Isingeniso kwi-Medical Imaging

• IRadiyografi eqhelekileyo yindlela yokucinga ye-2-D
• Kuyafuneka ukwenza ubuncinci Imibono ye-2 i-orthogonal omnye komnye:
• I-1 AP (NgaPhambili ukuya ngasemva) okanye i-PA (Ngasemva ukuya ngaPhambili)
• 2 Emva koko
• Iimbono ezongezelelweyo: Iimbono eziguquguqukayo njl.
• Iiradiographs zamathambo ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa i-AP & iimbono ezisecaleni
• I-radiographs yesifuba kunye ne-Scoliosis imaging ebantwaneni iya kusebenzisa ubuchule be-PA
• Ngaphandle kwemibono yesifuba se-PA: izigulana ezingakwazi ukusebenzisana (izigulana ezigula kakhulu okanye ezingenangqondo)

• I-X-reyi luhlobo lwamandla ombane (EME) afana neefotoni ezikhanyayo okanye eminye imithombo
• I-X-reyi luhlobo lwemitha eyenziwe ngumntu
• Impembelelo ye-ionizing ye-x-reyi inkqubo yokususwa kwee-electron ze-athomu kwii-orbits zazo
• Iintlobo ezimbini ezisisiseko zemitha ye-ionizing:
• I-particle (particulate) radiation iveliswe ngamasuntswana ealpha & beta azisiphumo sokubola kweradioactive yemathiriyeli eyahlukeneyo
• Imitha ye-Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) iveliswa yi-x-reyi okanye imitha ye-gamma ebizwa ziluhlaza
• Amandla e-EMR axhomekeke kubude bayo
• Ubude obufutshane bobude buhambelana namandla aphezulu
• Amandla e-EME anxulumene ngokungafaniyo nobude bayo

Iimpawu zeX-reyi

• Akukho ntlawulo
• Ukungabonakali
• Ukungena kwimiba emininzi (esp. izicubu zomntu) ixhomekeke ku "Z" (inombolo yeathom)
• Ukwenza iikhompawundi ze-fluoresce kwaye zikhuphe ukukhanya
• Hamba ngesantya sokukhanya
• Ionization kunye nefuthe lebhayoloji kwiiseli eziphilayo

Inkqubo yoMfanekiso

• Ii-X-reyi ziveliswa yi- inkqubo yokucinga (ityhubhu ye-x-reyi, ikhonsoli yomsebenzisi, kunye nejenereyitha yombane ophezulu)
• I-X-ray tube yenziwe (-) kuhlawuliswa cathode kunye (+) kuhlawuliswa anode efakwe kwimvulophu yeklasi ekhutshiweyo kwaye igcinwe kwingubo yokukhusela yentsimbi
• ICathode yenziwe ngocingo lwefilament olufakwe ngaphakathi kwendebe yokugxila ukunika ugxininiso lombane kwilifu leelektroni
• Ukuthotywa ucingo olukwazi ukumelana nobushushu kwintsimbi ye-thorium tungsten kwindawo ephezulu yokunyibilika (3400 C) “ebilayo” ii-electron ngexesha ukukhutshwa kwethermionic
• Ikomityi yokugxila I-nickel epholishiweyo (-) ihlawuliswe ukuba �ivumelane� intambo ukugxotha ngombane ii-electron kwaye ivalele kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo kwi-anode disc apho ii-x-reyi ziveliswa khona.

• Anode (+) kuhlawulwe ithagethi yee-electron ukuba zisebenze kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo
• Uqhuba ugesi
• Ujikela kubushushu obukhuphayo
• Yenziwe nge tungsten ukumelana nobushushu
• U-Anode une inani eliphezulu leathomu ukuvelisa ii-x-reyi zobuchule obuphezulu kakhulu kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo
• Nazi Iindawo ezi-2-focal ezinkulu nezincinci, nganye ihambelana nobungakanani be-cathode's filament size (encinci vs. enkulu) exhomekeke kubukhulu bangoku kwi-cathode elawulwa luphononongo lwe-radiographic yamalungu omzimba amakhulu okanye amancinci.
• Yaziwa njengomgaqo wokujolisa kabini

Xa ii-Elektroni zikhutshwa kwi-cathode njengelifu, zibethelela kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo ye-Anode ekhokelela kwiziganeko ezi-3 zabantu.

• U ku velisa ubushushu (isiphumo esiyi-99%)
• U ku velisa Bremsstrahlung (okt, ukophula imitha) x-reyi ukuba bamele isininzi ii-x-reyi ngaphakathi kwe-x-reyi ephumayo spectrum
• U ku velisa uphawu ii-x-reyi zimbalwa kakhulu kwi-emission spectrum

• I-x-reyi esandula ukwenziwa kwi-anode ingamandla ahlukeneyo
• Kufuneka kuphela amandla aphezulu okanye iix-reyi “ezinzima” ukwenza uphononongo lweradiyographic
• Ngaphambi kokuba ii-x-reyi ziphume kumbhobho kufuneka sisuse iifotoni ezibuthathaka okanye ezisezantsi, oko kukuthi, “yenza lukhuni umqadi.”
• Ukuhluzwa kwetyhubhu eyongeziweyo ngendlela yezihluzi ze-aluminiyam kusetyenziswa esusa ubuncinci i-50% ye-beam "engahluzwanga" ngaloo ndlela kuncitshiswa idosi yemitha yesigulana kunye nokunyusa umgangatho womfanekiso.

High Voltage Generator

• Ukuveliswa kwe-X-ray kufuna ukuhamba okungaphazamisekiyo kwee-electron kwi-anode
• Umbane oqhelekileyo unika amandla e-AC kunye nemisinga ye-sinusoidal "yeencopho kunye namathontsi."
• Ngaphambili, iijenereyitha zombane eziphezulu zesigaba esinye ziya kuguqula amandla e-AC abe sisiqingatha, okanye unikezelo olupheleleyo lwamaza ombane olulungisiweyo ngomlinganiselo wamawaka ee-volts eziziswa “nge-voltage ripple” okanye iincopho zombane ophezulu. Ngoko ke, kwasetyenziswa igama elithi kilo voltage peaks (kVp)
• Iijenereyitha zale mihla zibonelela “ngokungaphazanyiswa” kokuhamba kombane okunokwenzeka kwityhubhu ye-x-reyi esusa “izaphulelo zombane” ezibizwa ngokuba yi-kilovoltage kV ngaphandle “kweencopho.”

Xa ii-x-reyi zidibana nezicubu zesigulane iziganeko ezi-3 ziya kwenzeka

1. I-X-rays iya kudlula ngaphandle kokusebenzisana kwaye "iveze" i-receptor yomfanekiso
2. Ukusebenzisana kombane/isiphumo (PE) xa kuthelekiswa amandla asezantsi ii-x-reyi ziya kufunxwa/zithotywe zizihlunu
3. Compton uchithachithe ii-x-reyi "zigxothwe" ukwenza ukusasazwa, akukho lwazi luluncedo kwifilim kunye nokuchasana kwemifanekiso esezantsi ngelixa kunokunika ithamo lemitha ngokungeyomfuneko kubasebenzi.

• Umfanekiso wokugqibela uyimveliso yazo zontathu iindidi zentsebenziswano ezaziwa ngokuba
• Ukufunxwa okwahlukileyo kweefotoni ze-x-reyi -isiphumo sokufunxa kweefoton ngePE, iCompton scatter kunye ne-x-ray edlula kwisigulana

• Ukubakho kokusasazwa kweCompton kuncipha ngokunyuka kwamandla e-x-reyi xa kuthelekiswa nesiphumo se-PE
• Ukubakho kwesiphumo seCompton akuxhomekeke kwinani leatom (Z)
• Ukonyuka kobunzima bobunzima bubonke (ukutyeba vs. obhityileyo) kuya kwandisa ukusebenzisana kweCompton kunye ne-PE

Zeziphi iiseli emzimbeni ezithathwa njengezona zisesichengeni kwaye zixhathisa kakhulu kwimitha?

• Iiseli ezahlula-hlula ngokukhawuleza kwaye zingahluli ngokufa, iiseli ze-epithelial, njl.
• Iiseli zomongo wethambo (iiseli ze-stem) kunye ne-lymphocytes zinovelwano kakhulu
• Izihlunu kunye neeseli zemithambo-luvo zahlulwe ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye azinovelwano kangako kwimitha
• Abalupheleyo (iiseli zesenescent) vs
• Nangona kunjalo, ukulandela ithamo eliphantsi lotshiso lwemitha kwiiseli ezininzi ezisempilweni ziya kukwazi ukulungisa ngaphandle kotshintsho oluhlala ixesha elide

• Ukukhulelwa kunye nemitha okuqala iiveki 6-7 ngabona basemngciphekweni
• Musa ukusebenzisa iimviwo ze-radiographic zesiqhelo (ezingezizo eziphumayo) ekukhulelweni
• Faka isicelo seentsuku ezili-10 Umgaqo umisela ukuba iiradiographs zinokufunyanwa kuphela ngeentsuku ezilishumi zokuqala ukusuka ekuqaleni komjikelo wokugqibela wokuba sexesheni
• Imifanekiso yeRadiographic yabantwana:
• Ukuba kunokwenzeka ngokweklinikhi sebenzisa iindlela ezingezo-ionizing zomfanekiso wezonyango (umzekelo, i-ultrasound)

Izifundo ze-non-axial imaging esebenzisa iifoto ze-x-ray:

• Iradiyografi eqhelekileyo
• Fluoroscopy
• Mammography
• I-radiographic angiography (okwangoku ayisetyenziswa rhoqo)
• Umfanekiso wamazinyo
• Umfanekiso onqamlezileyo usebenzisa iifotoni ze-x-reyi: I-Computed Tomography

Isalathiso kunye nokuContraindication kumfanekiso weradiographic eqhelekileyo

• Izinto eziluncedo kwiRadiografi: zifumaneka ngokubanzi, azibizi, umthwalo ophantsi wemitha, inyathelo lokuqala kuphando lwemifanekiso yezikhalazo ezininzi ze-MSK
• Ilishwa: Ukucinga kwe-2D, isivuno esisezantsi sokuxilonga ngexesha lovavanyo lwezicubu ezithambileyo, izinto ezininzi zobugcisa, kunye nokuxhomekeka ekukhetheni izinto ezichanekileyo zeradiographic, njl.

Izimpawu:

• Esifubeni: Uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-lung / intrathoracic pathology. Inokumisela okanye iyasilela imfuno ye-CT scanning yesifuba. Uvavanyo lwangaphambi kotyando. Ukwenza umfanekiso kwizigulana zabantwana ngenxa yedosi yemitha ephantsi kakhulu.
• Skeletal: ukuhlola i sakhiwo se bone kunye nokuxilonga ukuphuka, ukuchithwa, ukusuleleka, i-neoplasms, i-congenital bone dysplasia, kunye neentlobo ezininzi ze-arthritis.
• Isisu:�unokuvavanya isisu esibukhali, ukuvaleka kwesisu, umoya okhululekileyo okanye ulwelo lwasimahla ngaphakathi kwesisu, i-nephrolithiasis, ukuvavanya ukubekwa kweetyhubhu ze-radiopaque / imigca; amazwe angaphandle, ukubeka iliso kwisisombululo se-ileus yasemva kokuhlinzwa kunye nabanye
• Amazinyo: ukuvavanya iipathologi zamazinyo eziqhelekileyo