Igama elithi �ergogenicIgama livela kwiingcambu zesiGrike elithi "Ergon" kunye "nemfuza," elithetha "umsebenzi" kunye "nokuzalwa," ngokulandelelanayo. Naziphi na iindlela zokuphucula ukuveliswa kwamandla okanye ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunokuchazwa njengoncedo lwe-ergogenic.1 Uncedo lwe-Ergogenic luye lwahlelwa ngokweklasi kwiindidi ezintlanu: mechanical, psychological, physiologic, pharmacologic, kunye. zesondlo.2 Usetyenziso lwangoku lwegama elithi �ergogenic aid� lidla ngokujikeleza kwiindidi zephysiologic, pharmacologic, kunye nezondlo.
Ngelixa ii-ergogenic aids ziye zadityaniswa ne-athletic �doping, � imigaqo ayifani. I-Doping ligama elisetyenziswe yiKomiti ye-Olimpiki yamazwe ngamazwe (i-IOC) ukuchaza ulawulo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwento ngumdlali okhuphisanayo ngenjongo yodwa yokwandisa ngendlela yokwenziwa kunye nokungalunganga ukusebenza kwakhe kukhuphiswano.3 Ayizizo zonke i-ergogenic aids zivaliwe yi-IOC. Uluhlu oluyinxenye lwezinto ezivaliweyo yiKomiti ye-Olimpiki yase-United States ifumaneka kwiThebhile 1.2,3 Itheyibhile 2 ibonelela ngoluhlu lwezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ze-athletic ergogenic.
Contents
Ergogenic Aids:
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
I-Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) yi-testosterone derivatives eyenza i-anabolic (isakhiwo sezicubu) kunye ne-androgenic (masculinizing) impembelelo kumzimba.3 Ukususela ekufumaneni i-chemical structure ye-testosterone kwi-1935, izama ukuhlukanisa i-anabolic kunye nemiphumo ye-androgenic ye-AAS. �ayikhange iphumelele.3 Abadlali baye basebenzisa i-AAS ukususela kwiminyaka ye-1940 kwimigudu yokuphucula ukusebenza kwabo. uphathe okanye usasaze i-AAS ngeenjongo ezingezizo ezonyango e-United States.2 Umlomo, umzali, i-transdermal, kunye ne-intra-nasal iifom ze-AAS ziyafumaneka. Uninzi lwe-AAS esetyenziswa ngabadlali kucingelwa ukuba ifunyenwe �imarike emnyama, � njengoko kuqikelelwa kuphela i-1960% ukuya kwi-2% ye-AAS esetyenziswa ngabadlali bokuphucula ukusebenza ifunyenwe ngomyalelo.1990
I-AAS ikholelwa ukuba isebenzise umphumo wayo oyintloko ngokunyusa iinkqubo ze-anabolic kunye nokuvimbela iinkqubo ze-catabolic ngokusebenzisa iimpendulo ezithile ze-receptor phakathi kweeseli ezijoliswe kuyo. ukuguqulwa kwe-anti-catabolic yesenzo se-cortisol, kunye nempembelelo yengqondo ethe ngqo ekucingelwa ukuba ivumele umsebenzi ogqithiseleyo kunye nozinzile. ukuba i-AAS inokubonelela ngokunyuka okukhulu kwemisipha kunye namandla kubadlali.5 Ukuze ukwandise imiphumo ye-AAS kumandla kunye nabadlali bamandla, ukutya okwaneleyo kunye nokuzivocavoca umzimba kuyadingeka.2,5 Kubonakala ngathi kukho inzuzo encinci efunyenweyo. ngelixa usebenzisa i-AAS kumntu ongaqeqeshwanga.8 Izibonelelo ezifunyenwe kwi-AAS zisekwe ngakumbi kwimidlalo exhomekeke kumandla. Idatha exhasa ukwanda komthamo we-aerobic kunye nokunyamezela okuphuculweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-AAS kulinganiselwe kwaye akubandakanyi.5,6 Isiphumo se-AAS kwimidlalo yokunyamezela okwangoku yindawo enomdla kakhulu enikezelwa inani elikhulu labadlali abanyamezelayo abasasebenzisa i-AAS.2,5,6
Isigama esintsonkothileyo esichaza izenzo zokudongwa kweembaleki ziye zavela. Iimbaleki ziya kusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-AAS phezu kwe-6 ukuya kwii-12 iiveki �imijikelezo.�4 �I-Pyramiding� ichaza ukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kwidosi ye-AAS ethathiweyo kumjikelezo. imijikelo ephazamisayo yeziyobisi ezizimeleyo.2,11-2 I-�array� ichaza ukusetyenziswa kwamanye amachiza ukuchasana nemiphumo emibi okanye ukunyusa imiphumo ye-AAS.4 Iindlela zokukhwela ibhayisekile, iiphiramidi, kunye nokupakisha zisetyenziswa ngabadlali kwiinzame ukunciphisa imiphumo emibi ye-AAS ngelixa ukwandisa ukuphuculwa okufunekayo.
Iimiphumo ezimbi ezibangelwa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-AAS ziye zadlulelwa kwi-history .4,12 Uninzi lweziphumo zecala le-AAS zibhekwa njengento encinci kwaye zibuyiselwa emva kokuphela kokusetyenziswa.4 Nangona iziganeko ezibi kakhulu ezivela kwi-AAS zisetyenziselwe, iziphumo eziphazamisayo ziye zaxelwa .13 Ukufelwa kwamaxwebhu okusukela kwi-myocardial infarcation, stroke, kunye ne-hepatocarcinoma kuye kwabangelwa ukuba kusetyenziswe i-AAS.2,3 Imiphumo yexesha elide le-AAS isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.3,11
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
I-Dehydroepiandrosterone (i-DHEA) yi-precursor kwi-testos-terone eyenziwa ngokukodwa kwiingqungquthela ze-adrenal.4,14 Imithombo yemvelo ye-DHEA ifaka ama-wild yam. I-FDA ithengiswe ukuthengiswa kwe-DHEA kwi-1996 ngenxa yobungqina obungqina bokhuseleko kunye nexabiso; nangona kunjalo, i-DHEA ihlala yinto esemthethweni neyintengiso ethathengiswa njengesongezelelo sesondlo.14,15
Indlela yokusebenza ye-DHEA ayiqondwa kakuhle kodwa inokwenzeka ukuba ijikeleze ukuguqulwa kwe-DHEA kwi-testosterone kwizicubu ze-peripheral. nangona kunjalo, izifundo zonyango ezimfamekileyo kabini ziyasilela.4,14
I-DHEA i-cursor pre-cursor to testosterone kwaye i-theoretically inokuphucula ukusebenza kwezemidlalo ngendlela efana ne-AAS. Ukuphanda kwe-DHEA ukusetyenziswa kunye nokusebenza kwezemidlalo kunqongophala.Izifundo ezikhoyo azixhasayo ukwanda okwenyuka kumzimba, amandla, okanye amanqanaba e testosterone ngokusetyenziswa kweDHEA kwiimbaleki.14-14,16
Iziphumo ezide zexesha elide ze-DHEA aziwazanga okwangoku kodwa mhlawumbi zifana nezo zihambelana nokusetyenziswa kwe-AAS.6,14
Androstenedione
I-Androstenedione yi-testosterone ngaphambili-isikhombisi eveliswe kwi-adrenal glands. Abadlali abaninzi bezemidlalo baye basebenzisa le nto, beyifake ingqalelo kwilizwe.2 I-Androstenedione ifumaneka ngokwemvelo kwi-pollen yaseScottish tree pins.19
Ngokufanayo ne-DHEA, indlela yokusebenza kunye neempembelelo ezijoliswe kwi-androstenedione ayiqondwa kakuhle kwaye icinga ukuba ihambelana nokuguqulwa kwe-androstenedione kwi-testosterone kwiimfucu ze-peripheral .5
Ngaphandle kwamabango abavelisi ngokuchasene noko, kukho ubungqina obuncinci besayensi beziphumo zoncedo zeergogenic ze-androstenedione.2,5,16,20 Kutshanje iinkxalabo ziye zanda ngenxa yotshintsho olungathandekiyo kwiprofayili yegazi kunye ne-coronary heart disease ebonwa kumadoda asebenzisa i-androstenedione. njengoncedo lweergogenic.2,20,21
ngezongezo zokudla
Ukubonakala okwandisiweyo kwee-ergogenic aids kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo yenzeke ngokuyintloko ngenxa yokudlula kweUnited States Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) ka-1994.22 Ezinye iivithamini, iiminerali, i-amino acids, imifuno, kunye namanye amalungiselelo ebhotani. ihlelwa �njengesongezo sokutya� phantsi kwezikhokelo ze-DSHEA. Izongezo zokutya, ngenxa ye-DSHEA, azisekho phantsi kolawulo oluthe ngqo lwe-FDA. Enyanisweni, izinto ezithengiswa njengesongezelelo sokutya azifuni ukuvavanywa kwe-FDA ngokukhuselekileyo okanye ukusebenza kakuhle, kwaye akufuneki ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho yokulawula umgangatho olindelekileyo kumachiza avunyiweyo.5 Umxholo kunye nokucoceka kwezongezo zokutya azilawulwa kwaye zingahluka ngokubanzi.5,23 ,XNUMX Ekubeni i-androstenedione kunye ne-DHEA zifunyanwe zisenzeka ngokwemvelo kwimithombo yezityalo, ezi zikhokelo ze testosterone zinokubhalwa ngokuthi �izongezo zokutya� kwaye zithengiswa ngokusemthethweni kwi-counter-counter.
Efratha
Izongezelelo zetyenzana eziqukethe i-Chinese ephedra, eyaziwa nangokuthi Mahaung, zithengiswa njengeziphuculi zokusebenza kunye nezixhobo zokunciphisa ubunzima.24 Iintlobo ze-Ephedra zemifuno zisetyenziselwe iminyaka engaphezu kwama-5,000 kwizifo zokuphefumla. , ii-decongestants, kunye ne-appetite suppressants.25-24 I-Ephedra kunye ne-ephedrine alkaloids ehlobeneyo zii-sympathomimetic agents ezilinganisa iziphumo ze-epinephrine.
Ucwaningo oluninzi lwe-ephedrine alkaloids alubonisi ukuphuculwa kwamandla okanye ukunyamezela kwimilinganiselo ethathwa njengekhuselekile.24,27-31 Ngokwahlukileyo, ukudibanisa kwe-caffeine kunye ne-ephedrine kuye kwadibaniswa nokuphucula ukusebenza kwaye kunokukhuthaza imiphumo emihle eyenzayo ukulahleka komzimba kwi-26,32
Umxholo wokwenyani we-ephedra alkaloids kwi-20 ephedra- equlathe izongezo zokutya yaphononongwa kusetyenziswa i-chromatography yolwelo ephezulu.33 Ishumi kwezingamashumi amabini izongezo ezibonisiweyo zokungangqinelani phakathi kwebango leleyibhile yomxholo we-ephedra kunye nomxholo we-alkaloid wokwenene. Phakathi kwe-1995 kunye ne-1997, iimeko ze-926 ze-Mahuang toxicity ezinokwenzeka zichazwe kwi-Food and Drug Administration.34 Ubudlelwane bexeshana phakathi kokusetyenziswa kwe-Mahuang kunye neengxaki ezinzima ezibandakanya i-stroke, i-myocardial infarction, kunye nokufa ngokukhawuleza kwasekwa kwi-37 yeemeko ze-926. Kwi-36 kwezi 37 iimeko, ukusetyenziswa kwe-Mahuang kwaxelwa ukuba kungaphakathi kwezikhokelo zedosing yabenzi.
I-Efrdra kunye ne-ephedrine alkaloids edibeneyo ngoku ivinjelwe yi-USOC kwaye ayikwazi ukucetyiswa ukuba isebenzise ngokubanzi inxulumano lwayo nemiphumo engozi yokuphila engozini .2,34
Ukudala
Ukusetyenziswa kwezidalwa kubadlali bekhulile ngenxa yezifundo ze-1992 ezibonisa ukuba ukuvelisa ukunyusa kwenyusa ukunyuka kwe-20% kwi-skeletal muscle concentration of creatin.2,35 Kwifosphorylated ifomu, i-creatine isebenza njenge-substrate yamandla eyenza igalelo le-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -intsebenziswano ngexesha lokusebenza ngamandla.XXUMUMX Creatine ibonakala ithandwayo ngamandla kunye nabadlali abachasayo njengoko kucatshangelwa ukuba kuveliswe ukwanda kwamandla, ubunzima bomzimba kunye nokulibala ukukhathala.36
I-Creatine ihlanganiswa ukusuka kuma-amino acids ngokuyinhloko kwisibindi, i-pancreas, kunye neentso kwaye ixutywe yizintso. I-Creatine ifumaneka kwi-muscle muscle, imisipha yomzimba, ubuchopho, i-retinal, kunye neetticesti.2,37 Inzala ekudaleni njenge-ergogenic uncedo ijikeleze ukukwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba njengendlela yamandla enqamlekileyo yokuxhatshazwa kwemisipha.14 Creatine, ephopha kalula i-phosphorus, usebenze njengesigxina sokunikela i-phosphorus ekwakheni i-ATP. Ukongezelela, i-creatine-phosphate (PCr) inokunceda i-lactic acid i-buffer ngoba i-hydrogen ions isetyenziswe xa i-ATP ivuselelwa .14,36,38 Le nxaxheba yokudalwa kwemisebenzi ilawulwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
PCr + ADP (adenosine diphosphate)�? I-Creatine + ATP.(metzl) Yenza i-kinase
Izitoreko ze-PCr eziqhelekileyo zichitha ngaphakathi kwe-10 imizuzwana emfutshane, i-high-intensity exercise.14,39 Ukwandisa izinga le-PCr kwisisipha samathambo, kwiingcamango, kufuneka kubangele ukukwazi ukugcina umbane ophezulu kunye nokukhokelela ekuhlaleni kwakhona kwe-PCr emva kokuzivocavoca.14 Imiphumo ezuzisayo yendalo ekuphenduleni ukuqeqeshwa koxinzelelo kunokwenzeka ukuba ilandelelaniswe ngokulandelelana okulandelayo: ukunyuka kwe-muscle ukukhula, ukunyuka koqeqesho, okukhokelela ekuphuculweni kwe-physiologic ukuqeqeshwa kunye nokwanda komzimba kunye namandla.36
Izifundo zivavanya ukuphumelela kwendalo njengoko i-ergengenic uncedo ixutywe. IIR2,36,40 Iingxelo ezininzi zigqiba ukuba i-short-term suppineation yesikhashana idlulisa amandla okugcina amandla omzimba kunye nokuveliswa kwamandla ngexesha lokusebenza ngamandla. ukuxhaswa kwe-creatine kunye nabadlali abaqeqeshwe kakhulu abayiyo. Nangona amanye amaphepha abikela ukuphucula kunye nokusetyenziswa kwabadali kubantu abaqeqeshwe kakhulu ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni ngamandla, abaninzi ababonisi uphuculo.2,36,41,42
Uninzi lwaphando luyavuma ukuba ukudala ukuncedisa akubonakali ukuphucula imisebenzi ejoliswe kwi-aerobic.2,36,44
I-muscle yomntu icingelwa ukuba inomlinganiselo ophezulu wokugxininiswa kwe-creatine enokuyibamba.14,45 Kubonakala ngathi akukho nzuzo eyongezelelweyo yokwandisa i-creatine supplementation ngaphezu kwesi sikhundla sokugcina i-muscle njengoko ukugqithisa kukhishwa nje yizintso. .2,46 Abantu banamanqanaba ahlukeneyo esiseko esiseko se-muscle creatine.14 Ngokuhambelanayo, iimbaleki ezinamaqondo asezantsi esiseko e-creatine zinokuba novelwano ngakumbi kwi-creatine supplementation kunezo zinenqanaba eliphezulu lesiseko le-creatine.14,36 Amagama �imphenduli� kwaye �abangabaphenduliyo baye basetyenziselwa ukuchaza amaqela amabini eembaleki: abo banamanqanaba asezantsi endalo esiseko anokuthi abonise ukuphuculwa okubonakalayo kokusebenza kunye ne-creatine supplementation, kunye nalawo anamanqanaba aphezulu e-creatine esiseko angabonisi uphuculo oluphawulweyo kunye ne-creatine supplementation.14,36,47 ,14 Le yantlukwano kugxininiso lwe-creatine kucingelwa ukuba idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo ekusebenzeni okufunyenwe kuvavanyo loncwadi. - ukongeza i-creatine.XNUMX
Ukuxelwa kweempembelelo ezivela kwintsebenzo yokudaliweyo ayinqongophe.2,14 Impembelelo echaphazelekayo echaphazelekayo ehambelana nokusetyenziswa kwe-creatine yindleko yesisindo, oku kucatshangelwa ukuba iyona nto ibangelwa ukugcinwa kwamanzi.2,14,48 Ezinye zichaze imiphumo emibi yexesha elide ziquka ukungcola, ukuchithwa kwemisipha, ukuxhamla, kunye nokuxhatshazwa.2,49 Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwezifundo, ukulumkisa kusekho malunga nefuthe lexesha elide lokusebenzisa i-creatine.14 Njengoko ukusetyenziswa kwabadali phakathi kwabadlali abancinci kuqhubeka ukwanda, inkxalabo ikhula ngenxa yokungabi naso lwezifundo ezihlolisayo iziphumo ezikhethekileyo kule nqanaba leminyaka.14,38
IHormone yoLuntu lokuKhula
I-hormone yokukhula yabantu (hGH) yi-polypeptide eveliswa kwi-pituitary gland. Emva kokukhululwa kwi-pituitary, i-hGH inokusebenza kuyo yonke iiseli zomzimba nge-tissue receptors. I-hormone yokukhula komntu iboniswa ukukhuthaza iprotheni anabolism, ukunyamezela kwe-carbohydrate, lipolysis, natriuresis, kunye nethambo kunye ne-bone and tiscu returns.4,50
Izibonelelo ezinokwenzeka zokusetyenziswa kakubi kwe-hGH kwiimbaleki zijikeleza malunga nefuthe layo le-anabolic emzimbeni.4 I-hormone yokukhula komntu icingelwa ukuba yandise ubunzima bemisipha, kunye nokugcina i-muscle glycogen ngokuvuselela i-lipolysis ngexesha lokuzilolonga.2,3 Ukuthandwa kwe-hGH phakathi kwabadlali kuqhutyelwa phambili into yokuba i-hGH ihlala inzima kakhulu ukubonwa ngeenkqubo zangoku zokuhlola iziyobisi.3,51 I-hormone yokukhula komntu ingaba nomtsalane ngakumbi kubadlali basetyhini njengoko iziphumo zecala ze-virilization ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-AAS azicingelwa ukuba zenzeke nge-hGH.4
Akukho zifundo ezibonisa ukunyuka komsebenzi kwiimidlalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-hGH.3,52,53 Akukho zifundo zoluntu okanye zezilwanyana ezibonakalisa nayiphi na amandla okubonakaliswa kwamandla kunye ne-HGH yokuxhaswa ngabantu abangabantu abakhulu .4 Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweHGH kucatshangelwa ukuba ukwandiswa naphezu kokungabikho kobuchule bezesayensi obudibanisa i-hGH kumsebenzi ophuculweyo wezemidlalo.3,52 Uphando lwabantu abakhankanywe esikolweni esiphakamileyo lubonakalisa ukuba abaninzi be-5% babethetha ngokusetyenziswa kwexesha elidlulileyo okanye langoku yeHGH.54 Ukuhlanzeka kwe-hGH kakubi ngenxa yabathamli kungabuthathaka njengoDrug I-Arhente yokuQinisekisa iqikelela iphrojekthi eya kwi-30% ukuya ku-50% yeemveliso ze-hGH ezithengiswayo zi-phony.4,55
Imiphumo emibi yokusetyenziswa kwe-hGH engaqhelekanga yenziwe ngokugqithiseleyo kwimibono ebonwe kwizigulane ezinexinzelelo olungapheliyo kwi-hGH.2 Abantu abadala abanamazinga aphezulu ye-hGH basengozini ye-kliniki syndrome ye-acromegaly. Iingxaki zonyango ezinxulumene ne-acromegaly ziquka: isifo sikashukela, isifo sengqondo segazi, isifo senhliziyo, i-cardiomyopathy, irregularities, kunye ne-osteoporosis.2,4 Amanqanaba aphezulu e-hGH kubantu abane-physic evulekile kunokukhokelela kwi-gigantism.2
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Ayifane EPO (r-EPO) yavunywa yi-FDA for wokwenziwa e 1989 emva gene EPO iye eyakhiwa ngo 1985.14 Ukususela imvume yayo, r-EPO sele kabi inzuzo lweembaleki njengendlela eyenye igazi doping.3,14 amayeza EPO nangabahedeni ithathe indawo yendlela yokwenza i-blood doping, njengoko i-EPO ikhiqiza ukwanda kwenani le-hematocrit.2 In -ory, i-EPO ifanele ihlinzeke zonke iingenelelo zegazi ngokutsha ngaphandle kweengozi ezithintela igazi .3
Kukho izifundo ezimbalwa ezihlola ukusetyenziswa kwe-R-EPO kumathamli aphilileyo; Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluninzi luye lwabonisa ukwanda kwamandla emisebenzi ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe-EPO kwizigulane ezinezifo zengqondo .14 Berglund no-Ekblom babika ukunyuka kwe-oksijeni ephezulu kunye nokwandisa ixesha lokudinwa kwabadlali besilisa emva kwe-6 yeveki yokuvavanywa -EPO.56
Iingozi ezinxulumene kakubi r-EPO zibandakanya amathuba hematocrit aphezulu ngokuyingozi levels.14 A kubangela hyperviscosity syndrome ingakukubetha zehle kwentliziyo imveliso, lwegazi, nentliziyo okunokwenzeka failure.3 Ngaphezu koko, thrombosis kungaba ndiyibonakalalise, njengoko iposi engabalulekanga, i-pulmonary embolism, okanye izingozi ze-cerebrovascular.2,3 Nangona ukusebenzisa i-r-EPO kuvinjelwe yi-IOC ukususela kwi-1990, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kunzima kakhulu ukuyijonga kunye namanyathelo okuhlola izidakamizwa zangoku.2,14
Antioxidants
Amaninzi amavithamini akholelwa ngabantu abaninzi ukuba banqabise ukuveliswa kwemirhumo yamahhala eyenzeka ngexesha lokuzivocavoca.14 Uninzi lophando oluya kumhla lubandakanya i-vitamin E, i-vitamin C kunye ne-beta carotene.2 Iincwadi ezikhoyo azixhasi Iingcamango zokuthi i-antioxidants inezixhobo eziphambili ze-ergogen.2,14,57 Akunakho iziphakamiso zokusetyenziswa kwe-antioxidant kwiimbaleki ezidlula isibonelelo somntu wonke esikhutshwe ngumntu omdala (RDA).
I-Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate
I-Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) yi-metabolite ye-branino-chain chain i-amino acid leucine. HMB ke bathi ukuze kuthintelwe ukuwa kwezihlunu ngexesha umthambo luthi kodwa indlela yayo ngqo amanyathelo kuhlala unknown.14,58 Uphando lubonisa ukuba HMB kuhlonyelwa ukuze ephantsi kakhulu serum zincancise dehydrogenase (LDH), asezantsi serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) amanqanaba kwaye kulibazise zincancise igazi olwenzeka emva unyamezelo Uqeqesho oluqhathaniswa ne placebo.59,60 Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elifutshane kwe-HMB kuboniswe ngokunyusa kakhulu ukufumana amandla okuxhaswa noqeqesho oluxhatshazwayo kwi-placebo kweso sifundo esisodwa esiphambanisiweyo.61
I-HMB incedo olutsha lwe-ergogenic kunye neziphumo ezipapashiweyo zicatshangelwa kuqala.14,58 Nangona kukho ubungqina bokuba inzuzo ye-ergogenic inzuzo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-HMB ekumanyeni nasekufundiseni ukunyamezela, ukusetyenziswa kwayo akunakucetyiswa kude kubekho uphando olongezelelweyo kwaye zicelo.
Caffeine
I-caffeine i-methylxanthine eyenzeka ngokwemvelo kwiintlobo ezininzi zezityalo. I-caffeine kucingelwa ukuba isebenze ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Isistim se-nervous system effect ye caffeine mhlawumbi sisiphumo se-adrenergic antptism.3 Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngabagijimi kuxhomekeke kwingcamango yokuba i-caffeine inokulibaziseka ukukhathala ngokunyusa ukuthengiswa kwemisipha kunye nokunyusa amanqanaba e-glycogen ngokuphucula i-metabolism ye-fat. ixesha lokunyamezela ngokusetyenziswa kwe-caffeine.6 Kukho ubungqina bokusetyenziswa kwe-caffeine kunokuphucula ukusebenza ngokugqithiseleyo okufutshane nokusetyenziswa kwexesha elifutshane.6,62,63 Iifayili ze-caffeine ezininzi ezinxulumene nefuthe le-ergogenic kwiincwadi ezivela kwi-2 ukuya kwi-3 mg nge kilogram ubunzima bomzimba.9
Imiphumo emibi enxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwe-caffeine ibandakanya ukuxhalaba, i-diuresis, ukulala, ukucaphuka kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwesisu.
Inqanaba lomchamo elisemthethweni le-caffeine kubadlali yi-12 ?g/ml (imigangatho ye-IOC) kunye ne-15 ?g/ml (imigangatho ye-National Collegiate Athletics Association).6 Umdlali kuya kufuneka asele iikomityi zekofu ezintandathu ukuya kwezisibhozo ngexesha elinye kwaye abe ihlolwe ngaphakathi kwe-2 ukuya kwiiyure ze-3 ukufikelela kumanqanaba omchamo ngaphezu komda we-IOC osemthethweni.
I-Ergogenic Aids: Isishwankathelo
Amabango axhasa izinto ezingaqhelekanga ezivelisa ukuphilisa okanye amandla e-ergogenic sele ekhona kangangeenkulungwane. Ukhuphiswano, noxinzelelo loontanga okusingqongileyo olugquma iimbaleki zanamhlanje kunye nolutsha lwenza ukuba la maqela abe sesichengeni ngakumbi kwisiphithiphithi esingqonge imarike yoncedo yeergogenic yangoku. Okwangoku, kubonakala ngathi amarhe kunye nolwazi lwe-anecdotal lugqithisa idatha ekhoyo yesayensi. Nangona kukho ubungqina bokuthi ezinye ii-ergogenic aids ziphucula ngokwenene ukusebenza, kukho imibuzo emininzi engaphendulwanga malunga nokhuseleko lwemveliso, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nemiphumo yexesha elide. Ulwazi olusebenzayo oluthile ergogenic uncedo lubalulekile kumgqirha ukuze unyamekele izigulane kunye nabagijimi malunga neenzuzo kunye neengozi zaso nayiphi na into abangayisebenzisa.
Ngo-Adam Bernstein, MD, Jordan Safirstein, MD, kunye noJeffrey E. Rosen, MD
Iimbono zamaMerica zeChiropractic
Ngenanto
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VALA NGENXA YE
Umgangatho wobuchule wokuSebenza *
Ulwazi olulapha ku "I-Ergogenic Aids: Ukufumana i-Athletic Edge"Akujoliswanga ukuthatha indawo yobudlelwane obubodwa kunye nomntu oqeqeshiweyo wezempilo okanye ugqirha onelayisensi kwaye akusiyo isiluleko sonyango. Sikhuthaza ukuba wenze izigqibo zezempilo ngokusekelwe kuphando lwakho kunye nentsebenziswano kunye nochwepheshe bezempilo abaqeqeshiweyo.
Ulwazi lweBlog kunye neengxoxo zoMda
Umda wethu wolwazi ilinganiselwe kwiChiropractic, i-musculoskeletal, amayeza omzimba, impilo, igalelo le-etiological ukuphazamiseka kwe-viscerosomatic ngaphakathi kweentetho zeklinikhi, ezinxulumene ne-somatovisceral reflex clinical dynamics, i-subluxation complexes, imiba yezempilo ebuthathaka, kunye / okanye amanqaku amayeza asebenzayo, izihloko kunye neengxoxo.
Sibonelela kwaye sibonise intsebenziswano yeklinikhi neengcaphephe kumacandelo ahlukeneyo. Ingcali nganye ilawulwa ngumsebenzi wabo wobugcisa kunye negunya labo lokufumana iphepha-mvume. Sisebenzisa iiprothokholi ezisebenzayo zempilo kunye nempilo entle ukunyanga nokuxhasa ukhathalelo lokwenzakala okanye ukuphazamiseka kwenkqubo ye-musculoskeletal.
Iividiyo zethu, izithuba, izihloko, imixholo, kunye nokuqonda zibandakanya imiba yezonyango, imiba, kunye nezihloko eziyelelene kwaye zixhase ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo umda wokuziqhelanisa wethu.
I-ofisi yethu izamile ngokufanelekileyo ukubonelela ngeengcaphulo ezixhasayo kwaye ichonge uphando olufanelekileyo lophando okanye izifundo ezixhasa izithuba zethu. Sinikezela ngeekopi zophando ezixhasayo ezifumanekayo kwiibhodi ezilawulayo nakuluntu ngesicelo.
Siyaqonda ukuba sigubungela imicimbi efuna inkcazo eyongezelelweyo yokuba inganceda njani kwisicwangciso esithile sokhathalelo okanye inkqubo yonyango; ke, ukuqhubeka nokuxoxa ngombandela ongentla, nceda ukhululeke ukubuza UDkt Alex Jimenez, DC, okanye qha ga mshelana nathi 915-850-0900.
Silapha ukunceda wena kunye nosapho lwakho.
Iintsikelelo
UDkt Alex Jimenez D.C., I-MSACP, RN*, I-CCST, IFMCP*, I-CIFM*, I-ATN*
email: qeqeshi@elpasofunctionalmedicine.com
Ilayisenisi njengoGqirha weChiropractic (DC) kwi Texas & New Mexico*
Texas DC Ilayisensi # TX5807, New Mexico DC Ilayisensi # I-NM-DC2182
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Florida License RN Ilayisensi # I-RN9617241 (Nombolo yolawulo. 3558029)
Ubume obubambeneyo: ILayisensi yeeNkcazo ezininzi: Ugunyaziswe Ukuziqhelanisa I-40 States*
UGqr. Alex Jimenez DC, MSACP, RN* CIFM*, IFMCP*, ATN*, CCST
Ikhadi lam loShishino lweDijithali
