne-multiple chemical sensitivity

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.IINKCUKACHA EZIMALI

  • Kukho iindlela ezininzi apho ukuvuvukala kwe-neurogenic kungaqaliswa. Kucaciswe kakuhle, usebenzisa iiforms zezilwanyana kunye nama-neurons ahlukeneyo kwi-vitro, ukuba i-capsaicin, ukushisa, i-proton, bradykinin, kunye ne-tryptase ngabalawuli abaphezulu be-intracellular calcium influx, ephumela ekukhululweni kwe-neuropeptide. Ngokwahlukileyo, kucatshangelwa ukuba i-prostaglandin i-E2 kunye ne-I2, i-cytokines, i-interleukin-1, i-interleukin-6, kunye ne-tumor necrosis nto ayibangela ukuba i-neurotransmitter ikhululwe ngokwayo, kodwa kunokuba ivule i-neurons ye-sensor ize iyanciphise umda wokudubula kwaye ibangele ukukhululwa neuropeptides.
  • Nangona i-neurogenic inflammation iye yafundwa ngokubanzi kwaye ichaneke kakuhle kwiimfucu zephersi, kwaze kwangoku ingqungquthela ye-neurogenic inflammation ngaphakathi kwe-CNS iye yahlala ingabonakali. Ukunikezelwa kwamandla okuvuvukala kwe-neurogenic ukuphazamisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-vascular kunye nokukhokelela kwi-genesis ye-edema, ngoku uphando ngokubanzi malunga nokukwazi ukuchaphazela iBBB ukuphelela kunye ne-edema ye-vasogen ngaphakathi kwengqondo kunye nomgudu womgudu phantsi kweemeko zesifo.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

intlungu ye-neuropathic el paso tx.

Anatomy Of The Brain

Iindlela zokuSebenza kunye neziSebenzi zeMechanoreceptors

Iindlela zokuSebenza kunye neziSebenzi zeMechanoreceptors

Sonke sisengabantwana safundiswa ukuba kukho izivamvo ezi-5: ukubona, ukungcamla, isandi, ukujoja, nokuchukumisa. Izivamvo ezine zokuqala zisebenzisa amalungu acacileyo, ahlukileyo, njengamehlo, amaqhuqhuva okungcamla, iindlebe, impumlo, kodwa imvakalelo yomzimba ichukumisa njani kanye? Ukuchukumisa kubonakala kuwo wonke umzimba, ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Akukho lungu elinye elahlukileyo elinoxanduva lokuva ukubamba. Endaweni yoko, kukho ii-receptors ezincinci, okanye i-nerve endings, ejikeleze umzimba wonke eziva uchukumisa apho yenzeka khona kwaye ithumela imiqondiso ebuchotsheni ngolwazi malunga nohlobo lokuchukumisa okwenzekileyo. Njengoko i-taste bud ngolwimi ibona i-flavour, i-mechanoreceptors i-gland ngaphakathi kwesikhumba kunye nezinye izitho ezibona ukuvakalelwa. Baziwa ngokuba i-mechanoreceptors kuba ziyilelwe ukufumanisa iimvakalelo zoomatshini okanye umahluko kuxinzelelo.

 

Indima yeeMechanoreceptors

 

Umntu uyaqonda ukuba baye bafumana imvakalelo emva kokuba ilungu elijongene nokufumanisa loo ngqiqo ethile ithumela umyalezo kwingqondo, eyona nxalenye ephambili eyenza kwaye ilungiselele yonke ingcaciso. Imiyalezo ithunyelwa ukusuka kuzo zonke iindawo zomzimba isiya ebuchotsheni ngeengcingo ezibizwa ngokuba ziineurons. Kukho amawaka ee-neuron ezincinci eziphuma kuzo zonke iindawo zomzimba womntu, kwaye kwiziphelo ezininzi zezi neurons zii-mechanoreceptors. Ukubonisa okwenzekayo xa uchukumisa into, siya kusebenzisa umzekelo.

 

Yiba nombono wengcongconi uhlala engalweni yakho. Ubunzima bale nambuzane, ukukhanya kakhulu, kuvuselela i-mechanoreceptors kuloo ndawo ethile yengalo. Ezo mechanoreceptors zithumela umyalezo ecaleni kwe-neuron eziqhagamshelwe kuyo. I-neuron idibanisa yonke indlela eya kwingqondo, efumana umyalezo wokuba kukho into echukumisa umzimba wakho kwindawo echanekileyo ye-mechanoreceptor ethile ethumele umyalezo. Ingqondo iya kwenza ngeli cebiso. Mhlawumbi iya kuxelela amehlo ukuba ajonge kwingingqi yengalo efumene utyikityo. Kwaye xa amehlo exelela ingqondo ukuba kukho ingcongconi engalweni, ingqondo inokuxelela isandla ukuba siyiphephethe ngokukhawuleza. Yileyo ndlela i-mechanoreceptors isebenza ngayo. Injongo yale nqaku ingezantsi kukubonisa kunye nokuxoxa ngokweenkcukacha umbutho osebenzayo kunye ne-molecular determinants of mechanoreceptors.

 

I-Touch Sense: Umbutho oSebenzayo kunye ne-Molecular Determinants ye-Mechanosensitive Receptors

 

Abstract

 

I-mechanoreceptors ye-cutaneous ifakwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesikhumba apho zibona uluhlu olubanzi lwe-stimuli yomatshini, kubandakanywa ibrashi yokukhanya, i-stretch, i-vibration kunye noxinzelelo oluyingozi. Olu luhlu lwe-stimuli luhambelana noluhlu oluhlukeneyo lwee-mechanoreceptors ezikhethekileyo ezisabela kwi-deformation ye-cutaneous ngendlela ethile kwaye idlulisele ezi zikhuthazo kwizakhiwo eziphezulu zengqondo. Izifundo kuzo zonke ii-mechanoreceptors kunye neziphelo zemithambo-luvo ezinofuzo ziqala ukufumanisa iindlela zokuchukumisa. Umsebenzi kule ntsimi unike abaphandi ukuqonda ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi kwintlangano yesiphaluka ephantsi kombono wokuchukumisa. Imijelo ye-ion entsha iye yavela njengabaviwa beemolekyuli zokutshintshwa kunye neepropathi zemisinga ye-mechanical gated yaphucula ukuqonda kwethu iindlela zokuziqhelanisa ne-tactile stimuli. Olu phononongo lubonisa inkqubela phambili eyenziwe ekubonakaliseni iimpawu ezisebenzayo ze-mechanoreceptors kwizinwele ezinoboya kunye ne-glabrous kunye nemijelo ye-ion ebona igalelo lomatshini kunye nokulungiswa kwe-mechanoreceptor.

 

Internet: i-mechanoreceptor, i-chanosensitive channel, intlungu, isikhumba, inkqubo ye-somatosensory, ukubamba

 

intshayelelo

 

Ukuchukumisa kukufumanisa isivuseleli soomatshini esichaphazela ulusu, kubandakanywa nefuthe elingenabungozi kunye neliyingozi. Yingqiqo ebalulekileyo kubomi kunye nophuhliso lwezilwanyana ezanyisayo kunye nabantu. Uqhagamshelwano lwezinto eziqinileyo kunye nolwelo olulusu lunika ulwazi oluyimfuneko kwinkqubo ye-nervous central evumela ukuhlola kunye nokuqatshelwa kokusingqongileyo kwaye iqalise ukuhamba okanye ukunyakaza kwesandla okucwangcisiweyo. Ukuchukumisa kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqeqesheni umsebenzi, ukunxibelelana nabantu kunye nokwabelana ngesondo. Uluvo lokuthintela lulona luvo lubuthathaka, nangona lunokuphazamiseka (hyperesthesia, hypoesthesia) kwiimeko ezininzi ze-pathological.1-3

 

Iimpendulo zochuku zibandakanya ikhowudi echanekileyo yolwazi lomatshini. I-mechanoreceptors ye-Cutaneous ifakwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesikhumba apho zibona uluhlu olubanzi lwe-stimuli yomatshini, kubandakanywa ibrashi yokukhanya, ukunweba, ukungcangcazela, ukuphambuka kweenwele kunye noxinzelelo oluyingozi. Olu luhlu lwe-stimuli luhambelana noluhlu oluhlukeneyo lwee-mechanoreceptors ezikhethekileyo ezisabela kwi-deformation ye-cutaneous ngendlela ethile kwaye idlulisele ezi zikhuthazo kwizakhiwo eziphezulu zengqondo. I-Somatosensory neurones yesikhumba iwela kumaqela amabini: i-mechanoreceptors ephantsi (i-LTMRs) esabela kwingcinezelo ye-benign kunye ne-high-threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMRs) ephendula ukuvuselela umatshini onobungozi. Iiseli ze-LTMR kunye ne-HTMR zihlala ngaphakathi kwe-dorsal root ganglia (DRG) kunye ne-cranial sensory ganglia (i-trigeminal ganglia). Iifayibha zeNerve ezinxulumene ne-LTMRs kunye ne-HTMRs zihlelwa njenge-A?-, A?- okanye i-C-fibers ngokusekelwe kwizenzo zabo ezinokuthi ziqhube ngokukhawuleza. Iintsinga ze-C azinamyelinated kwaye zinezona santya zicothayo zokuqhuba (~2 m/s), kanti A? kunye no-A? iintsinga zikhaphukhaphu kwaye zininzi i-myelinated, zibonisa eziphakathi (~12 m/s) kunye nesantya sokuqhuba esikhawulezayo (~20 m/s), ngokulandelelanayo. Ii-LTMR zikwahlulahlulwe ngokukhawuleza, okanye ngokukhawuleza ukulungelelanisa iimpendulo (i-SA- kunye ne-RA-LTMRs) ngokwemilinganiselo yazo yokulungelelanisa kwi-stimulus eqhubekayo yomatshini. Ziyakwahlulwa ngakumbi ngamalungu okuphela kwesikhumba angenasiphelo kunye nezivuseleli ezizithandayo.

 

Ikhono le-mechanoreceptors lokubona iimpawu zomatshini zixhomekeke ebukhoneni beendlela ze-ion ze-mechanotransducer eziguqula ngokukhawuleza amandla omatshini kwiimpawu zombane kunye nokulahla intsimi eyamkelayo. Oku kuchithwa kwendawo, okubizwa ngokuba yi-receptor potential, kunokuvelisa izinto ezinokubakho ezisasaza kwinkqubo ye-nervous central. Nangona kunjalo, iipropathi zeamolekyu ezidibanisa i-mechanotransduction kunye nokulungelelaniswa kumandla omatshini zihlala zingacacanga.

 

Kolu hlaziyo, sinika umboniso weempawu ze-mammalian mechanoreceptor kwi-touch engabonakaliyo kunye neyingozi kwisikhumba esinoboya kunye ne-glabrous. Sikwaqwalasela ulwazi lwakutsha nje malunga neepropathi zemisinga ye-mechanically-gated currents kwinzame yokuchaza indlela yokulungiswa kwe-mechanoreceptor. Ekugqibeleni, sihlaziya inkqubela phambili yakutshanje eyenziwe ekuchongeni iziteshi ze-ion kunye neeprotheni ezihambelanayo ezijongene nokuveliswa kwee-currents ze-mechano-gated.

 

Innocuous Touch

 

I-Hair Follicle-Associated LTMRs

 

Iinwele zeenwele zimele i-hair shaft-produceing mini-organs ezibona ukukhanya. Iifayibha ezinxulumene neenwele zeenwele ziphendula ukunyakaza kweenwele kunye nolwalathiso lwazo ngokudubula oololiwe bezinto ezinokubakho ekuqaleni kunye nokususwa kwe-stimulus. Bazivumelanisa ngokukhawuleza ii-receptors.

 

Ikati kunye nomvundla. Kwingubo yekati kunye nomvundla, iifolli zeenwele zinokuhlulwa zibe ziintlobo ezintathu zeenwele zeenwele, iNwele ePhantsi, inwele yoMgada kunye neTylotrichs. Iinwele ezisezantsi (iinwele ezingaphantsi, uboya, i-vellus)4 zezona zininzi, ezona zinwele zimfutshane kunye nezona zintle zedyasi. Zingamaza, azinambala kwaye zavela ngokwamaqela eenwele ezimbini ukuya kwezine ukusuka kwindawo eqhelekileyo eluswini. Iinwele zoonogada (ii-monotrichs, overhears, tophair)4 zigobile kancinane, mhlawumbi zinebala elibomvu okanye azinabala, kwaye zivele zodwa emilonyeni yeefollicle zazo. I-tylotrichs yizona zincinci kakhulu, iinwele ezide kunye nezona zide kakhulu. Iifiber zenzwa zokubonelela kwi-follicle yeenwele zifumaneka ngaphantsi kwe-sebaceous gland kwaye zibangelwa ngu-A? okanye A?-LTMR imicu.5,6

 

Kwindawo esondeleyo kwi-shaft yeenwele ezisezantsi, ngaphantsi nje kwinqanaba le-sebaceous gland yi-ring of lanceolate pilo-Ruffini endings. Ezi ziphelo zemithambo-luvo zibekwe kwikhosi ejikelezayo ejikeleze i-shaft yeenwele ngaphakathi kwethishu edibeneyo eyenza i-follicle yeenwele. Ngaphakathi kwi-follicle yeenwele, kukho iziphelo ze-nerve zamahhala, ezinye zazo zenza i-mechanoreceptors. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ii-corpuscles ezithintekayo (bona ulusu olukhanyayo) zijikeleze intamo ye-tylotrich follicle.

 

Iipropathi ze-myelinated nerve endings kwikati kunye ne-rabbit hairy skin ziye zaphononongwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwixesha le-1930-1970 (uphononongo ku-Hamann, 1995) kunye nomvundla, baye bahlula iimpendulo kwiintlobo ezintathu ze-receptor ezihambelana nokunyakaza kweenwele eziphantsi (uhlobo lwe-D receptors), Iinwele ze-Guard (uhlobo lwe-G receptors) kunye neenwele zeTylotrich (uhlobo lwe-T receptor) .8 Zonke iimpendulo ze-nerve fiber zihlanganiswe ndawonye. kwi-Rapidly Adapting receptor yohlobo lwe-I (RA I) ngokuchaswa kwe-Pacinian receptor ebizwa ngokuba yi-RA II. I-RA I-mechanoreceptors ibona i-velocity ye-stimulus mechanical kwaye inomda obukhali. Ababoni ukuhluka kwe-thermal. Burgess et al. iphinde yachaza i-receptor yentsimi eguqukayo ngokukhawuleza ephendula ngokufanelekileyo ekubetheni kwesikhumba okanye ukuhamba kweenwele ezininzi, eziye zabangelwa ukuvuselela iziphelo ze-pilo-Ruffini. Akukho nanye impendulo ye-follicle yeenwele ezibangelwa ngumsebenzi we-C fiber.772

 

Amagundane. Kwi-dorsal hairy skin of mouse, iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zeenwele zichazwe: i-zigzag (malunga ne-72%), i-awl / auchene (malunga ne-23%) kunye nomlindi okanye i-tylotrich (malunga ne-5%).11-14 Zigzag kunye ne-Awl / i-auchenne hair follicles ivelisa i-shafts yeenwele ezincinci kunye nezifutshane kwaye zidibene ne-sebaceous gland enye. Umlindi okanye iinwele ze-tylotrich zezona zinde kwiintlobo zeenwele zeenwele. Zibonakaliswe ngebhalbhu yeenwele ezinkulu ezinxulumene namadlala amabini e-sebaceous. Iinwele zokugada kunye ne-awl / auchene zicwangciswe ngokuphindaphindayo, ipateni ehlala izithuba ngelixa iinwele ezigosozi zihlala kwindawo ezixineneyo zolusu ezijikeleze iindidi ezimbini zeenwele ezinkulu [Fig. 1 (A1, A2 kunye ne-A3)].

 

Umzobo 1 Umbutho kunye neeProjekthi zeCutaneous Mechanoreceptors | El Paso, TX Chiropractor

Umzobo 1. Ulungelelwaniso kunye noqikelelo lwe-cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Kwisikhumba esineenwele, i-brush elula kunye ne-touch ibonwa ngokuyinhloko ngokungena ngaphakathi kwi-follicles yeenwele: i-awl / auchenne (A1), i-zigzag (A2) kunye nomlindi (A3). Iinwele zeAwl/auchene ziphindwe kathathu innervated yiC-LTMR lanceolate endings (A4), A?-LTMR and A? ukulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza-LTMR (A6). Iifollicle zeenwele ze-Zigzag ziinwele zeenwele ezimfutshane kwaye zingenasiphelo kuzo zombini i-C-LTMR (A4) kunye ne-A? -Iziphelo ze-LTMR ze-lanceolate (A5). Ezona follicles zeenwele ezinde zigcinwe ngu-A? ukuziqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza-iziphelo ze-LTMR ze-longitudinal lanceolate (A6) kwaye zihambelana no-A? iqhelanisa ngokucothayo-LTMR yeziphelo zedome yokuchukumisa (A7). Uqikelelo olusembindini wazo zonke ezi ntsinga ziphela ngokwahlukileyo, kodwa ngokuyinxenye i-laminae ewela i-spinal cord dorsal horn (C-LTMR kwi-lamina II, A?-LTMR kwi-lamina III kunye ne-A?-LTMR kwi-lamina IV kunye ne-V). Uqikelelo lwe-LTMR olungenalo i-innervate efanayo okanye i-follicle yeenwele ezikufutshane zilungelelaniswa ukuze zenze ikholamu encinci kwi-spinal cord dorsal horn (B1 ngegrey). Kuphela kwesikhumba esinoboya, i-subpopulation ye-C-fibers isiphelo esikhululekile singenasiphelo kwi-epidermis kwaye siphendule ngokuchukumisa okumnandi (A8). Ezi ntsinga ze-C-touch aziphenduli kwi-touch eyingozi kwaye ukuhamba kwazo kwendlela akukaziwa (B2). Kulusu olukhazimlayo, ukubamba okungenabungozi kulamlwa ziindidi ezine ze-LTMR. I-Merkel cell-neurite complex ikwi-basal layer ye-epidermis (C1). Le mechanoreceptor iquka ilungiselelo phakathi kweeseli ezininzi ze-Merkel kunye ne-terminal ye-nerve eyandisiweyo ukusuka kwi-A enye? ifayibha. Iiseli ze-Merkel zibonisa umnwe njengeenkqubo zokuqhagamshelana ne-keratinocytes (C2). Isiphelo seRuffini sibekwe kwindawo kwidermis. Sisiva esicekethekileyo esimilise okwesiga esifakwe iziphelo zoluvo ezidityaniswe ku-A? ifayibha (C3). I-Meissner corpuscle edityaniswe ku-A? i-nerve end kwaye ifumaneka kwidermal papillae. Le mechanoreceptor ehlanganisiweyo iqukethe iiseli ezixhasayo ezipakishwe phantsi ezilungiselelwe njenge-lamellae ethe tyaba ejikelezwe zizicubu ezixhumeneyo (C4). I-Pacinian corpuscle yi-mechanoreceptor enzulu. Omnye uA? Isiphelo se-nerve esingenamyelini siphela embindini wale corpuscle enkulu ye-ovoid eyenziwe nge-lamellae edibeneyo. Uqikelelo lwezi ntsinga ze-A?-LTMR kwintambo yomqolo zohlulwe ngokwamasebe amabini. I-principal central branch (B3) inyuka kwintambo yomgogodla kwi-ipsilateral dorsal eyenza i-cuneate okanye i-gracile fascicles (B5) kwinqanaba le-medulla apho i-primary afferents yenza i-synapse yabo yokuqala (B6). I-neurons yesibini yenza i-sensory decussation (B7) ukwenza isicatshulwa kwi-lemniscus ephakathi ekhuphuka nge-brainstem ukuya kwi-midbrain, ngokukodwa kwi-thalamus. I-secondary branche ye-LTMR iphelisa uphondo lwe-dorsal kwi-lamina II, IV, V kwaye iphazamise ukuhanjiswa kweentlungu (B4). Ukuchukumisa okukrakra kufunyenwe yi-nerve yamahhala ephela kwi-epidermis yezombini ezinoboya (A9) kunye ne-glabrous skin (C7). Ezi mechanoreceptors zisiphelo se-A?-HTMR kunye ne-C-HTMR ngokusondeleyo kunye neekeratinocytes ezingabamelwane (C6). A?-hTMR iphelisa kwi-lamina I kunye ne-V; I-C-HTMR iphelisa kwi-lamina I kunye ne-II (B8). Kwinqanaba le-spinal cord dorsal horn, ii-primary afferents ze-HTMRs zenza i-synapses kunye ne-neurons yesibini ewela umgca ophakathi kwaye ikhuphukele kwisakhiwo esiphezulu sobuchopho kwi-fascicle anterolateral (B9, B10).

 

Kungekudala, i-Ginty kunye nabasebenzisana nabo basebenzise ukudibanisa kwe-molecular-genetic labeling kunye ne-somatotopic retrograde tracing approach to viewing the organisation of the peripheral and central axonal endings of LTMRs kwiigundane.15 Iziphumo zabo zixhasa imodeli apho iimpawu zomntu ngamnye ze-complex tactile stimulus are. itsalwa ziintlobo ezintathu zeefollicle zeenwele kwaye yahanjiswa ngemisebenzi yendibaniselwano eyodwa ye-A?-, A?- kunye ne-C-fibers ukuya kwi-dorsal horn.

 

Baye babonisa ukuba i-genetic labeling ye-tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH +) i-DRG neurones ibonakalisa i-neuron ye-nonpeptidergic, i-diameter encinci ye-sensory neurones kwaye ivumela ukubonwa kwe-C-LTMR ye-peripheral endings eluswini. Okumangalisa kukuba, amasebe e-axoneal e-C-LTMRs nganye afunyenwe ukuba ahlasele kwaye enze iziphelo ze-longitudinal lanceolate ezihambelana ngokusondeleyo kunye ne-zigzag (i-80% yeziphetho) kunye ne-awl / auchene (i-20% yokuphela), kodwa kungekhona i-tylotrich hair follicles [Fig. 1 (A4)]. Iziphelo ze-Longitudinal lanceolate ziye zacingelwa ukuba zezodwa ze-A?-LTMRs kwaye ngoko ke bekungalindelekanga ukuba iziphelo ze-C-LTMR ziza kwenza i-longitudinal lanceolate endings. i-myelinated mechanoreceptors [Umfanekiso. 15 (C2)].

 

Umzobo we-2 i-Tactile Receptors kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo | El Paso, TX Chiropractor

Umzobo 2. I-Tactile receptors kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo: I-tactile receptors ezithintekayo ziyahlula kwi-touch innocuous exhaswa ngama-receptors amaninzi ane-low mechanical threshold (LTMRs) kwi-glabrous and hairy skin and noxious touch exhaswa yi-high mechanical threshold receptor (HTMRs). Benza iziphelo ezingenayo imithambo-luvo eziphela ikakhulu kwi-epidermis. (A) Ulusu olukhazimlayo. I-A1: I-Meissner corpuscles ibona intshukumo yesikhumba kunye nokutyibilika kwento esandleni. Zibalulekile ekunikezeni into kunye ne-dexterity. Ii-receptors zilungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza kwi-stimulus, zixhunywe kwi-A? iifibers kwaye kancinane ukuya kwi-C fibers kwaye ibe nentsimi enkulu ye-receptor. I-A2: I-Ruffini corpuscles ibona ukunweba kwesikhumba kwaye kubalulekile ukufumanisa indawo yeminwe kunye nokunikezela into. I-receptor iqhelana ngokuthe ngcembe kwi-stimulus kunye nomsebenzi ogciniweyo logama nje isivuseleli sisetyenzisiwe. Izamkeli ziqhagamshelwe ku-A? iifibers kwaye zinendawo enkulu yokwamkela. I-A3: I-Pacinian corpuscles inzulu kwi-dermis kwaye ibona ukungcangcazela. Izamkeli ziqhagamshelwe ku-A? imicu; bakhawuleza baziqhelanise novuselelo kwaye babe neyona ntsimi inkulu yolwamkelayo. (B) Ulusu lonke. B1: I-Merkel-cell complexes ikhona kuzo zombini ulusu olukhazimlayo kunye neenwele ezijikeleze. Zibonakaliswe ngokuxineneyo esandleni kwaye zibalulekile ekuboneni ukuthungwa kunye nocalulo olugqwesileyo phakathi kwamanqaku amabini. Banoxanduva lokuchaneka kweminwe. Izamkeli ziqhagamshelwe ku-A? imicu; ngokucothayo baziqhelanisa novuselelo kwaye banentsimi emfutshane eyamkelayo. I-B2: I-HTMRs ye-Noxious touch kunye nokulungelelaniswa okucothayo kakhulu kwi-stimulus, oko kukuthi, esebenzayo nje ngokuba i-nociceptive stimulus isetyenziswa. Zenziwa yi-nerve ephela ye-A? kunye ne-C-fibers ezinxulumene ne-keratinocytes. (C) Ulusu oluneenwele. C1: Iinwele zeenwele zidibene neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenwele. Kwiimpuku Iinwele zokugada zezona zinde kwaye zibonakaliswe kancinci, i-awl/auchenne zinobungakanani obuphakathi kwaye i-zigzag zezona zincinci kwaye zezona nwele zixineneyo. Ziqhagamshelwe ku-A? iintsinga kodwa nakwi-A? kunye ne-C-LTMRs iifayili ze-awl / auchenne kunye nezag iinwele. Babona ukunyakaza kweenwele kubandakanya ukubamba okumnandi ngexesha lokuphululwa. Baziqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza okanye nge-intermediate kinetic kwi-stimulus. I-C2: I-C-touch nerve endings ihambelana ne-subtype ye-C fibers terminus enesiphelo samahhala esibonakaliswe ngumgangatho ophantsi womatshini. Bafanele ukuba bafake ikhowudi yemvakalelo emnandi eyenziwa yi-caress. Baziqhelanisa ngokuphakathi kwi-stimulus kwaye banentsimi emfutshane eyamkelayo. Iziteshi ze-ion ze-Pututive mechanosensitive (MS) ezichazwe kwii-receptors ezahlukeneyo ze-tactile ziboniswa ngokufanelekileyo kwiinkcukacha zangaphambili kwaye zishwankathele i-hypothesis ekhoyo phantsi kovavanyo.

 

Abemi besibini abakhulu abachongiweyo baxhalabisa i-A?-LTMR endings kwi-Awl/Auchenne kunye ne-zigzag follicles ukuba ithelekiswe kunye ne-Down hair follicle efundwe ngokubanzi kwikati kunye nomvundla. I-Ginty kunye nabadibanisi babonise ukuba i-TrkB ibonakaliswe kumanqanaba aphezulu kwi-subset ye-DRG neurones ephakathi. Ukurekhodwa kwe-intracellular kusetyenziswa i-ex vivo skin-nerve yokulungiselela iifiber ezibhaliweyo zibonise ukuba zibonisa iimpawu ze-physiological of fibers ezifundwe ngaphambili kwikati kunye nomvundla: i-exquisite mechanical sensitivity (i-Von Frey threshold <0.07 mN), ngokukhawuleza ukulungelelanisa iimpendulo kwi-suprathreshold stimuli, ukuqhuba okuphakathi. isantya (5.8 � 0.9 m/s) kunye ne-soma spikes emxinwa engashukumiyo.15 Ezi A?-LTMRs zenza iziphelo ze-longitudinal lanceolate ezinxulumene phantse nayo yonke i-zigzag kunye ne-awl/auchene follicle yeenwele zesiqu [Fig. 1 (A5)].

 

Ekugqibeleni, babonisa ukuba iziphelo zepheripheral zokuziqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza no-A? I-LTMRs yenza iziphelo ze-longitudinal lanceolate ezinxulumene nomlindi (okanye i-tylotrich) kunye ne-awl / auchene iinwele zeenwele [Umfanekiso. 1 (A6)].15 Ukongeza, iinwele zomlindi zikwanxulunyaniswa nekhompleksi yeseli ye-Merkel eyenza idome yokucofa eqhagamshelwe ku-A? ukulungelelanisa ngokucothayo i-LTMR [Fig. 1 (A7)].

 

Isishwankathelo, phantse zonke iifollicle zeenwele ze-zigzag zi-innervated yi-C-LTMR kunye ne-A?-LTMR iziphelo ze-lanceolate; Iinwele/iinwele ze-auchene zibanjwa kathathu ngu-A? ukulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza-LTMR, A?-LTMR kunye neC-LTMR isiphelo se-lanceolate; Iifollicle zeenwele zokugada zigcinwe ngu-A? ukuziqhelanisa ngokukhawuleza-LTMR longitudinal lanceolate iziphelo kunye nokusebenzisana no-A? iqhelanisa ngokucothayo-LTMR yeziphelo zedome yokuchukumisa. Ngaloo ndlela, i-follicle nganye yeenwele zemouse ifumana indibaniselwano ekhethekileyo kunye nezingaguqukiyo ze-LTMR eziphela ezihambelana ne-neurophysiologically distinct mechanosensory end parts. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukulungiswa okuphindaphindiweyo kwezi ntlobo zintathu zeenwele, u-Ginty kunye nabadibanisi bacebisa ukuba ulusu olunoboya lubandakanya ukuphindaphinda okuphindaphindiweyo kweyunithi yombhobho equlethe, (1) enye okanye ezimbini iinwele zonogada ezibekwe kwindawo esembindini, (2) ~20 ezingqonge i-awl/auchenne iinwele kunye (3) ) Iinwele ezingama-80 ezidibeneyo ezigoso-goso [Fig. 2 (C1)].

 

Intelekelelo yentambo yomqolo. Uqikelelo olusembindini we-A? ukulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza-LTMRs, A?-LTMRs kunye ne-C-LTMRs ziphela ngokwahlukileyo, kodwa zigqithise i-laminae (II, III, IV) ye-spinal cord dorsal horn. Ukongezelela, ii-terminals eziphambili ze-LTMRs ezingenayo i-innervate efanayo okanye i-follicle yeenwele ezikufutshane ngaphakathi kweyunithi ye-LTMR ye-peripheral ihambelana nokwenza ikholamu ye-LTMR encinci kwi-spinal cord dorsal horn [Umfanekiso. 1 (B1)]. Ngaloo ndlela, kubonakala ngathi i-wedge, okanye ikholamu ye-somatotopically i-primary afferent endings in the dorsal horn imele ukulungelelaniswa kweengqikelelo eziphambili ze-A?-, A? izivuseleli ezisebenza kwiqela elincinane elifanayo leefollicle zeenwele. Ngokusekwe kumanani omlindi, i-awl/ i-auchene kunye neenwele ezizigzag zesiqu kunye namalungu kunye namanani ohlobo ngalunye lwe-LTMR oluncinci, i-Ginty kunye nabasebenzisana nabo baqikelela ukuba uphondo lomqolo wempuku luqulathe i-2,000-4,000 LTMR ikholamu, ehambelana nenani eliqikelelweyo le-peripheral. iiyunithi zeLTMR.15

 

Ngapha koko, ii-axones ze-LTMR subtypes zinxulunyaniswa ngokusondeleyo, zineengqikelelo ezidibeneyo kunye neziphelo ezidibeneyo ze-lanceolate ezingafaki i-follicle yeenwele ezifanayo. Ukongeza, ngenxa yokuba ezi ntlobo zintathu zeenwele zibonisa iimilo ezahlukeneyo, ubungakanani kunye nokwakheka kweeselfowuni, kunokwenzeka ukuba zibe neempawu eziguqukayo okanye zokungcangcazela. Ezi ziphumo ziyahambelana nemilinganiselo ye-neurophysiological yakudala kwikati kunye nomvundla ebonisa ukuba u-A? I-RA-LTMRs kunye ne-A?-LTMR inokuthi isebenze ngokwahlukileyo ngokuphambuka kweentlobo zeenwele ezihlukeneyo.16,17

 

Ukuqukumbela, ukubamba kwesikhumba esineenwele kukudibanisa: (1) amanani ahambelanayo, ulwabiwo olulodwa lwesithuba kunye neempawu ezahlukileyo ze-morphological kunye ne-deflectional yeentlobo ezintathu zeefollicle zeenwele; (2) imidibaniso ekhethekileyo ye-LTMR yohlobo oluncinci lweziphelo ezinxulumene nolunye uhlobo lweenwele ezintathu; kunye (3) uvakalelo olwahlukileyo, isantya sokuqhuba, iipateni zikaloliwe we-spike kunye neepropathi zohlengahlengiso kwiiklasi ezine eziphambili ze-LTMRs ezinxulumene neenwele ezenza ukuba inkqubo ye-mechanosensory yesikhumba enoboya ikhuphe kwaye idlulisele kwi-CNS indibaniselwano entsonkothileyo yeempawu ezichaza a touch.

 

Iziphelo ze-Free-Nerve LTMRs

 

Ngokubanzi, ii-C-fibers iziphelo zasimahla elulusu zii-HTMRs, kodwa i-subpopulation ye-C-fibers ayiphenduli kuchuku oluyingozi. Le subset ye-tactile C-fiber (CT) afferents imele uhlobo oluhlukileyo lwe-unmyelinated, i-low-threshold mechanoreceptive units ekhoyo kwi-hay hairy kodwa i-glabrous skin yabantu kunye nezilwanyana ezincelisayo [Umfanekiso. I-1 (A8)]. I-18,19 CTs ngokuqhelekileyo idibene nombono wokuvuselela okumnandi kwi-tactile kuqhagamshelwano lomzimba.20,21

 

I-CT afferents isabela kwi-indentation forces kuluhlu lwe-0.3�2.5 mN kwaye ke ngoko ivakalelwa kakhulu kwi-skin deformation njengoko ininzi ye-A? I-afferents.19 Iimpawu zokulungelelaniswa kwe-CT afferents ngoko ke ziphakathi xa kuthelekiswa ne-mechanoreceptors ye-myelinated ngokukhawuleza nangokukhawuleza. Imimandla eyamkelekileyo ye-CT afferents irhangqe ngokurhangqa okanye i-oval ngokwemilo. Ibala liquka indawo enye ukuya kwezilithoba ezincinci ezisabelayo ezisasazwa kwindawo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-35 mm2.22 Izamkeli ze-homolog zemouse zicwangciswe ngokwepateni yamabala ayekayo agquma malunga ne-50�60% yendawo kwisikhumba esinoboya [Fig. 2 (C2)].23

 

Ubungqina obuvela kwizigulane ezingenazo i-myelinated tactile afferents zibonisa ukuba ukubonakaliswa kwi-CT fibers kusebenze i-cortex ye-insular. Ekubeni le nkqubo ihlwempuzekile kwi-encoding imiba ecalucalulo yokuchukumisa, kodwa ifanelekile kwi-encoding ecothayo, i-touch touch, i-CT fibers kwisikhumba esinoboya inokuba yinxalenye yenkqubo yokucubungula izinto ezithandekayo kunye nezentlalo ezifanelekileyo zokuthintela. banendima ekuvimbeleni intlungu kwaye kutshanje kucetywayo ukuba ukuvuvukala okanye ukuxhwaleka kunokutshintsha imvakalelo ehanjiswa yi-C-fiber LTMRs ukusuka ekuthinteni okumnandi ukuya kwintlungu.24

 

Yeyiphi indlela yokuhamba nge-CT-afferents engekaziwa [Fig. I-1 (B2)], kodwa i-low-threshold tactile igalelo kwiiseli ze-spinothalamic projection ziye zabhalwa, i-27 yokuboleka ukunyaniseka kwiingxelo ezifihlakeleyo, eziphikisanayo zokufunyanwa kwe-touch kwizigulane zabantu emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwezi ndlela emva kweenkqubo ze-chordotomy.28

 

LTMRs kwi-Glabrous Skin

 

I-Merkel cell-neurite complexes kunye ne-dome yokuchukumisa. UMerkel (1875) waba ngowokuqala ukunika inkcazo yembali yeeseli ze-epidermal ezine-nuclei ezinkulu eziqhagamshelweyo, enxibelelana ne-afferent nerve fibers ecingelwayo. Wayecinga ukuba bagcina imvakalelo yokuchukumisa ngokubabiza ngokuba yiTastzellen (iiseli ezibambekayo). Ebantwini, ii-cell ze-Merkel ze-neurite complexes zityetyiswe kwiindawo ezithintekayo zolusu, zifumaneka kwi-basal layer ye-epidermis kwiminwe, imilebe kunye nezitho zangasese. Zikwakho kwisikhumba esinoboya kubuninzi obusezantsi. I-Merkel cell-neurite complex iquka iseli ye-Merkel ekufutshane ne-terminal yemithambo-luvo esuka kwi-myelinated A enye? ifayibha [Fig. I-1 (C1)] (uphononongo kwi-Halata kunye nabasebenzisana nabo) .29 Kwicala le-epidermal iseli ye-Merkel ibonisa iinkqubo ezinjengomnwe ezidlula phakathi kwee-keratinocyte ezingabamelwane [Fig. 1 (C2)]. Iiseli ze-Merkel ziyi-keratinocyte-derived epidermal cells.30,31 Ixesha le-touch dome laqaliswa ukubiza i-concentration enkulu ye-Merkel cell complexes kwisikhumba esinoboya se-cat forepaw. I-touch dome inokuba ne-150 yeeseli ze-Merkel ezingavalelwanga yi-A?-fiber enye nasebantwini ngaphandle kwe-A?-fibers, A? kunye neeC-fibers zazikhona rhoqo.32-34

 

Uvuselelo lwe-Merkel cell�neurite complexes lukhokelela kwiimpendulo zoHlobo loku-I (SA I) oluziqhelanisa kancinci kancinci, olusuka kwiindawo zolwamkelo zeziphumlisi ezinemida ebukhali. Akukho kukhutshwa okuzenzekelayo. Ezi zinkimbinkimbi ziphendula kubunzulu be-indentation kwesikhumba kwaye zinesisombululo esiphezulu sendawo (0.5 mm) ye-cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Basasaza umfanekiso ochanekileyo wendawo ye-tactile stimuli kwaye bacetywa ukuba babe noxanduva lokumila kunye nokuthungwa kocalulo [Fig. 2 (B1)]. Iimpuku ezingenazo iiseli zeMerkel azikwazi ukubona umphezulu owenziwe ngeenyawo ngeenyawo ngelixa zisenza oko zisebenzisa amabhovu azo.35

 

Ingaba iseli ye-Merkel, i-neuron ye-sensory okanye zombini iindawo ze-mechanotransduction isengumcimbi wengxoxo. Kwiigundane, ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-phototoxic yeeseli ze-Merkel kutshitshisa impendulo ye-SA I.36 Kwiimpuku ezineeseli ze-Merkel ezicinezelwe ngokwemfuza, impendulo ye-SA I erekhodwe kwi-ex vivo yesikhumba / ukulungiswa kwenzwa yanyamalala ngokupheleleyo, ebonisa ukuba iiseli ze-Merkel ziyafuneka kwi-encoding efanelekileyo ye-Merkel. iimpendulo ze-receptor.37 Nangona kunjalo, ukuvuselela umatshini weeseli ze-Merkel ezizimeleyo kwinkcubeko ngoxinzelelo oluqhutywa yimoto aluvelisi i-currents mechanical-gated currents.38,39 Keratinocytes inokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni okuqhelekileyo kwe-cell Merkel cell�neurite complex. Iinkqubo ze-Merkel ezinjengomnwe womnwe zingahamba kunye ne-skin deformation kunye ne-epidermis cell movement, kwaye le nto ingaba yinyathelo lokuqala lokutshintshwa komatshini. Ngokucacileyo, iimeko ezifunekayo ukufunda i-mechano-sensitivity yeeseli ze-Merkel azikasekwa.

 

Iziphelo zeRuffini. Iziphelo zeRuffini ziziphelo zoluvo ezicekethekileyo ezimilise okwesiga ezidityaniswe ku-A? iziphelo zemithambo-luvo. Iziphelo zeRuffini zizisilinda zeethishu ezincinci ezidityanisiweyo ezicwangciswe kunye nedermal collagen strands ezibonelelwa nge-myelinated nerve fibers enye ukuya kwezintathu ze-4�6 �m diametre. Ukuya kuthi ga kwiisilinda ezintathu zokuqhelaniswa okwahlukileyo kwidermis zinokudityaniswa zenze isamkeli esinye [Umfanekiso. 1 (C3)]. Ngokwesakhiwo, iziphelo zeRuffini zifana nezitho ze-tendon zeGolgi. Zibonakaliswa ngokubanzi kwidermis kwaye zichongiwe njengohlobo lwe-II oluthambileyo (SA II) lwe-cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yomsebenzi we-nervous ngokuzenzekelayo, ukukhutshwa okuthe chu-ukuqhelanisa rhoqo kubangelwa yi-perpendicular low force egcinwe ukuvuselela ngoomatshini okanye ngokusebenzayo ngakumbi nge-dermal stretch. Impendulo ye-SA II isuka kwiindawo ezinkulu zolwamkelo ezinemida engacacanga. I-Ruffini receptors inegalelo ekubonweni kwesalathiso sento yokuhamba ngepatheni yokwelula kwesikhumba [Umfanekiso. 2 (A2)].

 

Kwiigundane, iimpendulo ze-SA I kunye ne-SA II zinokuhlukaniswa nge-electrophysiologically kwi-ex-vivo nerve-skin preparation. ukugcinwa kwebhalansi ye-osmotic yamazinyo eyimfuneko kwi-mechanoTransduction.

 

Meissner iicorpuscles. I-Meissner corpuscles ibekwe kwindawo kwi-dermal papillae yolusu olukhazimlayo, ikakhulu kwiintende zezandla kunye neenyawo kodwa nakwimilebe, ngolwimi, ebusweni, kwiingono nakwizitho zangasese. Ngokwe-anatomically, zibandakanya i-nerve encapsulated ending, i-capsule yenziwe ngeeseli ezixhasayo ezicwangcisiweyo ezicwangciswe njenge-lamellae ethe tye efakwe kwiithishu ezidibeneyo. Ngaba kukho i-fiber ye-nerve enye A? ii-afferents eziqhagamshelwe kwi-corpuscle nganye [Fig. 1 (C4)]. Nakuphi na ukuguqulwa komzimba we-corpuscle kubangela i-volley yezenzo ezinokuthi ziphele ngokukhawuleza, oko kukuthi, zilungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza ii-receptors. Xa i-stimulus isusiwe, i-corpuscle iphinda ibuyele kwimo yayo kwaye ngelixa isenza njalo ivelisa enye i-volley yezenzo ezinokwenzeka. Ngenxa yendawo engaphezulu kwidermis, ezi corpuscles zisabela ngokukhethayo kwintshukumo yesikhumba, ukubonwa okubambekayo kokutyibilika kunye nokungcangcazela (20�40 Hz). Zinobuntununtunu kulusu oluguquguqukayo - umzekelo, phakathi kwesikhumba kunye nento ephathwayo [Fig. 2 (A1)].

 

I-Pacinian corpuscles. I-Pacinian corpuscles ziyi-mechanoreceptors ezinzulu zolusu kwaye zezona zithintekayo ze-cutaneous mechanoreceptor ye-skin motion. Ezi ngqungquthela ezinkulu ze-ovoid (i-1 mm ubude) zenziwe nge-lamellae edibeneyo ye-fibrous connective tissue kunye ne-fibroblasts ehlanganiswe ngamaseli e-Schwann aguquliweyo abonakaliswe kwi-deep dermis. , iphelisa u-A omnye? i-afferent unmyelinated nerve ephela [Fig. 43 (C1)]. Zinebala elikhulu lolwamkelo kumphezulu wolusu oneziko elinovakalelo ngokukodwa. Uphuhliso kunye nomsebenzi weentlobo ezininzi ze-mechanoreceptor ezilungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza ziphazamiseka kwiigundane ze-c-Maf eziguqukayo. Ngokukodwa, i-Pacinian corpuscles i-atrophied kakhulu.5

 

I-Pacinian corpuscles ibonisa ukulungelelaniswa ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ekuphenduleni ukunyanzeliswa kwesikhumba, i-II (RA II) yokukhupha ngokukhawuleza i-nervous discharge ekwazi ukulandela i-frequency ephezulu ye-vibratory stimuli, kwaye ivumele ukubonwa kweziganeko ezikude ngokugungqa.45 I-Pacinian corpuscle. i-afferents iphendula kwi-indentation eqhubekayo kunye nomsebenzi wexeshana ekuqaleni kunye nokunciphisa i-stimulus. Zikwabizwa ngokuba yi-acceleration detectors kuba ziyakwazi ukubona utshintsho kumandla okuvuselela kwaye, ukuba izinga lokutshintsha kwi-stimulus liguqulwa (njengoko kwenzeka kwii-vibrations), impendulo yabo ihambelana nolu tshintsho. Ii-Pacinian corpuscles ziva utshintsho olukhulu loxinzelelo kunye noninzi lwazo zonke ii-vibrations (150�300 Hz), ezinokuthi zibhaqe neesentimitha kude [Fig. 2 (A3)].

 

Impendulo ye-Tonic yabonwa kwi-decapsulated Pacinian corpuscle.46 Ukongezelela, i-Pacinian corpuscles engaguqukiyo iphendula ngomsebenzi oqhubekayo ngexesha le-indentation stimuli, ngaphandle kokuguqula imibundu yomatshini okanye i-frequency yokuphendula xa i-GABA-mediated signaling ivaliwe phakathi kwe-lamellate glia kunye ne-nerve ending.47 Ngaloo ndlela, amacandelo angenayo i-neuronal ye-Pacinian corpuscle inokuba neendima ezimbini ekuhluzeni i-stimulus yomatshini kunye nokulungelelanisa iimpawu zokuphendula ze-neuron ye-sensory.

 

Uqikelelo lwentambo yomqolo. Uqikelelo lwe-A?-LTMRs kwintambo yomqolo zohlulwe ngokwamasebe amabini. I-principal central branch ikhuphuka kwintambo yomgogodla kwi-ipsilateral dorsal columns ukuya kwinqanaba lomlomo wesibeleko [Umfanekiso. 1 (B3)]. Amasebe asesekondari aphelisa uphondo lwe-dorsal kwi-laminae IV kwaye aphazamise ukuhanjiswa kweentlungu, umzekelo. Oku kunokuthomalalisa iintlungu njengenxalenye yolawulo lwesango [Fig. 1 (B4)].48

 

Kwimigangatho yomlomo wesibeleko, i-axones yesebe eliyintloko ihluke kwiiphecana ezimbini: i-middleline tract iquka i-fascicle ye-gracile ehambisa ulwazi olusuka kwisiqingatha esisezantsi somzimba (imilenze kunye ne-trunk), kunye necandelo langaphandle liquka i-fascicle ye-cuneate ehambisa ulwazi oluvela kwisiqingatha esiphezulu. yomzimba (iingalo kunye nesiqu) [Fig. 1 (B5)].

 

I-primary tactile afferents zenza i-synapse yazo yokuqala kunye ne-neurones ye-second order kwi-medulla apho iifayili ezivela kwiphecana nganye ye-synapse kwi-nucleus yegama elifanayo: i-gracile fasciculus axones i-synapse kwi-nucleus ye-gracile kunye ne-cuneate axones synapse kwi-nucleus ye-cuneate [Umfanekiso. 1 (B6)]. I-Neurones efumana i-synapse inikezela nge-afferents yesibini kwaye iwele umgca ophakathi ngokukhawuleza ukwenza iphecana kwicala le-contralateral le-brainstem yengqondo-i-lemniscus ephakathi-enyuka nge-brainstem ukuya kwisikhululo esilandelayo sokuhambisa kwi-midbrain, ngokukodwa, kwi-thalamus [Fig. . 1 (B7)].

 

Ukucaciswa kwemolekyuli ye-LTMRs. Iinkqubo zeemolekyuli ezilawula ukwahluka kwangaphambili kwe-LTMRs zisandula ukucaciswa ngokuyinxenye. I-Bourane kunye nabasebenzisana nabo baye babonisa ukuba i-neuronal populations evakalisa i-Ret tyrosine kinase receptor (Ret) kunye ne-co-receptor yayo ye-GFR?2 kwi-E11�13 iigundane ze-embryonic DRG ngokukhetha i-coexpress i-transcription factor Mafa.49,50 Aba babhali babonisa ukuba i-Mafa / I-Ret/GFR? I-2 neurones ezimiselwe ukuba zibe ziintlobo ezintathu ezikhethekileyo ze-LTRM ekuzalweni: i-SA1 neurones i-innervating Merkel-cell complexes, i-neurones eguqukayo ngokukhawuleza i-innervating corpuscles ye-Meissner kunye ne-afferents eguqukayo ngokukhawuleza (i-RA I) eyenza isiphelo se-lanceolate malunga neefollicles zeenwele. I-Ginty kunye nabasebenzisana nabo baxela ukuba i-DRG neurones evakalisa ngokukhawuleza i-Ret ilungisa ngokukhawuleza i-mechanoreceptors esuka kwi-Meissner corpuscles, i-Pacinian corpuscles kunye neziphetho ze-lanceolate ezijikeleze iifollicles zeenwele. Uqikelelo lwe-neurone axonal ngaphakathi kwi-brainstem.

 

Ukuphononongwa kwe-mechanoreceptors yesikhumba somntu. Ubuchwephesha be-�microneurography� echazwe nguHagbarth noVallbo kwi-1968 isetyenziselwe ukufunda ukukhutshwa kokuziphatha kwabantu ababodwa be-mechanosensitive endings ukubonelela izihlunu, ukudibanisa kunye nesikhumba (jonga ukuhlaziywa kweMacefield, 2005) .52,53 Uninzi lwe-microneurography yesikhumba somntu. Izifundo zibonakalise i-physiology ye-tactile afferents kwi-glabrous skin yesandla. Ukurekhodwa kwe-Microelectrode ukusuka kwi-median kunye ne-ulnar nerves kwizifundo zabantu ziye zabonisa i-sensation ye-touch eveliswa ziiklasi ezine ze-LTMRs: I-Meissner afferents ibaluleke kakhulu ekukhanyeni ukukhanya kwesikhumba, ukuphendula kwimikhosi ye-shear yendawo kunye ne-incipient okanye i-overt slips ngaphakathi kwendawo eyamkelayo. Ii-Pacinian afferents zinovelwano ngokugqithisileyo kwi-brisk mechanical transients. I-Afferents iphendula ngamandla ngokuvuthela phezu kwentsimi eyamkelekileyo. I-Pacinian corpuscle ehlala kwidijithi iya kuphendula ngokucofa itafile exhasa ingalo. I-Merkel afferents ineempawu eziphezulu zovakalelo oluguquguqukayo kwi-indentation stimuli esetyenziswa kwindawo ecacileyo kwaye ihlala iphendula ngokukhupha ngaphandle ngexesha lokukhululwa. Nangona i-Ruffini afferents isabela kumandla asetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo eluswini, uphawu olulodwa lwe-SA II afferents kukukwazi ukusabela nakwi-lateral skin stretch. Ekugqibeleni, iiyunithi zeenwele kwi-forearm zine-ovoid enkulu okanye imimandla engavumelekanga eyamkelekileyo eyenziwe ngamabala amaninzi abuhlungu ahambelana neenwele zomntu ngamnye (unikezelo ngalunye oluhambelanayo ~ 20 iinwele).

 

Ukuziva kweeMechanical zeKeratinocytes

 

Naliphi na i-mechanical stimulus eluswini kufuneka ihanjiswe ngeekeratinocytes ezenza i-epidermis. Ezi seli zifumaneka kuyo yonke indawo zinokwenza imisebenzi yokubonisa ukongeza kwiindima zabo ezixhasayo okanye ezikhuselayo. Ngokomzekelo, i-keratinocytes ikhupha i-ATP, i-molecule ebalulekileyo ye-sensory signaling, ekuphenduleni i-mechanical and osmotic stimuli.54,55 Ukukhululwa kwe-ATP kubangela ukwanda kwe-calcium ye-intracellular ngokuvuselela i-autocrine ye-purinergic receptors.55 Ngaphezu koko, kukho ubungqina bokuba i-hypotonicity ivuselela i-Rho. -i-kinase indlela yomqondiso kunye ne-F-actin elandelayo yoxinzelelo lwe-fiber formation ebonisa ukuba ukuguqulwa komatshini we-keratinocytes kunokuphazamisa ngomatshini kunye neeseli zommelwane ezifana neeseli ze-Merkel zokuchukumisa ezingenabungozi kunye ne-C-fiber eziphelweni zamahhala zokuthintela okubi [Umfanekiso. 1 (C6)].56,57

 

Ukuchukumisa okuNoxious

 

I-high threshold mechanoreceptors (HTMRs) yi-epidermal C- kunye ne-A? free nerve-iziphelo. Azihambelani nezakhiwo ezikhethekileyo kwaye zibonwa kwisikhumba esineenwele zombini [Umfanekiso. 1 (A9)] kunye nolusu olukhazimlayo [Umfanekiso. 1(C7)]. Nangona kunjalo, ixesha lokuphela kwemithambo-luvo kufuneka lithathelwe ingqalelo ngobulumko kuba iziphelo zemithambo-luvo zihlala zisondelelene ne-keratinocyte okanye iseli yeLangherans okanye i-melanocytes. Uhlalutyo lwe-Ultrastructural lwe-nerve endings lubonisa ubukho be-endoplasmic reticulum, i-mitochondria eninzi kunye ne-dense-core vesicle. Iimbumba ezikufutshane zeeseli ze-epidermal ziqina kwaye zifana ne-post-synaptic membrane kwizicubu ze-nervous. Qaphela ukuba ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-nerve endings kunye neeseli ze-epidermal zinokuba zimbini kuba iiseli ze-epidermal zinokukhulula abalamli njenge-ATP, i-interleukine (IL6, i-IL10) kunye ne-bradykinin kunye ne-peptidergic nerve endings inokukhulula iipeptides ezifana ne-CGRP okanye i-substance P esebenza kwiiseli ze-epidermal. I-HTMRs iquka i-mechano-nociceptors evuyiswa kuphela yi-noxious mechanical stimuli kunye ne-polymodal nociceptors eziphinda ziphendule ukushisa okukrakra kunye neekhemikhali zangaphandle [Umfanekiso. 2 (B2)].58

 

I-HTMR i-afferent fibers iphelisa kwi-projection neurones kwi-dorsal horn ye-spinal cord. I-A?-HTMRs iqhagamshelana ne-second order neurones kakhulu kwi-lamina I kunye ne-V, kanti i-C-HTMRs iphela kwi-lamina II [Fig. 1 (B8)]. Iprojekthi yesibini ye-nociceptive neurones ukuya kwicala lokulawula intambo yomgogodla kwaye inyuke kumbandela omhlophe, yenze inkqubo ye-anterolateral. Ezi neurones ziphela ikakhulu kwithalamus [Fig. 1 (B9 kunye ne-B10)].

 

I-Mechano-Currents kwi-Somatosensory Neurones

 

Iindlela zokucotha okanye ukulungelelaniswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-mechanoreceptors azikacaciswa. Akucaci ukuba ingakanani i-mechanoreceptor adaptation inikezelwa yimeko yeselula ye-nerve ye-sensory ending, i-intrinsic properties of the mechanical-gated channels and properties of the axonal voltage-gated ion channels in sensory neurones (Fig. 2). Nangona kunjalo, inkqubela phambili yamva nje ekubonakalisweni kwee-currents-gated currents ibonise ukuba iiklasi ezahlukeneyo ze-mechanosensitive channels zikhona kwi-DRG neurones kwaye zingachaza ezinye iinkalo zokulungelelanisa i-mechanoreceptors.

 

Ukurekhoda kwe-in vitro kwiigundane kubonise ukuba i-soma ye-DRG neurons i-intrinsically mechanosensitive kwaye ivakalisa i-cationic mechano-gated currents. kunye ne-benzamil, kubangela i-block block.59 FM64-60,62,63 isebenza njenge-blocker ehlala ixesha elide, kunye ne-injection ye-FM1-43 kwi-find paw yeempuku kunciphisa uvakalelo lwentlungu kuvavanyo lwe-Randall-Selitto kunye nokwandisa i-paw threshold ehlolwe nge von Frey iinwele.1

 

Ekuphenduleni ukuvuselelwa komatshini, i-mechanosensitive currents iyancipha ngokuvalwa. Ngokusekelwe kwixesha eliqhubekayo lokubola kwangoku, iintlobo ezine ezihlukeneyo zemisinga ye-mechanosensitive ziye zahlula: ukulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza imisinga (~3�6 ms), ukulungelelaniswa kwemisinga (~15�30 ms), ukulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza imisinga (~200�300 ms). ) kunye ne-ultra-slowly adapting currents (~ 1000 ms) .64 Yonke le misinga ikhona kunye neziganeko eziguquguqukayo kwi-rat DRG neurones innervating skin glabrous of the hindpaw.64

 

Uvakalelo lomatshini lwemisinga ye-mechanosensitive lunokumiselwa ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwe-stimuli eyongeziweyo yomatshini, ukuvumela uhlalutyo olucacileyo lwe-stimulus-yangoku.66 Ulwalamano lwangoku oluvuselelayo luqheleke njenge-sigmoidal, kwaye ubuninzi be-amplitude yangoku bunqunywe linani iziteshi ezivulekileyo ngaxeshanye.64,67 Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ukulungelelaniswa kwe-mechanosensitive yangoku kuye kwabikwa ukuba kubonise umda ophantsi we-mechanical threshold kunye ne-half-activation midpoint xa kuthelekiswa ne-ultra-slowly adapting mechanosensitive current.63,65

 

I-neurones ye-Sensory kunye ne-non-nociceptive phenotypes ekhethwayo ivakalisa ngokukhawuleza ukulungelelanisa i-mechanosensitive currents kunye ne-low threshold mechanical threshold.60,61,63,64,68 Ngokuchaseneyo, ngokukhawuleza kunye ne-ultra-slowly adapting mechanosensitive currents zichazwe ngamaxesha athile kwiiseli ze-putive non-nociceptive.64,68 Oku kubangele isiphakamiso sokuba le misinga ingaba negalelo kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo yomatshini ebonwa kwi-LTMRs kunye ne-HTMRs kwi-vivo. Nangona ezi zilingo ze-in vitro kufuneka zithathwe ngokuqaphela, ukuxhaswa kobukho kwi-soma ye-DRG neurones ye-mechanotransducers ephantsi kunye ne-high-threshold ye-mechanotransducers nayo ibonelelwe nge-radial stretch-based stimulation of cultured mouse sensory neurones.69 Le paradigm ibonakalise ezimbini. abantu abaphambili bee-neurones ezizolulayo, enye esabela kwi-low stimulus amplitude kunye nenye ephendula ngokukhethayo kwi-amplitude ephezulu yokuvuselela.

 

Ezi ziphumo zineempembelelo ezibalulekileyo, kodwa eziqikelelwayo, ze-mechanistic: i-mechanical threshold ye-sensory neurones inokuthi ingabinanto encinci yokwenza ne-cell organisation ye-mechanoreceptor kodwa inokuthi ilale kwiipropati ze-ion channels mechanical-gated.

 

Iinkqubo ezenza i-desensitization ye-mechanosensitive cation currents kwi-rat DRG neurones zisandul 'ukutshatyalaliswa.64,67 Iphuma kwiindlela ezimbini ezihambelanayo ezichaphazela iipropati zesiteshi: ukulungelelaniswa kunye nokungasebenzi. Ukuziqhelanisa kwaxelwa okokuqala kwizifundo zeeseli zeenwele. Inokuchazwa ngokusebenza njengenguqulelo elula ye-transducer channel's activation curve ecaleni kwe-mechanical stimulus axis.70-72 Ukulungelelaniswa kuvumela i-receptors ye-sensory ukuba igcine uvakalelo lwabo kwi-stimuli entsha phambi kwe-stimulus ekhoyo. Nangona kunjalo, iqhezu elikhulu lemisinga ye-mechanosensitive kwi-DRG neurones ayinakuphinda isebenze ngokulandela ukuvuselela ukuguqulwa komatshini, okubonisa ukungasebenzi kwezinye iziteshi ze-transducer.64,67 Ngoko ke, zombini ukungasebenzi kunye nokulungelelanisa isenzo kwi-tandem yokulawula imisinga ye-mechanosensitive. Ezi ndlela zimbini ziqhelekileyo kuzo zonke ii-currents ze-mechanosensitive ezichongiweyo kwi-rat DRG neurones, ebonisa ukuba izinto ezinxulumene ne-physicochemical zinquma i-kinetics yale mijelo.64

 

Ukuqukumbela, ukumisela iipropati ze-endogenous mechanosensitive currents in vitro kubalulekile kumzamo wokuchonga iindlela zokutshintshwa kwinqanaba le-molecular. Ukwahlukahlukana okubonwe kwi-threshold yomatshini kunye nokulungelelanisa i-kinetics yeendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-mechanical-gated currents kwi-DRG neurones zibonisa ukuba iipropati zangaphakathi ze-ion channels zingachaza, ubuncinci, i-threshold yomatshini kunye ne-kinetics yokulungelelanisa i-mechanoreceptors echazwe kumashumi eminyaka 1960. 80 usebenzisa amalungiselelo e-ex vivo.

 

IiProteni eziPhucukayo zeMechanosensitive

 

Imisinga ye-ion ye-Mechanosensitive kwi-neurons ye-somatosensory ibonakaliswe kakuhle, ngokuchaseneyo, incinci iyaziwa malunga nobunikazi beemolekyuli ezidibanisa i-mechanotransduction kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo. Izikrini ze-Genetic kwi-Drosophila kunye ne-C. elegans ziye zachonga iimolekyuli ze-mechanotransduction zabaviwa, kuquka i-TRP kunye ne-degenerin / epithelial Na + channel (Deg / ENaC) iintsapho.73 Imizamo yakutshanje yokucacisa isiseko se-molecular ye-mechanotransduction kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo ziye zagxila kakhulu kwi-homologs yalaba baviwa. . Ukongezelela, abaninzi balaba baviwa bakhona kwi-cutaneous mechanoreceptors kunye ne-somatosensory neurones (Umfanekiso 2).

 

I-Acid-Sensing Ion Channels

 

I-ASICs iyingxenye ye-proton-gated subgroup ye-degenerin�epithelial Na + yentsapho yesiteshi.74 Amalungu amathathu osapho lwe-ASIC (ASIC1, ASIC2 kunye ne-ASIC3) abonakaliswe kwi-mechanoreceptors kunye ne-nociceptors. Indima yeziteshi ze-ASIC iphandwe kwizifundo zokuziphatha kusetyenziswa iigundane ngokucima okujoliswe kuyo kwiijene ze-ASIC. Ukususwa kwe-ASIC1 ayitshintshi umsebenzi we-cutaneous mechanoreceptors kodwa kwandisa uvakalelo lwe-mechanical of afferents innervating gut.75 I-ASIC2 iigundane zokunkqonkqoza zibonisa ukuncipha kovakalelo lokulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza ii-LTMRs zesikhumba. zombini i-visceral mechano-nociception kunye ne-cutaneous mechanosensation.76 I-ASIC2 ukuphazamiseka kunciphisa uvakalelo lwe-mechano ye-visceral afferents kwaye kunciphisa iimpendulo ze-HTMR ze-cutaneous kwi-stimuli eyingozi.77

 

Ijelo leSamkelo elidlulayo

 

I-TRP superfamily ihlulwe kwiintsapho ezithandathu kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo.78 Phantse zonke i-subfamilies ze-TRP zinamalungu axhunywe kwi-mechanosensation kwiinkqubo zeeseli ezahlukeneyo.79 Kwi-mammalian sensory neurones, nangona kunjalo, iziteshi ze-TRP ziyaziwa kakhulu ngokuva ulwazi lwe-thermal kunye nokudibanisa ukuvuvukala kwe-neurogenic, kunye neziteshi ezimbini ze-TRP kuphela, i-TRPV4 kunye ne-TRPA1, ziye zabandakanyeka ekuphenduleni kokuthinta. Ukuphazamisa ukubonakaliswa kwe-TRPV4 kwiigundane kuneempembelelo ezithobekileyo kuphela kwimida ye-acute mechanosensory, kodwa kunciphisa kakhulu uvakalelo kwi-stimuli eyingozi ye-mechanical stimuli.80,81 TRPV4 yinto ebalulekileyo ekumiseni impendulo ye-nociceptive neurones kuxinzelelo lwe-osmotic kunye ne-hyperalgesia yomatshini ngexesha lokuvuvukala.82,83, I-1 TRPA1 ibonakala inendima kwi-hyperalgesia yomatshini. I-TRPA1-iimpuku ezinqongopheleyo zibonisa iintlungu ze-hypersensitivity. I-TRPA84,85 inegalelo ekutshintsheni i-mechanical, ibanda kunye ne-chemical stimuli kwi-nociceptor sensory neurones kodwa kubonakala ngathi akubalulekanga kwi-hair-cell transduction.XNUMX

 

Akukho bungqina bucacileyo obubonisa ukuba amajelo e-TRP kunye neeshaneli ze-ASIC ezichazwe kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo zifakwe kwisango ngomatshini. Akukho nanye kwezi tshaneli ezibonakaliswe nge-heterologously recapitulate utyikityo lombane lwemisinga ye-mechanosensitive ebonwa kwindawo yabo yendalo. Oku akuthinteli ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba i-ASICs kunye ne-TRPs iziteshi ziyi-mechanotransducers, zinikwe ukungaqiniseki ukuba ingaba ishaneli ye-mechanotransduction inokusebenza ngaphandle komxholo weselula (jonga icandelo kwi-SLP3).

 

Iiprotheyini zePiezo

 

I-Piezo protiens isanda kuchongwa njengabaviwa abathembisayo kwiiprotheni ze-mechanosensing yi-Coste kunye nabasebenzisana nabo. . I-Piezo 86,87 ininzi kwii-DRGs, ngelixa i-Piezo 1 ibonakala ngokungaqhelekanga. I-Piezo-induced mechanosensitive currents inhibited yi-gadolinium, i-ruthenium ebomvu kunye ne-GsMTx2 (i-toxin evela kwi-tarantula Grammostola spatulata) kune-Piezo 38. Ngokufana nemisinga ye-endogenous mechanosensitive currents, ii-currents ezixhomekeke kwi-Piezo zinamandla okubuyisela umva malunga ne-38 mV kwaye i-cation ayikhethi, kunye ne-Na+, K+, Ca2+ kunye ne-Mg1+ zonke zingena kumjelo ongaphantsi. Ngokufanayo, i-piezo-dependent currents ilawulwa yi-membrane enokubakho, kunye nokucotha okuphawulekayo kwe-kinetics yangoku kwi-depolarized potentials.4

 

Iiprotheyini ze-Piezo ngokungathandabuzekiyo ziyi-protein ze-mechanosensing kwaye zabelana ngeempawu ezininzi zokulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza imisinga ye-mechanosensitive kwi-sensory neurones. Unyango lwee-neurones ze-DRG ezikhulisiwe kunye ne-Piezo 2 i-RNA emfutshane ephazamisayo iyancipha umlinganiselo we-neurones ngokukhawuleza ukulungelelanisa ngoku kunye nokunciphisa ipesenti ye-mechanosensitive neurones.86 Imimandla ye-Transmembrane ifumaneka kuzo zonke iiprotheni ze-piezo kodwa akukho mboniso ocacileyo we-pore-containing motifs okanye i-ion channel signatures ziye zafunyanwa. ichongiwe. Nangona kunjalo, i-mouse i-Piezo iprotheni ye-1 ihlanjululwe kwaye ihlaziywe kwi-asymmetric lipid bilayers kunye ne-liposome iifom ze-ion channels ezithintekayo kwi-ruthenium ebomvu.87 Isinyathelo esibalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni i-mechanotransduction ngokusebenzisa iziteshi ze-Piezo kukusebenzisa iindlela ze-vivo ukugqiba ukubaluleka kokusebenza ekuboniseni umqondiso. Ulwazi lunikezwe kwi-Drosophila apho ukucima ilungu elilodwa le-Piezo linciphisa impendulo yomatshini kwi-stimuli enobungozi, ngaphandle kokuchaphazela ukubamba okuqhelekileyo.89 Nangona isakhiwo sabo sihlala sizimisele, le ntsapho yencwadana yeeprotheni ze-mechanosensitive yinto ethembisayo yophando lwexesha elizayo, ngaphaya komda. yemvakalelo yokuchukumisa. Ngokomzekelo, uphando olutshanje kwizigulane ezine-anemia (i-xerocytosis ye-hereditary) ibonisa indima ye-Piezo 1 ekugcineni i-erythrocyte volume homeostasis.90

 

Ijelo elifana neTransmembrane (TMC)

 

Uphononongo olutshanje lubonisa ukuba iiprotheni ezimbini, i-TMC1 kunye ne-TMC2, ziyimfuneko kwi-hair cell mechanotransduction.91 I-Hereditary deafness ngenxa ye-TMC1 yokuguqulwa kofuzo kwabikwa kubantu kunye neegundane.92,93 Ubukho bala majelo ayikabonakali kwinkqubo ye-somatosensory. , kodwa kubonakala ngathi isikhokelo esihle sokuphanda.

 

I-Stomatin-NjengeProtein 3 (SLP3)

 

Ukongezelela kwiitshaneli zokutshintshwa, ezinye iiprotheyini ze-accessory ezidityaniswe nomjelo zibonakaliswe ukuba zidlala indima ekuchukumiseni ukuchukumisa. I-SLP3 ibonakaliswe kwii-neuron ze-DRG ezincancisayo. Izifundo ezisebenzisa iigundane eziguqukayo ezingenayo i-SLP3 zibonise utshintsho kwi-mechanosensation kunye nemisinga ye-mechanosentive.94,95 Umsebenzi ochanekileyo we-SLP3 uhlala ungaziwa. Isenokuba ngumnxibelelanisi phakathi kweshaneli ye-mechanosensitive kunye ne-microtubules engaphantsi, njengoko kucetywayo kwi-C. elegans homolog MEC2.96 Kutshanje GR. I-lab ye-Lewin iphakamise ukuba i-tether yenziwe yi-DRG sensory neurones kwaye idibanisa i-ion channel ye-mechanosensitive kwi-matrix engaphandle. I-RA-mechanosensitive currents iphinda ivinjwe yi-lamin-97, iprotheni ye-matrix eveliswa yi-keratinocytes, iqinisa i-hypothesis ye-modulation ye-mechanosensitive yangoku ngama-protein angaphandle.332

 

I-K+ Channel Intsapho engaphantsi

 

Ngokuhambelana ne-cationic depolarizing misinga ye-mechanosensitive, ubukho be-repolarizing mechanosensitive K+ currents buphantsi kophando. Iziteshi ze-K + kwiiseli ze-mechanosensitive zinokunyathela kwibhalansi yangoku kwaye zibe negalelo ekuchazeni umda womatshini kunye nexesha lokulungelelanisa i-mechanoreceptors.

 

Amalungu e-KCNK angamalungu e-domain ye-pore ye-K + channel (K2P) yentsapho.99,100 I-K2P ibonisa uluhlu oluphawulekayo lokulawulwa ngamaselula, ama-agent angokwenyama kunye ne-pharmacological, kubandakanywa utshintsho lwe-pH, ukushisa, ukunweba kunye ne-membrane deformation. Ezi K2P ziyasebenza ekuphumleni inwebu enokubakho. Iinqununu ezininzi ze-KCNK zibonakaliswe kwii-neurones ze-somatosensory.101 KCNK2 (TREK-1), i-KCNK4 (TRAAK) kunye ne-TREK-2 iziteshi ziphakathi kweendlela ezimbalwa apho i-mechanical gating ngqo nge-membrane stretch iboniswe.102,103

 

Iimpuku ezinofuzo oluphazamisekileyo lwe-KCNK2 lubonise ubuntununtunu obuphuculweyo bobushushu kunye ne-stimuli ethambileyo yomatshini kodwa umda oqhelekileyo wokurhoxisa kuxinzelelo oluyingozi lomatshini olusetyenziswa kwi-hindpaw usebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-Randall�Selitto. iimeko. I-KCNK104 iigundane zokunkqonkqoza zazine-hypersensitive kwi-mild stimulation mechanical, kwaye le hypersensitivity yandiswe ngokungasebenzi okongeziweyo kwe-KCNK2 Ukonyuka kwe-mechanosensitivity kwezi mpuku ze-knockout kunokuthetha ukuba ukolula ngokuqhelekileyo kusebenze zombini i-depolarizing kunye ne-repolarizing currents ze-mechanosensitive ngendlela elungelelanisiweyo, ngokufanayo nokungalingani. ukudiliza kunye nokuphinda kuguqulwe imisinga yamandla ombane.

 

I-KCNK18 (i-TRSK) inegalelo elikhulu kwimvelaphi ye-K + yokuziphatha elawula ukuphumla kwe-membrane ye-somatosensory neurones.106 Nangona ingaziwa ukuba i-KCNK18 ivakalelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-mechanical stimulation, inokudlala indima ekuphenduleni iimpendulo kwi-touch light, kunye ne-stimuli ebuhlungu yomatshini. I-KCNK18 kunye ne-KCNK3 encinci, kucetywayo ukuba ibe yithagethi ye-molecular ye-hydroxy-?-sanshool, i-compound efunyenwe kwi-peppercorns ye-Schezuan eyenza i-receptors ye-touch kwaye ibangele ukuvakalelwa kwabantu.107,108.

 

I-voltage exhomekeke kwi-K + channel ye-KCNQ4 (Kv7.4) ibalulekile ekusetheni isantya kunye nokukhethwa kwefrikhwensi ye-subpopulation yokulungelelanisa ngokukhawuleza i-mechanoreceptors kuzo zombini iimpuku kunye nabantu. Uguqulo lwe-KCNQ4 luye lwanxulunyaniswa nohlobo lokungeva oluzuzwa lufuzo. Okubangela umdla uphononongo lwakutsha nje lubeka i-KCNQ4 kwi-peripheral nerve endings ye-cutaneous elungisa ngokukhawuleza i-follicle yeenwele kunye ne-Meissner corpuscle. Ngokufanelekileyo, ukulahleka komsebenzi we-KCNQ4 kukhokelela ekuphuculeni okukhethiweyo kwe-mechanoreceptor sensitivity kwi-vibration ephantsi-frequency. Ngokucacileyo, abantu abanokulahlekelwa kokuva emva kwexesha ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezinto eziphambili ze-KCNQ4 gene zibonisa ukusebenza okuphuculweyo ekuboneni i-amplitude encinci, i-low-frequency vibration.109

 

UDkt-Jimenez_White-Coat_01.png

Insight of Dr. Alex Jimenez

Ukuchukumisa kuthathwa njengenye yezona zivamvo zintsonkothileyo emzimbeni womntu, ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba akukho lungu lithile eliphetheyo. Kunoko, ingqiqo yokuchukumisa iyenzeka ngokusebenzisa i-receptors ye-sensory, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-mechanoreceptors, efumaneka kulo lonke ulusu kwaye iphendule kuxinzelelo lomatshini okanye ukuphazamiseka. Kukho iintlobo ezine eziphambili ze-mechanoreceptors kwi-glabrous, okanye inwele, isikhumba sezilwanyana ezincelisayo: i-lamellar corpuscles, i-tactile corpuscles, i-Merkel nerve endings kunye ne-bulbous corpuscles. I-Mechanoreceptors isebenze ukwenzela ukuvumela ukufunyanwa kwe-touch, ukwenzela ukubeka iliso kwindawo yemisipha, amathambo kunye namalungu, aziwa ngokuba yi-proprioception, kunye nokubona izandi kunye nokuhamba komzimba. Ukuqonda iindlela zesakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wala ma-mechanoreceptors yinto ebalulekileyo ekusebenziseni unyango kunye nonyango lokulawula intlungu.

 

isiphelo

 

Ukuchukumisa yimvakalelo entsonkothileyo kuba imele iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zokuchukumisa, ezizezi, ukungcangcazela, ukumila, ukuthungwa, ulonwabo kunye neentlungu, kunye nemidlalo eyahlukeneyo ecalulayo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imbalelwano phakathi kwe-touch-organ kunye ne-psychophysical sense yayinxibelelene kwaye iimpawu zemolekyuli ezikhethekileyo ziyavela. Uphuhliso lovavanyo lwempuku oluhambelana nokwahluka kokuziphatha ngokuchukumisa kuyafuneka ngoku ukulungiselela ukuchongwa kwegenomics kwixesha elizayo. Ukusetyenziswa kweegundane ezingenayo i-subsets ethile yeentlobo ze-sensory afferent ziya kuququzelela kakhulu ukuchongwa kwe-mechanoreceptors kunye ne-sensory afferent fibers ezinxulumene ne-touch modality ethile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba iphepha lamva nje livula umbuzo obalulekileyo wesiseko sofuzo seempawu ze-mechanosensory kumntu kwaye ubonisa ukuba ukuguqulwa kwemfuza enye kunokuchaphazela kakubi uvakalelo lokuthintela. inkqubela ngokuchonga ngokuchanekileyo i-subset ye-sensory neurones edityaniswe kwindlela yokuchukumisa okanye ukusilela kokuchukumisa.

 

Ukubuyisela, inkqubela yenziwe ukucacisa iimpawu ze-biophysical ze-mechano-gated currents.64 Ukuphuhliswa kweendlela ezintsha kwiminyaka yamuva nje, ukuvumela ukubeka iliso kwi-membrane ye-tension tension, ngelixa urekhoda i-mechano-gated yangoku, ibonakalise indlela ebalulekileyo yokulinga ukuchaza. i-mechanosensitive currents kunye nokulungelelaniswa okukhawulezileyo, okuphakathi kunye nokucothayo (kuhlaziywa kwi-Delmas kunye nabasebenzisana nabo) .66,111 Ixesha elizayo liya kuba libonisa indima yezakhiwo ezikhoyo kwiindlela zokulungelelanisa i-mechanoreceptors esebenzayo kunye negalelo le-mechanosensitive K + currents kwi-excitability of Ii-LTMR kunye nee-HTMRs.

 

Ubume bemolekyuli bemisinga ye-mechano-gated kwizilwanyana ezanyisayo kwakhona sisihloko sophando esithembisayo. Uphando lwexesha elizayo luya kuqhubela phambili kwiimbono ezimbini, okokuqala ukugqiba indima ye-molecule ye-accessory ukuba i-tether channels kwi-cytoskeleton kwaye iya kufuneka inike okanye ilawule i-mechanosensitivity ye-ion channels ezifana ne-TRP kunye ne-ASIC / iintsapho ze-EnaC. Okwesibini, ukuphanda indawo enkulu kunye nethembisayo yegalelo leetshaneli zePiezo ngokuphendula imibuzo ephambili, ngokumalunga ne-permeation kunye neendlela zokungena, i-subset ye-sensory neurones kunye neendlela zokuthintela ezibandakanya i-Piezo kunye nendima yePiezo kwiiseli ezingekho neuronal ezinxulumene nazo. I-mechanosensation.

 

Umqondo wokuchukumisa, xa kuthelekiswa nokubona, ukunambitha, isandi kunye nephunga, ezisebenzisa izitho ezithile ukucubungula ezi mvakalelo, zingenzeka kuwo wonke umzimba ngokusebenzisa i-receptors encinci eyaziwa ngokuba yi-mechanoreceptors. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-mechanoreceptors zinokufumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesikhumba, apho ziyakwazi ukubona uluhlu olubanzi lokuvuselela oomatshini. Eli nqaku lingasentla lichaza izinto ezibalaseleyo ezibonisa inkqubela phambili yezakhiwo kunye neendlela zokusebenza ze-mechanoreceptors ezinxulumene nomqondo wokuchukumisa. Ulwazi olubhekiselele kwiZiko leSizwe loLwazi lweBiotechnology (NCBI). Ububanzi bolwazi lwethu bukhawulelwe kwi-chiropractic kunye nokulimala komgogodla kunye neemeko. Ukuxoxa ngalo mbandela, nceda uzive ukhululekile ukubuza uGqr. Jimenez okanye uqhagamshelane nathi apha915-850-0900 .

 

Ikhutshwe nguDkt. Alex Jimenez

 

Green-Call-Now-Button-24H-150x150-2-3.png

 

Imixholo eyongezelelweyo: Ubunzima bokubuyisela

 

Umqolo obuhlungu enye yezona zizathu ezibangeleko zokukhubazeka kunye neentsuku eziphosakeleyo emhlabeni wonke. Njengokuba kunjalo, iintlungu zenziwa emva kweyona sibini isizathu esivakalayo sokutyelela iofisi yee-dkt. Ngokumalunga neepesenti ze-80 zabemi ziya kuba nolunye uhlobo lweentlungu zentlungu ubuncinane kanye kanye ebomini babo. Umgudu uyisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi esakhiwa ngamathambo, amajoyina, iigaments kunye nezihlunu, phakathi kwezinye iifomthi ezithambileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukulimala kunye / okanye iimeko ezihlaziyiweyo, ezifana disni, ekugqibeleni unokukhokelela kwiimpawu zentlungu. Ukulimala kwezemidlalo okanye ukulimala kwengozi yeemoto ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa yintlungu yokubuhlungu, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ukuhamba kwezinto ezilula kunokuba neziphumo ezibuhlungu. Ngethamsanqa, ezinye iindlela zokhathalela unyango, ezifana nokunyamekelwa kwe-chiropractic, kunokunceda ukubuyisela intlungu emva kokusetyenziswa kwemilenze kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemigaqo, ekugqibeleni ukuphucula intlungu.

 

 

 

umfanekiso webhlogi weendaba eziphambili zephepha lephepha

 

ISIHLOKO ESIBALULEKILEYO: Ulawulo oluPhantsi lwePain Pain

 

IINKCUKACHA NGOKUGQITHISILEYO: UKONGEZA KWEZINTLOKO: PainUbuhlungu obungapheliyo kunye nonyango

 

Ngenanto
Ucaphulo
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Vala i-Accordion
I-MechanoInceptive Pain: I-Peripheral kunye neendlela eziPhakathi

I-MechanoInceptive Pain: I-Peripheral kunye neendlela eziPhakathi

Iintlungu zokwamkela iMechanoreceptive: NgokweCDC, ngaphezulu kwe-50% yabantu abadala base-US (izigidi ezili-125) babene-musculoskeletal. ukuphazamiseka kweentlungu ngo-2012.�

�Ngaphezu kwe-40% yabantu abadala abaneentlungu zentlungu ye-musculoskeletal basebenzise indlela yezempilo eyongezelelweyo ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu kwi-2012. Oku kwakuphezulu kakhulu kunokusetyenziswa phakathi kwabantu abangenayo intlungu ye-musculoskeletal disorder (24.1%). Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zempilo ezongezelelweyo ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu phakathi kwabantu abaneentlungu zentamo okanye iingxaki kwakungaphezu kokuphindwe kabini kunokusetyenziswa phakathi kwabantu ngaphandle kwezi ngxaki.

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

Ifunyenwe: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr098.pdf

UKUQONDA IINTLUNGU KUBALULEKILE

�Phakathi kwabantu abadala abanengxaki yentlungu ye-musculoskeletal, ukusetyenziswa kwayo nayiphi na indlela yezempilo eyongezelelweyo yayiphezulu phakathi kwabo banentlungu yentamo okanye iingxaki (50.6%), elandelwa ngabantu abanezinye iingxaki ze-musculoskeletal (46.2%).

�Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zempilo ezongezelelweyo ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu phakathi kwabantu abaneentlungu zentamo okanye iingxaki kwaba ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini kunokusetyenziswa phakathi kwabantu ngaphandle kwezi ngxaki.

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

Ifunyenwe: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr098.pdf

YINTONI UMONGAMELI?

  • I-Mechanoreceptors zi-receptors ze-sensory eziphendula uxinzelelo lomatshini okanye ukuphazamiseka.
  • Ezi ziquka i-cutaneous receptors ye-touch, i-receptors ebeka iliso ubude bemisipha kunye noxinzelelo, i-auditory kunye ne-vestibular receptors kunye nabanye.

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.ITHIYORI YOLAWULO LWESANGO LEENTLUNGU

  • Igalelo elingenabuhlungu livala amasango kwigalelo elibuhlungu.
  • Oku kuthintela ukuva intlungu ekuhambeni ukuya kumanqanaba aphezulu e-cortical
  • I-afferents encinci ye-diameter (intlungu) ithintela ukuvinjelwa kweentlungu
  • I-afferents enkulu ye-diameter (i-vibration) ikholisa ukuvuyisa ukuvinjelwa kweentlungu.

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

  • Le ngcamango iqinisekisa ukuba iifayili ezingenayo i-nociceptive zinokuphazamisa iimpawu ezivela kwiintlungu zentlungu, ngoko ke, zivimbela intlungu.
  • Idayamitha enkulu A? iifibers zi-nonnociceptive (azihambisani ne-stimuli yentlungu) kwaye zivimbela iziphumo zokudubula ngu-A? kunye neeC fibers.

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.DORSAL IKHOLAM EMDIY INDLELA YEMNISCAL

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.UKUSETYENZISWA KOOMATSHINI BANGAPHANDLE UKUTSHINTSHA IINGQAQO ZENTLUNGU

SINOKUNCEDA NJANI?

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

 

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

I-REFLEX yokurhoxa

  • I-afferent neuron echulumancisayo ivuselela i-interneuron e-excitatory ethi yona ivuselele i-efferent motor neurons enikezela ngee-biceps, isihlunu sengalo esigobayo (egoba) i-elbow joint. Ukufinyezwa kwe-biceps kutsala isandla kude nesitovu esishushu.
  • I-afferent neuron ikwavuselela ii-interneuron ezithintelayo ezithi zona zithintele i-efferent neuron enikezela ngee-triceps ukuyinqanda ukuba ingasuki. Olu hlobo loxhulumaniso lwe-neuronal olubandakanya ukuvuselela ukunikezelwa kwemithambo-luvo kwisihlunu esinye kunye nokuvinjelwa kwangaxeshanye kwimithambo-luvo kwisisipha sayo esichasayo kwaziwa ngokuba yi-reciprocal inhibition.
  • I-afferent neuron isavuselela ezinye ii-interneuron ezithwala umqondiso phezulu kwintambo yomgogodla ziyise ebuchotsheni ngendlela enyukayo. Kuphela xa impembelelo ifikelela kwindawo yengqondo ye-cortex ngumntu owaziyo intlungu, indawo yayo kunye nohlobo lokuvuselela. Ngaphezu koko, xa impembelelo ifika engqondweni, inkcazelo inokugcinwa njengenkumbulo yaye umntu unokucinga ngoko kwenzekileyo.

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

I-RECEPTOR ESEKELWE UNYANGO

Uhlengahlengiso
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwe-mechanoreceptors edibeneyo ngohlengahlengiso lwe-chiropractic inokulungelelanisa kwaye "isithunzi" imbono yobuchopho kwiifiber ezincinci zedayamitha.
  • Ukuphindaphinda ukusebenza kwe-mechanoreceptors edibeneyo kunokudala iplastiki efanelekileyo kwiindlela ezihlukeneyo.
  • Iplastiki entle inokuvala iintlungu

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

wentshukumo
  • Ukuvuselela i-Vibratory kwiifrikhwensi ezithile kunokuguqula ukuqonda kweentlungu
  • Ukuphindaphindwa kokusebenza kweediski zeMerkel kunye nee-corpuscles zikaMeissner kunokudala iplastiki elungileyo kwiindlela ezihlukeneyo.
  • Kwakhona, iplastiki ekhangayo inokuvala iintlungu

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.IMALI

  • �Olu didi lwesixhobo lusebenzisa iintshukumo ze-sinusoidal kwaye lunikeza i-amplitude ekhethiweyo eqhubekayo ye-0-5.2mm ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yonyawo kunye nefrikhwensi ekhethiweyo ye-5-30Hz.�
  • Uqeqesho lwe-WBV lubonakala lusebenza, lukhuselekile, kwaye lufanelekile kubasebenzi abasebenzayo abahleli phantsi abaneentlungu ezingapheliyo zomqolo.

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

 

  • �I-Homotopic vibro-tactile stimulation ibangele i-40% yokunciphisa intlungu yokushisa kuwo onke amaqela ezifundo. Isiphazamiso asikhange sichaphazele iintlungu zovavanyo.�
  • Ukuvuselela i-Vibro-tactile ngokusebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwiindlela ze-analgesic kungekhona kwi-NC kuphela kodwa nakwizigulane ezineentlungu ezingapheliyo ze-musculoskeletal, kuquka i-FM.

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.UKUKHANYA UKUPHATHA

  • �Itotali, amavolontiya asempilweni angama-44 afumene iintlungu zobushushu kunye ne-CT optimal (i-slow brushing) kunye ne-CT sub-optimal (ibrashi ekhawulezayo okanye i-vibration). Iiparadigms ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokulinga zisetyenzisiwe: Ukusetyenziswa okufanayo kweentlungu zokushisa kunye ne-tactile (ukuxubha kancinci okanye ukunyakaza) ukuvuselela; Ukuxubha okucothayo, kusetyenziswe ixesha eliguquguqukayo kunye nekhefu, ngaphambi kweentlungu zokushisa; Ukucotha xa kuthelekiswa nokubrasha ngokukhawuleza kwangaphambi kweentlungu zobushushu.�

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

  • Ebantwini, ezona ndawo ziphambili zobuchopho ezifumana ulwazi lwe-C-LTMR zezenkqubo ye-somatosensory kwaye zichaphazela ukusetyenzwa kweenethiwekhi zobuchopho njenge-contralateral posterior insular cortex okanye i-medial prefrontal cortex. Ubunzima be-CT ejoliswe ekuthinteni ifakwe kwi-cortex yeprayimari kunye neyesibini ye-somatosensory cortex (i-S1 contralateral, i-S2 bilateral), ngelixa ubumnandi bufakwe kwi-cortex yangaphambili ye-cingulate. I-C-LTMRs iphinda isebenze imimandla echaphazelekayo ekuqhubeni umvuzo (i-putamen kunye ne-orbitofrontal cortex) kunye nokusetyenzwa kwe-stimuli yentlalo (i-posterior superior temporal sulcus).

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

 

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

 

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

 

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

 

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

YONKE I-PERIPHERAL inesiphumo esisembindini

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

 

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

 

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

 

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.INTO YOKUPHONONONGA

  • Indoda eneminyaka engama-47 ubudala yahlupheka yashiya iCVA ngo-Okthobha we-2017.
  • Akazange ashukume kwicala lasekunene lomzimba wakhe ukusukela oko kwenzeka ingozi.
  • Ziziswe kwikliniki yethu kuba ufuna �ukubuyela kuyo.�

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.IIMBALASANE ZOVIWO LOMZIMBA

  • Dysarthria
  • Ukutshintsha ukuqonda intlungu
  • Ubunzima ngezibalo ezilula
  • I-Flaccid kwi-RUE kunye ne-RLE

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.IIMBALASANE ZOVIWO LOMZIMBA

  • Isigulana sasingenamnyakazo de saqala ukuvavanya imvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo:

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

I-ALLODYNIA:�Ibhekisa kwi-central sensitization (impendulo eyandisiweyo yee-neurons) ilandela ngokuqhelekileyo ingenabuhlungu, ivuselela ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

  • I-allodynia inokukhokelela ekuqaliseni ukuphendulwa kweentlungu ezivela kwi-stimuli, engavamile ukukhupha intlungu.
  • Ukushisa okanye ukuvuselela umzimba kunokukhupha i-allodynia, enokuthi ivakale njengento evuthayo kwaye idla ngokuvela emva kokulimala kwisayithi.
  • I-Alldynia yahlukile kwi-Hyperalgesia, ukusabela ngokugqithiseleyo, ukubaxiweyo kwi-stimulus, edla ngokuba buhlungu.

UNYANGO LWENYANGO

  • wentshukumo
  • Ukuchukumisa ukukhanya
  • Acupressure
  • Iifrikhwensi zeAcoustic
  • Uhlengahlengiso!

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.EMVA KWEENTSUKU EZIMBINI

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

i-mechanoreceptive el paso tx.

Iintlungu zeMechanoreceptive kunye ne-Receptor Based Therapy

Ukuqonda okungaqhelekanga kwenkqubo yobuhlungu ku-El Paso, Tx

Ukuqonda okungaqhelekanga kwenkqubo yobuhlungu ku-El Paso, Tx

Kutheni umonakalo okhoyo okanye ukulimala okubangelwa yintlungu kubangela intlungu engapheliyo, engathintekiyo kwezinye izigulane? Yintoni ejongene nokuguqulwa kokulimala kwendawo kunye neentlungu ezibuhlungu kwiimeko ezibuhlungu ezingapheliyo? Kutheni kukho iintlungu ezithatha izidakamizwa ezichasayo kunye / okanye amayeza, kanti ezinye iintlobo zentlungu zifuna i-opiates?

 

Ubuhlungu yinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ebandakanya inkqubo ye-nervous system (PNS) kunye nenkqubo ye-nervous central (CNS). Ukulimala kweTisue kubangela i-PNS, leyo idlulisela isignali ngentambo yomgogodla ebuchosheni, apho kuvela khona intlungu. Nangona kunjalo, yintoni ebangela ukuba amava amaninzi entlungu aphuhlise ibe yinto ephazamisayo? Ngaba nantoni na enokuyenza ukukhusela? Ubu bungqina bubonisa ukuba Ubuhlungu obungapheliyo iziphumo ezivela kudibaniso lweendlela, ezinjengeengqondo "zeenkumbulo" zeentlungu ezidlulileyo.

 

I-Nociception: Indlela elula kakhulu

 

Intlungu okanye i-nociceptive intlungu ibonakaliswa njengamava amaninzi athathakayo eyenzekayo ekuphenduleni umonakalo ophantsi okanye ukulimala. Kuyasikhusela, sisilumkise ukuba sisuke kwimvelaphi yokuhlambalaza kwaye sinakekele ingozi. Iinkqubo ezenza intlungu ye-nociceptive ibandakanya ukuhanjiswa, okukhuthaza ukuvuselela kwangaphandle kwintsebenzo yombane kwii-nciceptive ze-primary nerve nerves. Iimvumi ezithandanayo ziqhuba i-sensory sensation kwi-PNS kwi-CNS.

 

Kwi-CNS, idatha yentlungu ithe isasazwa yi-neurons eyinqobo kwiiseli ezicwangcisiweyo. Emva kokuba ulwazi luhanjiswe kuzo zonke iindawo zengqondo ezijongene nokuqonda kwethu, kwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke ukuba kwenzeke. Intlungu ye-nociceptive yindlela esilula ngayo kwisimo esilula, esichukumisayo. Kodwa i-mechanics ejongene nentlungu ye-nociceptive ayikwazi ukuchonga iziganeko, ezinjengeentlungu eziqhubekayo ngaphandle kokususwa okanye ukuphilisa ukuvuselelwa, njengokwimeko yentlungu ye-phantom.

 

Ubuhlungu kunye nokuphendula okuvuthayo

 

Kwiimeko ezinobungozi obunzima, njengamaxhoba okugonywa, umonakalo wesikhumba ungashukumisa ukuphendula okuvuthayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iimeko, ngakumbi i-arthritis, nazo ziyakwazi ukubonakalisa iziganeko zokuvuvukala ezihambisana neempawu ezibuhlungu. Iinkqubo zolu hlobo lweentlungu ezinxulumene nomonakalo wesisu kunye nokuphendula okuvuthayo zihluke kwiintlungu zokuxwayisa kwangaphambili.

 

Ukuqwalasela isicatshulwa okanye indawo yomonakalo okanye ukulimala, i-cascade yeziganeko ezinokungabikho kwezicwangciso zenzeke kwi-system ye-nervous. Isiqalo somoya "somoya" siqala esikhwameni, apho sikwazi ukuhamba khona kunye nemigudu ye-peripheral, kwaye siphumelele ekuphenduleni i-hypersensitivity cord (umthambo we-spors) kunye nengqondo. Iiseli ezivuthayo zizungeze imimandla yomonakalo wesisu kwaye zivelise i-cytokines kunye ne-chemokines, izinto ezijoliswe ekujonganeni nenkqubo yokuphulukisa nokuhlaziywa kwezicubu. Kodwa, ezi zithunywa zingaphinde zithathwe njengento ekhungathekileyo kwaye zihlengahlengise iipropati ze-neurons eziphambili ezijikeleze indawo yoxinzelelo.

 

Ngako oko, izinto eziphambili ezibangela intlungu evuzayo zibandakanya umonakalo kwi-nociceptors ephezulu, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-peripheral sensitization, utshintsho kunye nokuguqulwa kwee-neurons kwinkqubo yenzwa, kunye nokukhuliswa kwe-excurability ye-neurons ngaphakathi kwe-CNS. Oku kubonisa ukukhululwa komphakathi kwaye kuphendula ngokuxhomekeka komntu, apho iindawo ezikufutshane nezo zenzakalo zonyango ziza kuba neentlungu ezinjengezi nzakalo. Ezi zicubu ziyakwazi ukusabela ekuvuseleleni okuqhelekanga ukuba kungabangela intlungu, njengento yokuthinta, ukugqoka iimpahla, ukunyanzela ukukhanya okanye ukubethekisa iinwele zakho, njengokungathi zibuhlungu ngokwenene, zibizwa ngokuba yi-allodynia.

 

I-Peripheral kunye neCentral Sensitization (iVidiyo)

 

 

Ezinye iindlela zobuhlungu

 

Intlungu ye-neuropathic ibangelwa ngumonakalo okanye ukulimala kwinkqubo yeentlanzi, ezifana ne-carpal tunnel syndrome, i-neuralgia ye-postherpetic kunye ne-neuropathy. Nangona ezinye zeendlela ezibonakala zibangelwa ubuhlungu be-neuropathic kunye nalabo abanoxanduva lobuhlungu obuhlungu, abaninzi babo bahlukileyo, kwaye ngoko ke baya kufuna indlela eyahlukileyo eya kubaphathi babo.

 

Inkqubo yendlela yokwenziwa kwendawo kunye neentambo ezigciniweyo zigcinwa, ubuncinane kunye nokuhlola, ngexesha le-neurotransmitter ye-excitatory, i-glutamate, ekholelwa ukuba iya kukhutshwa xa i-receptor ye-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) iyasebenza.

 

Inkqubo ye-nervous yenziwe nge-neurotransmitter okanye i-excitatory neurotransmitters. Uninzi lwezinto ezivumela isimiso sethu senzwa ukuba siphendule ngokufanelekileyo umonakalo okanye ukulimala ukulungiswa kakuhle okanye ukuvinjelwa kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuxhatshazwa kwenkqubo ye-nervous kubonakala yinkinga kwiintlobo ezininzi zeengxaki ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukusetyenziswa ngokutsha kwe-NMDA receptor kunokunxulumana neengxaki zokuphazamiseka, ukungahambi kakuhle, kunye nokunyamezela.

 

Nangona intlungu eqhelekileyo ye-nociceptive, kwinqanaba elithile, ivuselela i-NMDA receptor yaye ikholelwa ukuba iya kubakho ukukhululwa kwe-glutamate. Nangona kunjalo, ngobuhlungu be-neuropathic, ukungabikho komsebenzi kwi-NMDA yokufumana isisiseko.

 

Ngezinye iintlobo zentlungu engapheliyo, ezifana ne-fibromyalgia kunye neentloko zentlungu, ezinye zeendlela ezisisigxina kunye nobuhlungu be-neuropathic zingenza izinto ezingaqhelekanga kwinkqubo yentlungu, kubandakanywa ukukhuphaza okuphakathi, ukukhupha okuphezulu kweendlela zokuhamba kunye nokunciphisa inkqubo ye-nervous system inhibitory systems.

 

Sensitization

 

I-Cyclo-oxygenase (i-COX) nayo ibonisa umsebenzi obalulekileyo kuzo zombini kunye ne-central sensitization. I-COX-2 yenye yee-enzymes ezixutywe ngexesha lokuvuvukala; I-COX-2 iguqula i-arachidonic acid ibe yi-prostaglandins, eyenza ukwandisa uvelwano lwama-terminals of nociceptor. Ekubeni, ukutshaya kwipheripha kubangela ukuba i-COX-2 iveliswe kwi-CNS. Izibonakaliso ezivela kwi-peripheral nociceptors zincinci yecala lolawulo, kodwa kukho kubonakala kubandakanyeka kwi-humoral component ekutshintsheni kweempawu zentlungu kwi-barrier brain-barrier.

 

Ngokomzekelo, kwiimodeli zokulinga, i-COX-2 iveliswa kwi-CNS nangona izilwanyana zithola ibhunge le-nervous sensory phambi kwendlela yokuvuvukala komzimba. I-COX-2 echazwe kwi-neurons ye-rorsal ye-spinal cord ikhupha i-prostaglandins, eyenziwa kwiindawo eziphambili, okanye i-terminynaptic terminals ye-nociceptive sensory fibers, ukwenzela ukwandisa ukukhululwa kwe-transmitter. Ukongezelela, zenza i-postsynaptically kwi-neorons ye-dorsal ukuvelisa ukuxhomekeka ngokuthe ngqo. Kwaye ekugqibeleni, banqanda umsebenzi we-glycine receptor, kwaye lo ngumthumeli wokuvimbela. Ngoko ke, i-prostaglandins yenza ukwanda kwe-excurability ye-neurons ephakathi.

 

I-peripheral kunye ne-Central Sensitization | El Paso, TX Chiropractor

 

UbunjengePlastiki kunye neCentral Sensitization

 

Ukwaziswa okuphakathi kukuchaza utshintsho olwenzeka kwingqondo ekuphenduleni ukuvuselela iimbilini. Emva kokuphindaphindiweyo, iimali zama-hormones kunye nezibonakaliso zombane zengqondo zitshintsha njengoko i-neurons ihlakulela "imemori" yokuphendula kuloo miqondiso. Ukuvuselela okuqhubekayo kwakha imemori yengqondo enamandla ngakumbi, ngoko ingqondo iya kuphendula ngokukhawuleza nangempumelelo xa iqhutyelwa ukuvuselela okufanayo kwixesha elizayo. Ukuguqulwa kokulandelelana kwindlela yokucubungula ubuchopho kunye nokuphendula kuthathwa njenge-plastiki ye-neural, echaza ukukwazi kwengqondo ukuba iguqulwe ngokukhawuleza, okanye i-sensitization ephakathi. Ngoko ke, ingqondo iqhutywe okanye ikhuthazwe yi-stimuli yangaphambili okanye ephindaphindiweyo ukuze ibe yinto ekhuselekileyo.

 

Ukutshintshwa kwentshukumo ephakathi kwenzeke emva kokuhlangana ngokuphindaphindiweyo nentlungu. Uphando kwizilwanyana lubonisa ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekuvuseleleni okubuhlungu kuyakutshintsha intlungu yesilwanyana kunye nokukhokelela kwimpendulo enamandla. Abaphandi bacinga ukuba oku kuguqulwa kunokukwazi ukuchaza intlungu eqhubekayo enokuthi yenzeke nangemva kokuhlinzwa ngokuphumelelayo. Nangona i-disc ye-herniated ingasuswa kwi-nervined pin, intlungu ingaqhubeka njengememori yokunyanzeliswa kwemizwa. Iintsana ezisoloko zisokwa ngaphandle kwe-aneshesia ziya kuthatha ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza ekuvuseleleni okubuhlungu, njenge-injections rhoqo, izitofu kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezibuhlungu. Aba bantwana abanalo kuphela ukuphendula okuphezulu kwe-hemodynamic, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-tachycardia kunye ne-tachypnea, kodwa baya kuhlakulela ukukhala okukhulu.

 

Inkumbulo engqondweni yeentlungu yayifundwa ngokubanzi. Ngxelo yeengxelo zakhe zophando zangaphambili, uWoolf wathi ukuphucula ukulungelelanisa i-reflex ukulandela umonakalo womzimba wecala okanye ukulimala akuxhomeki ekuqhubekeni kwemigudu yokufakelwa kwe-peripheral; Kunoko, emva kweeyure emva kwentshukumo ye-pipeline, i-spinal dorsal horn yamacandelo e-receptional neuron yaqhubeka yokwandisa. Abaphandi baye baqaphela ukubaluleka kwe-receptor yomgogodla we-NMDA ekungenisweni nasekugcinweni kwenkqubo yokwazisa.

 

Inkqubo yoVavanyo olusembindini | El Paso, TX Chiropractor

 

Uhlengahlengiso lweCortical | El Paso, TX Chiropractor

 

Okubaluleka kolawulo lwezinhlungu

 

Xa ukuqinisekiswa okuphambili kusekwa, ama-analgesics amakhulu amaninzi adingekayo ukuwucima. I-analgesia yokulungisa, okanye unyango ngaphambi kokuba intlungu iqhubekele, inokunciphisa imiphumo yazo zonke ezi ziphumo kwi-CNS. UWoolf wabonisa ukuba i-dose morphine efunekayo ukuyeka ukuxhomekeka kombindi, esinikwe phambi kokutshatyalaliswa kwamandla kagesi emfutshane kwiingqayi, yayisishumi kwisisombululo esidinga ukuphelisa umsebenzi emva kokuba sikhule. Oku kuguqulwa kwindlela yokliniki.

 

Kwilingo lekliniki yezilwanyana ze-60 ezithinteka kwi-hysterectomy esiswini, abantu abafumene i-10 mg ye-morphine ngenye indlela ngexesha lokuqulunqwa kwe-anesthesia efuna i-morphine engaphantsi kwelawulo lobuhlungu be-postoperative. Ukongezelela koko, ubuhlungu bentlungu ejikeleze isilonda, okubhekiswa njenge-hyperalgesia yesibini, kwancitshiswe kwiqela le-morphine eliphambili. I-analgeia yokulungisa yayisetyenziswe ngempumelelo efana neyokwimeko yokucwangcisa, kuquka nokusebenza okusemgangathweni kunye ne-postorthopaedic operation.

 

I-dose enye ye-40 okanye i-60 mg / kg ye-acetaminophen yamacandi ine-effect ecacileyo ye-morphine-ukuphazamiseka kwemini kubantwana, ukuba ilawulwe ekufakweni kwe-anesthesia. Ukongezelela, abantwana abane-analgesia eyaneleyo kunye ne-acetaminophen bafumana ubuncinci obungaphantsi kokuvavanya nokuhlanza.

 

Abaphikisi be-NMDA bafumana i-analgesia emva kokulawulwa kwangaphambili. Iingxelo ezahlukahlukeneyo zikhona kwiincwadi ezixhasa ukusetyenziswa kwe-ketamine kunye ne-dextromethorphan kwithuba eliphambili. Kwizigulane ezithatha ukulungiswa kwangaphambili kwesigidi, i-24 yeeyure ezilawulwa isigulane-ogiyoid e-opioid yayingekho ngaphantsi kweqela le-dextromethorphan elungelelaniswayo ngokumelene neqela le-placebo.

 

Kwizifundo eziphinda zimbini eziyimpumputhe, i-placebo ezilawulwa ngophando, i-gabapentin iboniswe njengesilathiso esilungelelanayo kwizigulana ezithatha i-mastectomy kunye ne-hysterectomy. I-oral opoperative gabapentin iyanciphisa amanqaku okubandezeleka kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-analgesic emva kokungabikho kwimiphumo emibi xa kuthelekiswa ne placebo.

 

Ukulawulwa kwangaphambili kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezichasayo (i-NSAID) ukubonisa ukulahleka okukhulu kwindlela yokusebenzisa i-opioid emva kokusebenza. I-COX-2 iyakhethwa ngenxa yokungahambi kakuhle kweziphumo zeplatelet kunye neprofayili enkulu yokukhusela isisu xa kuthelekiswa ne-NSAID eziqhelekileyo. I-Celecoxib, i-rofecoxib, i-valdecoxib, kunye ne-parecoxib, ngaphandle kwe-United States, ilawulwa ngokuphambi kokunciphisa i-narcotic emva kokusebenzisa i-40 ipesenti, kunye nezigulane ezininzi zisebenzisa i-opioid engaphantsi kwehafu ye-opioid.

 

Ukuthintela i-nerve conduction kwixesha langaphambili kubonakala kuthintela ukuphuhliswa kwe-central sensitization. I-Phantom Limb Syndrome (PLS) ibalelwa kwisiganeko sokuvuthuza komqolo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo ubuhlungu obuvuthayo okanye obunzima bokubamba inxalenye yomzimba kususwe. Esinye isizathu esinokuthi kukuba iimbambo ze-nervous at the stump ziyavuselelwa kwaye ingqondo iguqulela izibonakaliso njengokuba ivela kwingxenye enqunywe. Enye i-rearrangement ngaphakathi kwimihlaba yecandelo ukwenzela ukuba indawo ithethe isandla ngoku iphendula kwiimpawu ezisuka kwezinye iindawo zomzimba kodwa isichazela ngokuza kwisandla esinqunyiwe.

 

Nangona kunjalo, kwizigulane ezithatha umxhesho ophantsi-phantsi kwe-anesthesia ye-epidural, ayikho enye yezigulane ze-11 ezafumana i-lumbar epidural blockade ne-bupivacaine kunye ne-morphine kwii-72 iiyure ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwe-PLS. Kubantu abafumana i-anesthesia jikelele ngaphandle kwe-blockade yangaphambili, i-5 yezigulane ze-14 zine-PLS kwiiveki ze-6 kwaye i-3 yaqhubeka ifumana i-PLS kwi-1 ngonyaka.

 

UWoolf noChong baye baqaphela ukuba unyango olungagqibekanga, unyango olungaphelelanga, nolusemva kokusebenza luquka "ii-NSAID zokunciphisa ukusebenza / ukuphambili kwee-nociceptors, i-anesthetics yendawo ukuvimba ukuphuma kweengqondo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi eziphambili." ukwaneliseka, ukukhawuleza ukukhutshwa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-opioid, kunye nokuqothulwa kwehla, ukudibanisa, ukugcoba, kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi okuvuthayo, kwaye kunokuthintela ukuphuhliswa kwentlungu engapheliyo. I-Anesthesiologists kunye noogqirha kufuneka baqikelele ukudibanisa ezi zixhobo kwindlela yabo yemihla ngemihla.

 

Xa intlungu ivela ngenxa yomonakalo okanye ukulimala ngenxa yokuhlinzwa, intambo yomgogodla ifumaneka kwiimeko ezingenakwenzekayo apho kunokwenzeka ukuba zenzeke iintlungu ezinokuthi ziqhubeke iintsuku, iiveki okanye neminyaka.

 

Kutheni ukuba ukulimala kwendawo ekubangelwa yintlungu kubangelwa intlungu engapheliyo, engathintekiyo kwezinye izigulane? Ukulimala kweetyhuse kubangela ukugqithiswa kweenguqu ekukhutsheni komgudu, kuquka ukuqhuma okuphakamileyo, ukuphakama kwamanzi kunye nobude obukhulu, ukunciphisa umyinge, ukukhutshwa okukhuculweyo ukwenzela ukuvuselela ngokuphindaphindiweyo, nokwandisa amasimu awamkelekileyo. Ukunyamezela kwezi nguqu, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-central sensitization, kubonakala ziyisiseko ekuphuculeni ixesha elide lokukhathazeka kwentlungu echaza intlungu engapheliyo. Iziyobisi ezininzi kunye / okanye amayeza kunye ne-anesthhetic blockade ye-anesthetic yendawo inganciphisa ubukhulu beenkqubo zentlaba ephakathi (CNS), njengoko kubonakaliswe intlungu eyanciphayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-opioid ekunciphiseni.

 

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Insight of Dr. Alex Jimenez

Ukunyamekela kwe-Chiropractic yindlela enye yokwenza unyango osebenzisa ukulungiswa kwemigudu kunye neendlela zokuphatha ngokukhuselekileyo nokubuyiselwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokugcina ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lomgudu. Uphando olwenziweyo luye lwafumanisa ukuba ukuphazamiseka kwemigulane, okanye ukuxilongwa, kungakhokelela ekubuhlungu okungapheliyo. Ukunyamekela kwe-Chiropractic kusetyenziswa ukuphathwa kweentlungu, nangona ukuba iimpawu azihambelani nokulimala kunye / okanye imeko kwi-system ye-musculoskelet kunye ne-nervous system. Ngokuqwalasela ngokucophelela umgudu, a chiropractor inokunceda ukunciphisa uxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo kwizakhiwo ezungeze iqela eliphambili kwisiseko somzimba, ekugqibeleni ukubonelela ngentlungu.

 

I-System yeNerous System yeSebenzi kunye nobuhlungu

 

Xa kuziwa ekusetshenzisweni kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye / okanye amayeza, kuquka i-opioids, ukwenzela ukukhusela imiphumo yecala njengemiba yempilo yesisu, umsebenzi ofanelekileyo wenkqubo yesantya e-enteric ingaba yidlale.

 

Inkqubo ye-nervous ye-enteric (ENS) okanye inkqubo ye-nervous ye-intrinsic yenye yamasebe aphambili enkqubo ye-nervous autonomic (ANS) kwaye iqulethwe yinkqubo efana ne-mesh ye-nerve eguqula indima yendlela yesisu. Iyakwazi ukusebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwiinkqubo zemithambo-luvo ezinovelwano kunye neparasympathetic, nangona inokuchatshazelwa zizo. I-ENS ikwabizwa ngokuba bubuchopho besibini.�Iphuma kwiiseli zemithambo-luvo.

 

Inkqubo yesantya ye-enteric eyenziwa ngabantu iyenziwe nge-neurons ye-500 yezigidi, kubandakanywa iintlobo ezininzi zeeseli ze-Dogiel, malunga neyesibini kwikhulu le-neurons engqondweni. Inkqubo ye-nervous ne-enteric efakwe kwisitya somsondlo wesisu, ukuqala kwi-esophagus nokunyuka kwi-anus. Amaseli eDogiel, awaziwayo njengeeseli zeDigiel, athetha uhlobo oluthile lweetyhubhu ezinama-multipolar ngaphakathi kwe-gangla evelayo.

 

Iiseli zeDogiel | El Paso, TX Chiropractor

 

I-ENS iyakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yokuzimela, njengokulungelelaniswa kwe-reflexes; nangona ifumana i-innervation enkulu kwinkqubo ye-nervous autonomic, yenza kwaye ikwazi ukusebenza ngokuzimeleyo kwingqondo kunye nentambo yomgogodla.�Inkqubo ye-nervous ye-enteric ichazwe "njengengqondo yesibini" ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Inkqubo ye-nervous ye-enteric inokusebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo inxibelelana nenkqubo ye-nervous central (CNS) nge-parasympathetic, okanye nge-vagus nerve, kunye novelwano, oluhamba nge-prevertebral ganglia, iinkqubo ze-nervous. Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwe-vertebrate lubonisa ukuba xa i-vagus nerve iqhawulwe, inkqubo ye-nervous ye-enteric iyaqhubeka nokusebenza.

 

Kwiinkqubo zentsholongwane, inkqubo ye-nervic ye-enteric iquka i-neurons efanelekileyo, i-neurons ehambelanayo kunye ne-interneurons, yonke into eyenza inkqubo yentshontsho ye-enteric ekwazi ukuthwala i-reflexes kwaye isebenze njengeziko elidibeneyo ngokungabikho kwegalelo le-CNS. Iindlebe ze-neurons zinika ingxelo ngeemeko zamashishini kunye neekhemikhali. Inkqubo ye-nervous ne-enteric inekhono lokutshintsha impendulo yayo ngokubhekiselele kwizinto ezifana nokubunjwa kwezondlo kunye nobuninzi. Ukongezelela, i-ENS iqulethe iiseli ezincedisayo ezinjenge-astroglia yengqondo kunye nesithintelo sokusabalalisa malunga ne-capillaries ezungeze i-ganglia efana ne-blood-brain brain.

 

Inkqubo ye-nervous enteric (ENS) idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezivuthayo kunye ne-nociceptive. Iziyobisi kunye / okanye amayeza asebenzisana ne-ENS asanda kuphakamisa umdla omkhulu ngenxa yokukwazi kwabo ukulawula iinkalo ezininzi ze-gut physiology kunye ne-pathophysiology. Ngokukodwa, iimvavanyo kwizilwanyana zibonise ukuba i-proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) inokuba yimfuneko ekudumbeni kwe-neurogenic emathunjini. Ngaphezu koko, i-PAR2 i-agonists ibonakala ibangela i-intestinal hypersensitivity kunye ne-hyperalgesic states, ebonisa indima yale receptor kwi-visceral pain perception.

 

Ukongezelela, ii-PAR, kunye neeprotheyiniza ezizivuselelayo, zimela iithagethi ezitsha ezithintekayo zokungenelela ngonyango kwi-ENS. Ubungakanani beenkcukacha zethu zikhawulelwe kwi-chiropractic kunye nokulimala kwemigudu kunye nemeko. Ukuxoxa ngesihloko, nceda ukhululeke ukucela uDkt Jimenez okanye uqhagamshelane nathi 915-850-0900 .

 

Ikhutshwe nguDkt. Alex Jimenez

 

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Imixholo eyongezelelweyo: iSciatica

Sciatica kuthethwa ngokuzonyango njengemqoqo yeempawu, kunokuba yingozi kunye / okanye imeko. Iimpawu zentlungu ye-ncium, okanye i-sciatica, inokuthi ihluke ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nobukhulu, nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo ichazwe ngokukhawuleza, ebukhali (injenge-like) okanye intlungu yomsakazo ephuma kwi-low-down back downs, emagqabini, emathangeni kunye imilenze inyawo. Ezinye iimpawu ze-sciatica zingabandakanya, ukutshitshiswa okanye ukutshisa, ukugubungela kunye nobuthathaka kunye nobude beentsimbi ze-sciatic. I-Sciatica ihlala ichaphazela abantu phakathi kweminyaka eyi-30 kunye ne-50 iminyaka. Kungasoloko kuphuhliswa ngenxa yesantya sokusila komgudu ngenxa yobudala, nangona kunjalo, ukunyanzeliswa nokucaphukiswa kweentsimbi zesinci ezibangelwa kukugquma okanye disc disc, phakathi kweminye imiba yempilo yomgudu, inokubangela intlungu ye-nerve.

 

 

 

umfanekiso webhlogi weendaba eziphambili zephepha lephepha

 

INGXELO EBALULEKILEYO: I-Chiropractor Sciatica Symptoms

 

 

IINKCUKACHA EZINYE Ukhathalelo lweNtlungu kunye noNyango